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Cao H, Li J, Zhang F, Cahard D, Ma J. Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Amino Carboxylic‐Phosphonic Acid Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Qiang Cao
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun‐Kuan Li
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Fa‐Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 People's Republic of China
| | - Dominique Cahard
- CNRS UMR 6014 COBRA Normandie Université 76821 Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - Jun‐An Ma
- Department of Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 People's Republic of China
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2
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DeMarco AG, Milholland KL, Pendleton AL, Whitney JJ, Zhu P, Wesenberg DT, Nambiar M, Pepe A, Paula S, Chmielewski J, Wisecaver JH, Tao WA, Hall MC. Conservation of Cdc14 phosphatase specificity in plant fungal pathogens: implications for antifungal development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12073. [PMID: 32694511 PMCID: PMC7374715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc14 protein phosphatases play an important role in plant infection by several fungal pathogens. This and other properties of Cdc14 enzymes make them an intriguing target for development of new antifungal crop treatments. Active site architecture and substrate specificity of Cdc14 from the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScCdc14) are well-defined and unique among characterized phosphatases. Cdc14 appears absent from some model plants. However, the extent of conservation of Cdc14 sequence, structure, and specificity in fungal plant pathogens is unknown. We addressed this by performing a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Cdc14 family and comparing the conservation of active site structure and specificity among a sampling of plant pathogen Cdc14 homologs. We show that Cdc14 was lost in the common ancestor of angiosperm plants but is ubiquitous in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi. The unique substrate specificity of ScCdc14 was invariant in homologs from eight diverse species of dikarya, suggesting it is conserved across the lineage. A synthetic substrate mimetic inhibited diverse fungal Cdc14 homologs with similar low µM Ki values, but had little effect on related phosphatases. Our results justify future exploration of Cdc14 as a broad spectrum antifungal target for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G DeMarco
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kedric L Milholland
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Amanda L Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - John J Whitney
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peipei Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel T Wesenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Monessha Nambiar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Antonella Pepe
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Stefan Paula
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - W Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mark C Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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3
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Tsuji K, Owusu KBA, Kobayakawa T, Wang R, Fujino M, Kaneko M, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. Exploratory studies on CA-15L, an anti-HIV active HIV-1 capsid fragment. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115488. [PMID: 32305183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing overlapping fragment peptide libraries covering the whole sequence of an HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein with the addition of an octa-arginyl moiety, we had previously found several peptides with anti-HIV-1 activity. Herein, among these potent CA fragment peptides, CA-15L was examined because this peptide sequence overlaps with Helix 7, a helix region of the CA protein, which may be important for oligomerization of the CA proteins. A CA-15L surrogate with hydrophilic residues, and its derivatives, in which amino acid sequences are shifted toward the C-terminus by one or more residues, were synthesized and their anti-HIV activity was evaluated. In addition, its derivatives with substitution for the Ser149 residue were synthesized and their anti-HIV activity was evaluated because Ser149 might be phosphorylated in the step of degradation of CA protein oligomers. Several active compounds were found and might become new anti-HIV agents and new tools for elucidation of CA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tsuji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kofi Baffour-Awuah Owusu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8150, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Rongyi Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Moemi Kaneko
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8150, Japan.
