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Nakazato Y, Otaki JM. Live Detection of Intracellular Chitin in Butterfly Wing Epithelial Cells In Vivo Using Fluorescent Brightener 28: Implications for the Development of Scales and Color Patterns. INSECTS 2023; 14:753. [PMID: 37754721 PMCID: PMC10532232 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the major component of the extracellular cuticle and plays multiple roles in insects. In butterflies, chitin builds wing scales for structural colors. Here, we show that intracellular chitin in live cells can be detected in vivo with fluorescent brightener 28 (FB28), focusing on wing epithelial cells of the small lycaenid butterfly Zizeeria maha immediately after pupation. A relatively small number of cells at the apical surface of the epithelium were strongly FB28-positive in the cytosol and seemed to have extensive ER-Golgi networks, which may be specialized chitin-secreting cells. Some cells had FB28-positive tadpole-tail-like or rod-like structures relative to the nucleus. We detected FB28-positive hexagonal intracellular objects and their associated structures extending toward the apical end of the cell, which may be developing scale bases and shafts. We also observed FB28-positive fibrous intracellular structures extending toward the basal end. Many cells were FB28-negative in the cytosol, which contained FB28-positive dots or discs. The present data are crucial to understanding the differentiation of the butterfly wing epithelium, including scale formation and color pattern determination. The use of FB28 in probing intracellular chitin in live cells may be applicable to other insect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Ohno Y, Otaki JM. Live Cell Imaging of Butterfly Pupal and Larval Wings In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128332. [PMID: 26107809 PMCID: PMC4481267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Butterfly wing color patterns are determined during the late larval and early pupal stages. Characterization of wing epithelial cells at these stages is thus critical to understand how wing structures, including color patterns, are determined. Previously, we successfully recorded real-time in vivo images of developing butterfly wings over time at the tissue level. In this study, we employed similar in vivo fluorescent imaging techniques to visualize developing wing epithelial cells in the late larval and early pupal stages 1 hour post-pupation. Both larval and pupal epithelial cells were rich in mitochondria and intracellular networks of endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting high metabolic activities, likely in preparation for cellular division, polyploidization, and differentiation. Larval epithelial cells in the wing imaginal disk were relatively large horizontally and tightly packed, whereas pupal epithelial cells were smaller and relatively loosely packed. Furthermore, larval cells were flat, whereas pupal cells were vertically elongated as deep as 130 μm. In pupal cells, many endosome-like or autophagosome-like structures were present in the cellular periphery down to approximately 10 μm in depth, and extensive epidermal feet or filopodia-like processes were observed a few micrometers deep from the cellular surface. Cells were clustered or bundled from approximately 50 μm in depth to deeper levels. From 60 μm to 80 μm in depth, horizontal connections between these clusters were observed. The prospective eyespot and marginal focus areas were resistant to fluorescent dyes, likely because of their non-flat cone-like structures with a relatively thick cuticle. These in vivo images provide important information with which to understand processes of epithelial cell differentiation and color pattern determination in butterfly wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Ohno
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903–0213, Japan
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903–0213, Japan
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Romoser WS, Turell MJ, Lerdthusnee K, Neira M, Dohm D, Ludwig G, Wasieloski L. Pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever virus in mosquitoes--tracheal conduits & the basal lamina as an extra-cellular barrier. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 2006:89-100. [PMID: 16355869 DOI: 10.1007/3-211-29981-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the fate of an arbovirus in a mosquito is fundamental to understanding the mosquito's competence to transmit the virus. When a competent mosquito ingests viremic vertebrate blood, virus infects midgut epithelial cells and replicates, then disseminates to other tissues, including salivary glands and/or ovaries. The virus is then transmitted to the next vertebrate host horizontally via bite and/or vertically to the mosquito's offspring. Not all mosquitoes that ingest virus become infected or, if infected, transmit virus. Several "barriers" to arbovirus passage, and ultimately transmission, have been identified in incompetent or partially competent mosquitoes, including, among others, gut escape barriers and salivary gland infection barriers. The extra-cellular basal lamina around the midgut epithelium and the basal lamina that surrounds the salivary glands may act as such barriers. Midgut basal lamina pore sizes are significantly smaller than arboviruses and ultrastructural evidence suggests that midgut tracheae and tracheoles may provide a means for viruses to circumvent this barrier. Further, immunocytochemical evidence indicates the existence of a salivary gland infection barrier in Anopheles stephensi. The basal lamina may prevent access to mosquito cell surface virus receptors and help explain why anopheline mosquitoes are relatively incompetent arbovirus transmitters when compared to culicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Romoser
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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Nardi JB, Bee CM, Miller LA, Nguyen NH, Suh SO, Blackwell M. Communities of microbes that inhabit the changing hindgut landscape of a subsocial beetle. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2006; 35:57-68. [PMID: 18089058 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbes that have adopted endosymbiotic life styles not only have evolved to live in specialized habitats within living organisms, but the living habitats also have evolved to accommodate them. The hindgut of the passalid beetle (Odontotaenius disjunctus) is lined with a cuticle that undergoes dramatic topographic changes during the life cycle of the beetle. This manuscript addresses the changes that have been observed in time and space for the cuticular landscape of the hindgut as well as for the microbial communities within the hindgut. Microbial identity is based on morphology, culture, and extrapolation from previously reported passalid gut inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Nardi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Romoser WS, Wasieloski LP, Pushko P, Kondig JP, Lerdthusnee K, Neira M, Ludwig GV. Evidence for arbovirus dissemination conduits from the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) midgut. