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von Byern J, Dorrer V, Merritt DJ, Chandler P, Stringer I, Marchetti-Deschmann M, McNaughton A, Cyran N, Thiel K, Noeske M, Grunwald I. Characterization of the Fishing Lines in Titiwai (=Arachnocampa luminosa Skuse, 1890) from New Zealand and Australia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162687. [PMID: 27973586 PMCID: PMC5156358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals use adhesive secretions in a plethora of ways, either for attachment, egg anchorage, mating or as either active or passive defence. The most interesting function, however, is the use of adhesive threads to capture prey, as the bonding must be performed within milliseconds and under unsuitable conditions (movement of prey, variable environmental conditions, unfavourable attack angle, etc.) to be nonetheless successful. In the following study a detailed characterization of the prey capture system of the world-renowned glowworm group Arachnocampa from the macroscopic to the ultrastructural level is performed. The data reveal that the adhesive droplets consist mostly of water and display hygroscopic properties at varying humidity levels. The droplet core of Arachnocampa luminosa includes a certain amount of the elements sodium, sulphur and potassium (beside carbon, oxygen and nitrogen), while a different element composition is found in the two related species A. richardsae and A. tasmaniensis. Evidence for lipids, carbohydrates and proteins was negative on the histochemical level, however X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the presence of peptides within the droplet content. Different to earlier assumptions, the present study indicates that rather than oxalic acid, urea or uric acid are present in the adhesive droplets, presumably originating from the gut. Comparing the capture system in Arachnocampa with those of orb-spiders, large differences appear not only regarding the silky threads, but also, in the composition, hygroscopic properties and size of the mucous droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janek von Byern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Core Facility Cell Imaging & Ultrastructure Research, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria Dorrer
- Technical University Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna, Austria
| | - David J. Merritt
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ian Stringer
- Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew McNaughton
- University of Otago, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Otago Centre for Confocal Microscopy, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Norbert Cyran
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Core Facility Cell Imaging & Ultrastructure Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karsten Thiel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, Department of Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michael Noeske
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, Department of Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ingo Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, Department of Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Bremen, Germany
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Silva JR, Amaral DT, Hastings JW, Wilson T, Viviani VR. A transcriptional and proteomic survey ofArachnocampa luminosa(Diptera: Keroplatidae) lanterns gives insights into the origin of bioluminescence from the Malpighian tubules in Diptera. LUMINESCENCE 2015; 30:996-1003. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Silva
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR); Sorocaba Brazil
- Graduate Program of Evolutive Genetics and Molecular Biology; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR); São Carlos Brazil
| | - D. T. Amaral
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR); Sorocaba Brazil
- Graduate Program of Evolutive Genetics and Molecular Biology; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR); São Carlos Brazil
| | - J. W. Hastings
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA USA
| | - T. Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA USA
| | - V. R. Viviani
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR); Sorocaba Brazil
- Graduate Program of Evolutive Genetics and Molecular Biology; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR); São Carlos Brazil
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Rigby LM, Merritt DJ. Roles of biogenic amines in regulating bioluminescence in the Australian glowworm Arachnocampa flava. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:3286-93. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The glowworm Arachnocampa flava is a carnivorous fly larva (Diptera) that uses light to attract prey into its web. The light organ is derived from cells of the Malpighian tubules, representing a bioluminescence system that is unique to the genus. Bioluminescence is modulated through the night although light levels change quite slowly compared with the flashing of the better-known fireflies (Coleoptera). The existing model for the neural regulation of bioluminescence in Arachnocampa, based on use of anaesthetics and ligations, is that bioluminescence is actively repressed during the non-glowing phase and the repression is partially released during the bioluminescence phase. The effect of the anaesthetic, carbon dioxide, on the isolated light organ from the present study indicates that the repression is at least partially mediated at the light organ itself rather than less directly through the central nervous system. Blocking of neural signals from the central nervous system through ligation leads to uncontrolled release of bioluminescence but light is emitted at relatively low levels compared with under anaesthesia. Candidate biogenic amines were introduced by several methods: feeding prey items injected with test solution, injecting the whole larva, injecting a ligated section containing the light organ or bathing the isolated light organ in test solution. Using these methods, dopamine, serotonin and tyramine do not affect bioluminescence output. Exposure to elevated levels of octopamine via feeding, injection or bathing of the isolated light organ indicates that it is involved in the regulation of repression. Administration of the octopamine antagonists phentolamine or mianserin results in very high bioluminescence output levels, similar to the effect of anaesthetics, but only mianserin acts directly on the light organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Rigby
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Merritt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Gaino E, Rebora M. Malpighian tubules of the nymph of Baetis rhodani (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000009356291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elda Gaino