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Moschner J, Stulberg V, Fernandes R, Huhmann S, Leppkes J, Koksch B. Approaches to Obtaining Fluorinated α-Amino Acids. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10718-10801. [PMID: 31436087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine does not belong to the pool of chemical elements that nature uses to build organic matter. However, chemists have exploited the unique properties of fluorine and produced countless fluoro-organic compounds without which our everyday lives would be unimaginable. The incorporation of fluorine into amino acids established a completely new class of amino acids and their properties, and those of the biopolymers constructed from them are extremely interesting. Increasing interest in this class of amino acids caused the demand for robust and stereoselective synthetic protocols that enable straightforward access to these building blocks. Herein, we present a comprehensive account of the literature in this field going back to 1995. We place special emphasis on a particular fluorination strategy. The four main sections describe fluorinated versions of alkyl, cyclic, aromatic amino acids, and also nickel-complexes to access them. We progress by one carbon unit increments. Special cases of amino acids for which there is no natural counterpart are described at the end of each section. Synthetic access to each of the amino acids is summarized in form of a table at the end of this article with the aim to make the information easily accessible to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Moschner
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Valentina Stulberg
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rita Fernandes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Susanne Huhmann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jakob Leppkes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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Chen HX, Kang J, Chang R, Zhang YL, Duan HZ, Li YM, Chen YX. Synthesis of α,α-Difluorinated Phosphonate pSer/pThr Mimetics via Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Difluorophosphonomethyl α-(Acylamino)acrylates. Org Lett 2018; 20:3278-3281. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun-Lai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Duan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Yokomatsu T. Development of Biologically Active Compounds on the Basis of Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acid Functionalities. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:1051-1086. [PMID: 28867694 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonic and phosphinic acids, especially α-heteroatom-substituted ones, possess unique structural and physical features which enable them to act as hydrotically stable analogs to biological phosphates in biological processes. They also act as mimetics in the transition state of the protease-induced hydrolysis of dipeptides. The first half of this review focuses on selected new synthetic methods developed by our research group for the stereoselective synthesis of α-heteroatom-substituted phosphonic and phosphinic acid derivatives, including modified nucleotide analogs and phosphinyl dipeptide isosteres. In the latter half, this review summarizes the utility of difluoromethylenephosphonic acids and phosphonic acid esters in the development of enzyme inhibitors against protein tyrosine phosphatases, sphingomyelinases, purine nucleoside phosphorylases and thrombin. The enzyme inhibitors developed were used as probes to elucidate signal transductions and the mechanisms of enzyme actions. The findings of the studies are briefly described.
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7
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Ebisuno K, Denda M, Ogura K, Inokuma T, Shigenaga A, Otaka A. Development of caged non-hydrolyzable phosphoamino acids and application to photo-control of binding affinity of phosphopeptide mimetic to phosphopeptide-recognizing protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2984-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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8
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Synthesis of a phosphoserine mimetic prodrug with potent 14-3-3 protein inhibitory activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:764-71. [PMID: 22726690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many protein-protein interactions in cells are mediated by functional domains that recognize and bind to motifs containing phosphorylated serine and threonine residues. To create small molecules that inhibit such interactions, we developed methodology for the synthesis of a prodrug that generates a phosphoserine peptidomimetic in cells. For this study, we synthesized a small molecule inhibitor of 14-3-3 proteins that incorporates a nonhydrolyzable difluoromethylenephosphoserine prodrug moiety. The prodrug is cytotoxic at low micromolar concentrations when applied to cancer cells and induces caspase activation resulting in apoptosis. The prodrug reverses the 14-3-3-mediated inhibition of FOXO3a resulting from its phosphorylation by Akt1 in a concentration-dependent manner that correlates well with its ability to inhibit cell growth. This methodology can be applied to target a variety of proteins containing phosphoserine and other phosphoamino acid binding domains.
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9
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BERA KALISANKAR, NADKARNI DWAYAJA, NAMBOOTHIRI IRISHINN. Asymmetric synthesis of $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ -aminophosphonates: The bio-isosteric analogs of $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ -aminobutyric acid. J CHEM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-013-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Clinch K, Crump DR, Evans GB, Hazleton KZ, Mason JM, Schramm VL, Tyler PC. Acyclic phosph(on)ate inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5629-46. [PMID: 23810424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic protozoa responsible for malaria lack enzymes for the de novo synthesis of purines and rely on purine salvage from the host. In Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGXPRT) converts hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate and is essential for purine salvage making the enzyme an anti-malarial drug target. We have synthesized a number of simple acyclic aza-C-nucleosides and shown that some are potent inhibitors of Pf HGXPRT while showing excellent selectivity for the Pf versus the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Clinch
- Carbohydrate Chemistry, Industrial Research Ltd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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11
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Turcheniuk KV, Kukhar VP, Röschenthaler GV, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Sorochinsky AE. Recent advances in the synthesis of fluorinated aminophosphonates and aminophosphonic acids. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22891f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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12
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Ordóñez M, Lagunas-Rivera S, Hernández-Núñez E, Labastida-Galván V. Synthesis of syn-gamma-amino-beta-hydroxyphosphonates by reduction of beta-ketophosphonates derived from L-proline and L-serine. Molecules 2010; 15:1291-301. [PMID: 20335981 PMCID: PMC6257292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of γ-N-benzylamino-β-ketophosphonates 6 and 10, readily available from L-proline and L-serine, respectively, can be carried out in high diastereoselectivity with catecholborane (CB) in THF at -78 °C to produce the syn-γ-N-benzylamino-β-hydroxyphosphonates 11 and 13 as a single detectable diastereoisomer, under non-chelation or Felkin-Anh model control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Mor., México.