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:467-475. [PMID: 15185952 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which arboviruses bypass the basal lamina of mosquito midgut cells and enter the body cavity has been unclear. Experiments using Venezuelan equine encephalitis viral replicon particles, which express the green fluorescent protein gene in cells, indicate the operation of tissue conduits, possibly involving tracheae and visceral muscles, that facilitate virus movement through the basal lamina. Ultrastructural studies of the midgut reveal evidence for possible complete penetration of the basal lamina by tracheal cells and regions of modified basal lamina associated with visceral muscle. The modified basal lamina closely resembles proventricular matrix material known to allow virus passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Romoser
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Nardi JB, Ujhelyi E. Transformations of epithelial monolayers during wing development of Manduca sexta. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2001; 30:145-157. [PMID: 18088952 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(01)00025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2001] [Accepted: 07/02/2001] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The two epithelial monolayers of the insect wing undergo striking morphogenetic changes during the course of adult development, but the exact interactions between these monolayers were not evident until the ultrastructure of the cells was carefully examined. The interaction of the dorsal monolayer with the ventral monolayer continually changes as the two initially separate monolayers first lose their pupal basal laminae and then come together along a sharp interface to form microtubule-associated junctions. As blood space between the two monolayers expands 2 days later, new adult basal laminae and cuticle form. Concomitantly the epithelial cells stretch along their apicobasal axes to create a thin cellular M layer halfway between the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing that represents the site where connections between the monolayers are maintained at specialized basal junctions. The elongated processes of each monolayer that make up this M layer first fasciculate and then span the space separating the two monolayers, but only at relatively widely-spaced intervals. During later stages of adult development, dense aggregates of microtubules appear in these epithelial processes and presumably contract as cells dramatically shorten along their apicobasal axes during expansion of the wing. Examination of the ultrastructure of the developing adult wing has revealed how certain cellular events can account for the mechanics of cuticle and wing expansion after adult emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Nardi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Locke M. The Wigglesworth Lecture: Insects for studying fundamental problems in biology. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 47:495-507. [PMID: 11166314 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(00)00123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Locke
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, N6A 5B7, London, Canada
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Steiner C, Keil TA. Morphogenesis of the antenna of the male silkmoth, Antheraea polyphemus. IV. Segmentation and branch formation. Tissue Cell 1993; 25:447-64. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(93)90085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1993] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Henderson SC, Locke M. The redeployment of F-actin in silk glands during moulting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.970210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Nardi JB, Godfrey GL, Bergstrom RA. Programmed cell death in the wing of Orgyia leucostigma (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J Morphol 1991; 209:121-31. [PMID: 1920444 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an integral and ubiquitous phenomenon of development that is responsible for the reduction of wing size in female moths of Orgyia leucostigma (Lymantriidae). Throughout larval and pupal life, cells of the wing epithelium proliferate and interact to form normal imaginal discs and pupal wings in both sexes. But at the onset of adult development, most cells in female O. leucostigma wings degenerate over a brief, 2-day period. Lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles appear in cells of the wing epithelium shortly after it retracts from the pupal cuticle. Hemocytes actively participate in removing the resulting cellular debris. By contrast, epithelial cells in wings of developing adult males of O. leucostigma do not undergo massive cell death. Wing epithelium of female pupae transferred to male pupal hosts behaves autonomously in this foreign environment. By pupation, cells of the female wing apparently are committed to self-destruct even in a male pupal environment. Normal interactions among epithelial cells within the plane of a wing monolayer as well as between the upper and lower monolayers of the wing are disrupted in female O. leucostigma by massive cell degeneration. Despite this disruption, the remaining cells of the wing contribute to the formation of a diminutive, but reasonably proportioned, adult wing with scales and veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Nardi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Bultmann H, Goodman WG. Homeostatic and developmental control of cell size and shape in an insect epithelium, the epidermis of Manduca sexta. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1990; 254:25-37. [PMID: 2348163 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402540106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to previously described transformations of insect epidermal cells, morphological changes in the larval epidermis of Manduca sexta involve large changes in cell volume: a threefold increase at the beginning and a twofold decrease at the end of the last feeding phase. The volume changes are determined, in part, or entirely, by changes in cell height (cell elongation and cell shortening). Initial cell elongation occurs in a region-specific manner, whereas subsequent cell shortening affects all of the epidermis equally. As shown by ligation experiments and hormone treatments in tissue culture, larval changes in cell height, unlike cell elongation and differentiation in prepupae, are not regulated by developmental hormones (juvenile hormones, ecdysteroids). Instead, the maintenance of a normal columnar epithelium in fifth instars depends on continuous growth. Lack of food, especially protein, results in reversible cell shortening at any time during the feeding phase. Intake of water does not mitigate this cellular response; cell shortening is also insensitive to ouabain but inhibited by cold treatments. We propose that during larval growth epidermal cell height is under specific homeostatic control, independent of mechanisms regulating cell width, ploidy levels, or mitotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bultmann