- a Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ecologia , Università di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto, Perugia, I‐06123, Italy E-mail:
| | - Manuela Rebora
- a Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ecologia , Università di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto, Perugia, I‐06123, Italy E-mail:
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Arab A, Caetano FH. Segmental specializations in the Malpighian tubules of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima Forel 1904 (Myrmicinae): an electron microscopical study. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2002; 30:281-92. [PMID: 18088962 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(01)00039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2001] [Accepted: 12/08/2001] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Malpighian tubules of workers of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima (Myrmicinae) were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in order to determine their functional organization and association with the hindgut epithelium. The ants showed six Malpighian tubules with three segments morphologically and structurally different. The proximal segment was long and its cells showed abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets, which suggest their role in lipid secretion. The mid segment was long and undulated and it was composed by the cells that showed the typical features of ion transporting epithelia. The distal segment, short and flattened, adheres to the rectum wall. The cells of this segment showed the basal lamina fused to that of the rectum, it is probable that this part of the tubule may play a role in ion and water uptake from the feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Arab
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, CEP 13506-900, Brazil
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Xu W, Marshall AT. Magnesium secretion by the distal segment of the Malpighian tubules of the black field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 45:777-784. [PMID: 12770309 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The short distal segment of unstimulated Teleogryllus Malpighian tubules secreted hyperosmotic fluid containing primarily Mg (125mmoll(-1)), Cl (242mmoll(-1)) and Na (43mmoll(-1)). Remarkably, the volume secreted by the distal segment in unit time was independent of segment length, i.e. the volume was constant regardless of the length of the segment. Magnesium was secreted at a rate of 75.5pmolmin(-1)mm(-1); the highest rate recorded for any epithelium. Low concentrations of K (20mmoll(-1)) were present but almost no P or S. Ca (2.5mmoll(-1)) concentration was higher than in the main segment. The short distal segment secreted 100% of the Mg, 54% of the Cl and 23% of the Na secreted by the whole tubule. The main segment secreted fluid containing primarily K (199mmoll(-1)), Cl (149mmoll(-1)), Na (104mmoll(-1)) and P (48mmoll(-1)) with very low concentrations of Ca (1mmoll(-1)) and S. The main segment appeared to reabsorb a small fraction of the Mg secreted by the distal segment. The fluid secreted by the whole tubule was isosmotic and alkaline, approximately pH8.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xu
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
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Garayoa M, Villaro AC, Montuenga L, Sesma P. Malpighian tubules ofFormica polyctena (Hymenoptera): Light and electron microscopic study. J Morphol 1992; 214:159-171. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052140206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Prado MA, Montuenga LM, Villaro AC, Etayo JC, Polak JM, Sesma MP. A novel granular cell type of locust Malpighian tubules: ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Cell Tissue Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00338061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Dallai R, Del Bene G, Marchini D. The ultrastructure of Malpighian tubules and hindgut of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(91)90012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Xue L, Dallai R, Yin WY. Fine Structure of the Midgut and Hindgut inLepidocampa weberi(Insecta, Diplura). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1990.tb01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Development, cytology, lipid storage and motility of the Malpighian tubules of the nymphal dragonfly, Aeshna cyanea (Müller) (Odonata : Aeshnidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(89)90021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Dallai R, Yin WY, Xue L, Francois J. The gut structure of Sinentomon erythanum yin (Protura : Sinentomidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(89)90025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Garrett MA, Bradley TJ, Meredith JE, Phillips JE. Ultrastructure of the malpighian tubules ofSchistocerca gregaria. J Morphol 1988; 195:313-325. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051950306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Jarial MS. Fine structure of the Malpighian tubules of chironomus larva in relation to glycogen storage and fate of hemoglobin. Tissue Cell 1988; 20:355-80. [PMID: 3232139 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(88)90071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The larval Malpighian tubules of Chironomus tentans were studied using light and electron microscopy. The tubules are composed of two cell types: primary and stellate cells. Both cell types lack muscles, tracheoles, and laminate crystals in the cytoplasm and mitochondria in the microvilli. The primary cells exhibit long, wide basal membrane infoldings associated with mitochondria. They have a number of canaliculi and long, closely packed microvilli. The stellate cells possess shorter interconnecting basal infoldings and shorter, well-spaced microvilli. Both cell types are linked by septate and gap junctions. They have cytoplasmic processes and pedicels which enclose narrow slits between them and that are apposed to a basal lamella. In the 'fed' larva, the cells are stuffed with glycogen which is depleted in the 'starved' larva. Both cell types are involved in the vesicular transport of biliverdin. The presence of coated vesicles, tubular elements and various forms of lysosomes in the primary cells suggests they transport and break down functional hemoglobin. Structural modification of basal infoldings, canaliculi and microvilli is strongly correlated with increased secretory activity of the Malpighian tubules in 'fed' versus 'starved' larva.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Jarial