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13
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14
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Panigrahi K, Eggen M, Maeng JH, Shen Q, Berkowitz DB. The alpha,alpha-difluorinated phosphonate L-pSer-analogue: an accessible chemical tool for studying kinase-dependent signal transduction. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2009; 16:928-36. [PMID: 19778720 PMCID: PMC2766077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This overview focuses on the (alpha,alpha-difluoromethylene)phosphonate mimic of phosphoserine (pCF(2)Ser) and its application to the study of kinase-mediated signal transduction-pathways of great interest to drug development. The most versatile modes of access to these chemical biological tools are discussed, organized by method of PCF(2)-C bond formation. The pCF(2)-Ser mimic may be site-specifically incorporated into peptides (SPPS) and proteins (expressed protein ligation). This isopolar, dianionic pSer mimic results in a "constitutive phosphorylation" phenotype and is seen to support native protein-protein interactions that depend on serine phosphorylation. Signal transduction pathways studied with this chemical biological approach include the regulation of p53 tumor suppressor protein activity and of melatonin production. Given these successes, the future is bright for the use of such "teflon phospho-amino acid mimics" to map kinase-based signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Panigrahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - MariJean Eggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Jun-Ho Maeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Quanrong Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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15
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Kirk KL. Fluorination in Medicinal Chemistry: Methods, Strategies, and Recent Developments. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 953] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A
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16
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Romanenko VD, Kukhar VP. Fluorinated phosphonates: synthesis and biomedical application. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3868-935. [PMID: 16967924 DOI: 10.1021/cr051000q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim D Romanenko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 1 Murmanska Street, Kyiv-94 02660, Ukraine
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17
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Osada S, Ishimaru T, Kawasaki H, Kodama H. Facile Synthesis of (S)-5,5-Difluoronorleucine and Its Incorporation in Biologically Active Peptides as an Methionine Mimetic. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-s(t)44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Shen K, Hines AC, Schwarzer D, Pickin KA, Cole PA. Protein kinase structure and function analysis with chemical tools. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1754:65-78. [PMID: 16213197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are the largest enzyme superfamily involved in cell signal transduction and represent therapeutic targets for a range of diseases. There have been intensive efforts from many labs to understand their catalytic mechanisms, discover inhibitors and discern their cellular functions. In this review, we will describe two approaches developed to analyze protein kinases: bisubstrate analog inhibition and phosphonate analog utilization. Both of these methods have been used in combination with the protein semisynthesis method expressed protein ligation to advance our understanding of kinase-substrate interactions and functional elucidation of phosphorylation. Previous work on the nature of the protein kinase mechanism suggests it follows a dissociative transition state. A bisubstrate analog was designed against the insulin receptor kinase to mimic the geometry of a dissociative transition state reaction coordinate distance. This bisubstrate compound proved to be a potent inhibitor against the insulin receptor kinase and occupied both peptide and nucleotide binding sites. Bisubstrate compounds with altered hydrogen bonding potential as well as varying spacers between the adenine and the peptide demonstrate the importance of the original design features. We have also shown that related bisubstrate analogs can be used to potently block serine/threonine kinases including protein kinase A. Since many protein kinases recognize folded protein substrates for efficient phosphorylation, it was advantageous to incorporate the peptide-ATP conjugates into protein structures. Using expressed protein ligation, a Src-ATP conjugate was produced and shown to be a high affinity