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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13
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Morphogenesis of the antenna of the male silkmoth, Antheraea polyphemus. I. The leaf-shaped antenna of the pupa from diapause to apolysis. Tissue Cell 1990; 22:319-36. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(90)90007-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1989] [Revised: 03/07/1990] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Quennedey A, Quennedey B. Morphogenesis of the wing Anlagen in the mealworm beetle tenebrio molitor during the last larval instar. Tissue Cell 1990; 22:721-40. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(90)90067-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/1990] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nardi JB, Miklasz SD. Hemocytes contribute to both the formation and breakdown of the basal lamina in developing wings of Manduca sexta. Tissue Cell 1989; 21:559-67. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/1989] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Delhanty P, Locke M. The development of epidermal feet in preparation for metamorphosis in an insect. Tissue Cell 1989; 21:891-909. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/1989] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fristrom
- Department of Genetics, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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19
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Abstract
Earlier studies using colchicine (L. G. Tilney and J. R. Gibbins, 1969, J. Cell Sci. 5, 195-210) had suggested that intact microtubules (MTs) are necessary for archenteron elongation during the second phase of sea urchin gastrulation (secondary invagination), presumably by allowing secondary mesenchyme cells (SMCs) to extend their long filopodial processes. In light of subsequently discovered effects of colchicine on other cellular processes, the role of MTs in archenteron elongation in the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, has been reexamined. Immunofluorescent staining of ectodermal fragments and isolated archenterons reveals a characteristic pattern of MTs in the ectoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. Ectodermal cells exhibit arrays of MTs radiating away from the region of the basal body/ciliary rootlet and extending along the periphery of the cell, whereas endodermal cells exhibit a similar array of peripheral MTs emanating from the region of the apical ciliary rootlet facing the lumen of the archenteron. MTs are found primarily at the bases of the filopodia of normal SMCs. beta-Lumicolchicine (0.1 mM), an analog of colchicine which does not bind tubulin, inhibits secondary invagination, indicating that the effects previously ascribed to the disruption of MTs are probably due to the effects of colchicine on other cellular processes. The MT inhibitor nocodazole (5-10 micrograms/ml) added prior to secondary invagination does not prevent gastrulation or spontaneous exogastrulation, even though indirect immunofluorescence indicates that cytoplasmic MTs are completely disrupted in drug-treated embryos. Transverse tissue sections indicate that a comparable amount of cell rearrangement occurs in nocodazole-treated and control embryos. Significantly, SMCs in nocodazole-treated embryos often detach prematurely from the tip of the gut rudiment and extend abnormally large broad lamellipodial protrusions but are also capable of extending long slender filopodia comparable in length to those of control embryos. These results indicate that cytoplasmic MTs are not essential for either filopodial extension by SMCs or for the active epithelial cell rearrangement which accompanies elongation during sea urchin gastrulation.
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Keller RE, Trinkaus JP. Rearrangement of enveloping layer cells without disruption of the epithelial permeability barrier as a factor in Fundulus epiboly. Dev Biol 1987; 120:12-24. [PMID: 3817284 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver nitrate staining of blastoderms of Fundulus heteroclitus gastrulae shows that the number of marginal cells of the enveloping layer (EVL) is reduced from 160 to 25 during epiboly. To determine whether this decrease in the number of marginal cells was due to ingression, cell death, or rearrangement of cells, marginal and submarginal regions of the late gastrula were observed directly by time-lapse cinemicrography. Marginal cells rearrange to occupy submarginal positions by first narrowing their boundary with the external yolk syncytial layer (E-YSL), thus becoming tapered in shape. Then, the narrowed marginal boundary retracts from the E-YSL and moves submarginally in the plane of the epithelium. Concurrently, the marginal cells on both sides come into apposition; no gap or break appears in the circum-apical continuity of the epithelial sheet. Marginal cells leave the margin of the EVL during epiboly at a rate of about six per hour. The rate of movement of the EVL cells with respect to one another is about 0.5 to 1.0 micron/min at 21 degrees C. Submarginal cells rearrange in a similar fashion. Although no protrusive activity was seen at the lateral aspects of rearranging cells, the tapering or narrowing associated with rearrangement was accompanied by formation of microfolds on their apical surfaces, and separating or recently separated submarginal cells form "flowers" of microfolds on their apices adjacent to the site of separation. Morphometric analysis shows that about half the narrowing of the margin of the EVL during epiboly is accounted for by cell rearrangement and the other half by the associated tapering and narrowing. These results suggest that epiboly of the EVL may have an active component as well as a passive one.
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Locke M. The very rapid induction of filopodia in insect cells. Tissue Cell 1987; 19:301-18. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(87)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Locke M. The development of the plasma membrane reticular system in the fat body of an insect. Tissue Cell 1986; 18:853-67. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(86)90043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1986] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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