- Muncie Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Ball State University 47306
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15
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Schaub GA, Schnitker A. Influence of Blastocrithidia triatomae (Trypanosomatidae) on the reduviid bug Triatoma infestans: alterations in the Malpighian tubules. Parasitol Res 1988; 75:88-97. [PMID: 3148931 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the cellular basis of our recent observation that the trypanosome Blastocrithidia triatomae disturbs excretion in Triatoma infestans, we compared the morphology and ultrastructure of Malpighian tubules in infected and noninfected bugs. Tubules of bugs infected 3-4 months before dissection did not show any morphological alterations in either the upper or lower regions. In fifth instars with a long lasting infection (9-10 months) and a correspondingly retarded larval development, the tracheal system supplying the Malpighian tubules was reduced and alterations were conspicuous in the upper region, where the tubules were slightly widened, sometimes having parts with conspicuous swellings. The cells were filled with white concretions and a strong autofluorescence was evident by fluorescence microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated an increase in the number of these concretions, even after short infection periods. In the extremely swollen parts of the tubules there was a reduction in basal cell interdigitations, mitochondria, and microvilli. B. triatomae (but also gram-negative bacteria) occurred only in these swollen parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Schaub
- Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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16
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Barbier R, Le Garff B. Ultrastructure des tubes de malpighi et mise en evidence de cristaux de calcium chez la chenille de Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(85)90033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Ultrastructure of the malpighian tubules of blow fly larva, Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen (Diptera : Calliphoridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(84)90038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Meyran JC. Segmental variations of intercellular junctions in insect Malpighian tubules: a comparative study of two species. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1982; 79:31-46. [PMID: 7086942 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(82)90050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Meyran JC. Comparative study of the segmental specializations in the malpighian tubules of Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera : Blatellidae) and Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(82)90027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Maxwell DJ. Morphological changes in gland cells and axons resulting from stimulation of the salivary nerves of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea. Tissue Cell 1981; 13:141-51. [PMID: 7222008 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(81)90044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The salivary glands of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Oliver, 1789), are innervated and there is considerable evidence to suggest that dopamine is the neurotransmitter at the neuroglandular junction. As the gland is a bilaterally symmetrical structure it was possible to electrically stimulate the salivary nerve supplying the ipsilateral side of the gland whilst the contralateral side of the gland served as a convenient control. Saliva elicited from the glands by electrical stimulation of these nerves was collected and used to monitor the physiological state of the tissue. Glands were fixed for light and electron microscopy during secretion and it was observed that the ductules in peripheral acinar cells were distended in stimulated sides of the glands but not in contralateral unstimulated sides. This evidence implies that peripheral cells are responsible for the initiation of salivary fluid secretion. Changes were also observed in the catecholamine containing axons that innervate the glands. In stimulated axons a statistically significant reduction in numbers of small agranular vesicles was observed when compared with contralateral unstimulated controls and freshly fixed tissue. This was not the case with the larger granular vesicles of the same axons which showed no reduction in number as a result of stimulation. In addition it was also noted that the small agranular vesicles tended to aggregate and change their shapes in response to nerve stimulation. These results imply that the small agranular vesicles play a role in transmitter release.
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Green LF. Cryptonephric malpighian tubule system in a dipteran larva, the New Zealand glow-worm, Arachnocampa luminosa (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): a structural study. Tissue Cell 1980; 12:141-51. [PMID: 7361296 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(80)90057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Malpighian tubules of the glow-worm are divided into four morphologically distinct regions, each composed of a different cell type. Part 3 of the Malpighian tubules of A. luminosa is intimately bound to the rectum by a layer of fat body. This association of the tubules with the hindgut is referred to as a cryptonephric system. This type of arrangement has been described in some Coleoptera and the larvae of most Lepidoptera but has never before been reported in the Diptera. In the glow-worm the cryptonephric tubules themselves are small, and adjacent to the fat body the epithelial cells are modified to form very thin windows or 'leptophragmata' (Lison, 1937). The main epithelial cells exhibit features characteristic of highly active, secretory Malpighian tubule cells. The high density of mitochondria and their association with all the microvilli is indicative of a highly active secretory cell. The high concentration of glycogen in these cells and their intimate association with the hindgut suggest that they may, in addition, have a nutrient absorptive function. The role of the cryptonephric rectal complex in the glow-worm is discussed in the light of present knowledge gained from previous studies of coleopteran and larval lepidopteran cryptonephric systems. On structural grounds a model is proposed for the regulation of the ionic environment of the rectum, and the uptake and metabolism of organic material from the rectal lumen by this cryptonephric complex.
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