ligand for the Csk tyrosine kinase. Nonhydrolyzable mimics of phosphoSer/phosphoTyr can be useful in examining the functionality of phosphorylation events. Using expressed protein ligation, we have employed phosphonomethylene phenylalanine and phosphonomethylene alanine to probe the phosphorylation of Tyr and Ser, respectively. These tools have permitted an analysis of the SH2-phosphatases (SHP1 and SHP2), revealing a novel intramolecular stimulation of catalytic activity mediated by the corresponding phosphorylation events. They have also been used to characterize the cellular regulation of the melatonin rhythm enzyme by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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19
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Röschenthaler GV, Kukhar V, Barten J, Gvozdovska N, Belik M, Sorochinsky A. Asymmetric synthesis of α,α-difluoro-β-amino phosphonic acids using sulfinimines. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.06.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Otaka A, Mitsuyama E, Watanabe J, Watanabe H, Fujii N. Synthesis of fluorine-containing bioisosteres corresponding to phosphoamino acids and dipeptide units. Biopolymers 2004; 76:140-9. [PMID: 15054894 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that fluorinated analogues of naturally occurring biological active compounds including amino acids often exhibit unique physiological activity. Among wide varieties of fluorine-containing amino acids, nonhydrolyzable phosphoamino acids possessing a substituent of the difluoromethylene (CF(2)) unit for the phosphoryl ester oxygen are of value in the medicinal and biological fields. We have engaged in the synthesis of these classes of nonhydrolyzable phosphoamino acids corresponding to pTyr 3, pSer 4, and pThr 5 with their incorporation into peptides using newly developed deprotecting procedures. In this article, stereoselective synthesis of the CF(2)-substituted pThr mimetics and development of a two-step deprotecting methodology for the nonhydrolyzable analogues are reviewed. In the course of the above synthetic study, we found that gamma,gamma-difluoro-alpha,beta-enoates were reduced to gamma-fluoro-beta,gamma-enoates by organocopper reagents and then applied to the synthesis of (Z)-fluoroalkene dipeptide isosteres, which have served as potential dipeptide mimetics having structural as well as electrostatic similarity to the parent peptide bonds. Furthermore, mechanistic investigation of the organocopper-mediated reduction led us to development of a SmI(2)-mediated approach toward the synthesis of the fluoroalkene isosteres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Otaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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21
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Pfund E, Lequeux T, Masson S, Vazeux M. Synthesis of thiazolines linked to a difluoromethylphosphonate diester via dithioester chemistry. Org Lett 2002; 4:843-6. [PMID: 11869142 DOI: 10.1021/ol025544f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A two-step, high-yielding synthesis of delta(2)-thiazolines containing a difluoromethylphosphonate diester moiety has been devised using a building block approach. Racemic or chiral beta-amino alcohols and diols were coupled with methyl difluoro(diethoxyphosphono)dithioacetate to give predominantly the corresponding beta-hydroxythioamides, which were then cyclized to provide a series of novel substituted delta(2)-thiazolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pfund
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique UMR CNRS 6507 ISMRA, UFR Sciences, Université de Caen, 6 Bd Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen Cedex, France
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22
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Zhao G, Sun HL, Qian ZS, Yin WX. Cp2TiCl2(cat.)/Zn system promoted addition reaction of bromodifluoroacetate with the electron-deficient gem-dicyanoalkenes. J Fluor Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(01)00457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Otaka A, Mitsuyama E, Kinoshita T, Tamamura H, Fujii N. Stereoselective synthesis of CF(2)-substituted phosphothreonine mimetics and their incorporation into peptides using newly developed deprotection procedures. J Org Chem 2000; 65:4888-99. [PMID: 10956468 DOI: 10.1021/jo000169v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective syntheses of all four stereoisomers of CF(2)-substituted nonhydrolyzable phosphothreonine derivatives (33, 39, and their enantiomers) and their incorporation into peptides are described herein. Key to the synthesis of these amino acids was construction of secondary phosphate-mimicking difluoromethylphosphonate units along with generation of two stereocenters. The former was achieved using a Cu(I)-mediated cross-coupling reaction of BrZnCF(2)P(O)(OEt)(2) (8) and beta-iodo-alpha,beta-unsaturated ester 12, with stereochemistry of both alpha- and beta-stereocenters being established using bornane-10,2-sultam as a chiral auxiliary. Diastereoselective hydrogenation of a chiral alpha,beta-unsaturated acylsultam (for the beta-center) (e.g., 16a) and subsequent stereoselective bromination (for the alpha-center of the threo derivative) or amination (for the alpha-center of erythro (allo) derivative) were utilized. Transesterification of the bromide to the benzyl ester followed by azide displacement of the halogen, then reduction of the resulting azide, followed by Boc-protection and finally removal of the benzyl group, afforded protected both L- and D-phosphothreonine mimetics (39 and its enantiomer). On the other hand, protected both L- and D-allo-phosphothreonine mimetics (33 and its enantiomer) were synthesized via transesterification of the above-mentioned amination product, followed by hydrogenolytic removal of the benzyl group. Key to utilization of these amino acid analogues in peptide synthesis was removal of ethyl protection from the difluoromethylphosphonate moiety. A two-step deprotection methodology, consisting of a combination of a first-step reagent [0.3 M BSTFA-TBAI in CH(2)Cl(2), BF(3).Et(2)O] followed by a second-step reagent [1 M TMSOTf-thioanisole in TFA, m-cresol, EDT] was developed for use in solid-phase protocols. A 12-residue Cdc (cell division cycle) 2-peptide 41, possessing two nonhydrolyzable phosphoamino acid mimetics (F(2)Pmab 6 and F(2)Pmp 4), was subjected to this deprotection procedure and was obtained in 25% yield based on the protected resin. The present synthetic method affords nonhydrolyzable phosphoamino acid mimetics-containing peptides in high yield without accompanying side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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24
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Higashimoto Y, Saito S, Tong XH, Hong A, Sakaguchi K, Appella E, Anderson CW. Human p53 is phosphorylated on serines 6 and 9 in response to DNA damage-inducing agents. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:23199-203. [PMID: 10930428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002674200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the sites in human p53 that become phosphorylated in response to DNA damage, we have developed polyclonal antibodies that recognize p53 only when it is phosphorylated at specific sites. Several attempts to generate an antibody to p53 phosphorylated at Ser(6) using a phosphoserine-containing peptide as an immunogen were unsuccessful; however, phosphorylation-specific antibodies were produced by using the phosphoserine mimetic, l-2-amino-4-phosphono-4, 4-difluorobutanoic acid (F(2)Pab), in place of phosphoserine. Fmoc-F(2)Pab was prepared by an improved synthesis and chemically incorporated using solid phase peptide synthesis. Affinity-purified antibodies elicited by immunizing rabbits with an F(2)Pab peptide coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin recognized a p53(1-39) peptide phosphorylated only at Ser(6) but not the unphosphorylated peptide or the same peptide phosphorylated at Ser(9), Ser(15), Ser(20), Ser(33), or Ser(37). Untreated A549 cells exhibited a background of constitutive phosphorylation at Ser(6) that increased approximately 10-fold upon exposure to either ionizing radiation or UV light. Similar results were obtained for Ser(9) using antibodies raised against a conventional phosphopeptide. Ser(9) was phosphorylated by casein kinase 1 in vitro in a phosphoserine 6-dependent manner. Our data identify two additional DNA damage-induced phosphorylations in human p53 and show that F(2)Pab-derivatized peptides can be used to develop phosphorylation site-specific polyclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Higashimoto
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Sakaguchi K, Saito S, Higashimoto Y, Roy S, Anderson CW, Appella E. Damage-mediated phosphorylation of human p53 threonine 18 through a cascade mediated by a casein 1-like kinase. Effect on Mdm2 binding. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9278-83. [PMID: 10734067 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein is stabilized in response to ionizing radiation and accumulates in the nucleus. Stabilization is thought to involve disruption of the interaction between the p53 protein and Mdm2, which targets p53 for degradation. Here we show that the direct association between a p53 N-terminal peptide and Mdm2 is disrupted by phosphorylation of the peptide on Thr(18) but not by phosphorylation at other N-terminal sites, including Ser(15) and Ser(37). Thr(18) was phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase (CK1); this process required the prior phosphorylation of Ser(15). Thr(18) was phosphorylated in vivo in response to DNA damage, and such phosphorylation required Ser(15). Our results suggest that stabilization of p53 after ionizing radiation may result, in part, from an inhibition of Mdm2 binding through a phosphorylation-phosphorylation cascade involving DNA damage-activated phosphorylation of p53 Ser(15) followed by phosphorylation of Thr(18).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakaguchi
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Park SB, Standaert RF. α,α-Difluorophosphonomethyl azobenzene derivatives as photo-regulated phosphoamino acid analogs. 1. Design and synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Perich
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Nair HK, Burton DJ. Facile Synthesis of Fluorinated Phosphonates via Photochemical and Thermal Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971345t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haridasan K. Nair
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Donald J. Burton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Tholey A, Hoffmann R. Solid-phase synthesis of tyrosyl H-phosphonopeptides and methylphosphonopeptides. J Pept Sci 1997; 3:186-92. [PMID: 9230484 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1387(199705)3:3%3c186::aid-psc99%3e3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphopeptides are a useful tool for the investigation of phosphorylation as a reversible posttranslational modification. There is a growing interest in using mimics of phosphoamino acids involved in phosphorylation in order to study the enzymes concerned in these processes. These mimics should contain a non-hydrolysable or isoelectrically modified phosphate moiety to be used as a specific inhibitor of phosphatases and kinases. We introduce sold-phase synthesis of H- and methylphosphonopeptides as a new class of mimics of phosphotyrosyl peptides. The peptides were synthesized on solid phase using the standard fluorenyl-methyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) strategy. Tyrosine residues were incorporated as allyl-protected derivatives, which were selectively deprotected on the resin by treatment with Pd(PPh3)4. The peptide resin carrying the side-chain unprotected tyrosine of the model peptide Gly-Gly-Tyr-Ala was phosphonylated with di-tert-butyl-N,N-diethyl-phosphoramidite in the presence of 1H-tetrazole, yielding H-phosphonopeptides after trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) cleavage. Alternatively, phosphonylation of the unprotected tyrosine with O-tert-butyl-N,N-diethyl-P-methylphosphonamidite catalysed by 1H-tetrazole and followed by oxidation led to the methyphosphonopeptides after TFA cleavage. We obtained both the H-phosphonopeptides and the methylphosphonopeptides of the tetrapeptide in high yields and purities above 90%, according to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). To investigate the general applicability of our new methodology, we synthesized phosphonopeptides up to 13 amino acids long, corresponding to recognition sequences of tyrosine kinases. After cleavage and deprotection, all phosphonopeptides were obtained in high yields and purities of about 90%, as shown by mass spectrometry. The only by-product found was the unmodified peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tholey
- German Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathochemistry, Heidelberg Germany
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31
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Percy JM. Building Block Approaches to Aliphatic Organofluorine Compounds. ORGANOFLUORINE CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-69197-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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33
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Chen W, Flavin MT, Filler R, Xu ZQ. Introduction of α-fluorophosphonomethyl ether functionality and its application to the synthesis of fluorinated acyclic phosphonate nucleosides. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(96)02106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Sakamoto H, Kodama H, Higashimoto Y, Kondo M, Lewis MS, Anderson CW, Appella E, Sakaguchi K. Chemical synthesis of phosphorylated peptides of the carboxy-terminal domain of human p53 by a segment condensation method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1996; 48:429-42. [PMID: 8956076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1996.tb00861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A segment condensation method was developed for the chemical synthesis of large (> 90 amino acid) phosphopeptides and was used to produce phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated derivatives of the C-terminal tetramerization and regulatory domains of human p53 (residues 303-393). Efficient condensation synthesis of the 91 residue p53 domain was achieved in two steps. The non-phosphorylated N-terminal segment p53(303-334) (1) and its derivative phosphorylated at serine 315 (1P315), and the non-phosphorylated middle segment p53(335-360) (2), were synthesized as partially protected peptide thioesters in the solid phase using Boc chemistry. The C-terminal segment p53(361-393) (3) and its derivative phosphorylated at serine 392 (3P392) were synthesized as partially protected peptides in the solid phase using Fmoc chemistry. Phosphoamino acid was incorporated into the N-terminal segment (1P315) at the residue corresponding to p53 serine 315 as Boc-Ser(PO3(Bzl)2)-OH during synthesis. Serine 392 in the C-terminal segment was selectively phosphorylated after synthesis by phosphitylation followed by oxidation. A derivative phosphorylated at serine 378 was synthesized in a one-step condensation of the unphosphorylated N-terminal segment (1) and the phosphorylated long C-terminal segment p53(335-393) (2-3P378). Yields of the ligated peptides after removal of the protecting groups and HPLC purification averaged 60% for the first condensation and 35% for the second condensation. All five p53 peptides exhibited monomer-tetramer association as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that phosphorylation at Ser315 increased the alpha-helical content, which was abolished when Ser392 also was phosphorylated, suggesting an interaction between N-terminal and C-terminal residues of the C-terminal domain of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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35
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Yokomatsu T, Sato M, Shibuya S. Lipase-catalyzed enantioselective acylation of prochiral 2-(ω-phosphono)alkyl-1,3-propanediols: Application to the enantioselective synthesis of ω-phosphono-α-amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(96)00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Hoffmann R, Tholey A, Hoffmann T, Kalbitzer HR. Solid-phase synthesis of H- and methylphosphonopeptides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1996; 47:245-53. [PMID: 8738649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1996.tb01352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We introduce solid-phase syntheses of H- and methylphosphonopeptides, giving access for the first time to a new class of mimics for o-phosphoamino acids. The model peptides H-GlyGlyXaaAla-OH (Xaa = Ser, Thr) were synthesized on a solid-phase using Fmoc/tBu strategy and HBTU/HOBt activation by incorporation of hydroxyl-protected serine and threonine. As selectively cleavable hydroxyl-protecting groups we used triphenylmethyl and tert-butyldimethylsilyl for both amino acids, as described in the literature. All peptides were phosphitilated with O, O-di-tert-butyl-N,N-diethylphosphoramidite and yielded H-phosphonopeptides after trifluoroacetic acid cleavage. Alternatively we phosphonylated the peptides with O-tert-butyl-N,N-diethyl-P-methylphosphonamidite, which was synthesized by a two-step one-pot procedure starting from commercially available chemicals. All H- and methylphosphonopeptides were obtained in high purities and yields, as shown by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The phosphonopeptides were characterized by 1H and 31P NMR. We confirmed their molecular masses by electrospray mass spectrometry and analyzed their fragmentation schemes, which seemed to be characteristic for each class of analogues. The H-phosphonopeptides lost phosphonic acid (H3PO3, 82 mass units) and the methylphosphonopeptides lost methylphosphonic acid (MeH2PO3, 96 mass units). Both H- and methylphosphonopeptides represent a new and simply accessible class of mimics for phosphopeptides. Compared with the corresponding phosphopeptides all phosphonopeptides were synthesized in higher yields and purities (> 80%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hoffmann
- University of the Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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38
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Wijkmans JC, Meeuwenoord NJ, Bloemhoff W, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Solid phase synthesis of alkylphosphonopeptides. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)01027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Sakaguchi K, Roller PP, Appella E. Chemical synthesis and applications of phosphopeptides. GENETIC ENGINEERING 1996; 18:249-278. [PMID: 8785124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1766-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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