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Chen Z, Nohata J, Guo H, Li S, Liu J, Guo Y, Yamamoto K, Kadono-Okuda K, Liu C, Arunkumar KP, Nagaraju J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Labropoulou V, Swevers L, Tsitoura P, Iatrou K, Gopinathan KP, Goldsmith MR, Xia Q, Mita K. A comprehensive analysis of the chorion locus in silkmoth. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16424. [PMID: 26553298 PMCID: PMC4639761 DOI: 10.1038/srep16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 40 years of intense study, essential features of the silkmoth chorion (eggshell) are still not fully understood. To determine the precise structure of the chorion locus, we performed extensive EST analysis, constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig, and obtained a continuous genomic sequence of 871,711 base pairs. We annotated 127 chorion genes in two segments interrupted by a 164 kb region with 5 non-chorion genes, orthologs of which were on chorion bearing scaffolds in 4 ditrysian families. Detailed transcriptome analysis revealed expression throughout choriogenesis of most chorion genes originally categorized as “middle”, and evidence for diverse regulatory mechanisms including cis-elements, alternative splicing and promoter utilization, and antisense RNA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed multigene family associations and faster evolution of early chorion genes and transcriptionally active pseudogenes. Proteomics analysis identified 99 chorion proteins in the eggshell and micropyle localization of 1 early and 6 Hc chorion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | | | - Huizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jianqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Youbing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | | | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | | | | | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Vassiliki Labropoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences &Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences &Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsitoura
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences &Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Kostas Iatrou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences &Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | | | | | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kazuei Mita
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing 400716, China
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Renthlei CZ, Raghuvarman A, Kharbuli B, Dey S. Progressive chorion morphology during egg development in Samia ricini (Donovan). Microsc Res Tech 2009; 73:234-9. [PMID: 19784955 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The egg of Samia ricini (Donovan), is oval or laterally flattened ellipsoid, freshly laid eggs are candid white while the chorion is colorless and semi-transparent. The surface of the chorion is covered with network patterns of polygons and their shapes are common in the whole surface region. The boundaries between polygons made ridges had distinct acropyles at three-cell junctions. The numbers of aeropyles are variable according to their structures both in the lateral flat and marginal regions. During the course of egg development, no significant structural changes were observed in either the polygonal structures or the overall morphology of the egg. However, the size of the aeropyles kept on changing as the egg matures. The aeropyle increases initially upto day-9 of egg development and then decreases as it approach hatching. Lines of weaknesses were not observed at time of hatching or close to it. Hatching process of the newly emerge larvae are through gnawing. The larva eats their way out through the chorion membrane mostly from the anterior region. Egg buster or spine which aid in hatching are not present in the newly emerge larvae.This article was published online on 25 September 2009. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected 6 January 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Z Renthlei
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, Assam 785700, India.
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Regier JC, Paukstadt U, Paukstadt LH, Mitter C, Peigler RS. Phylogenetics of eggshell morphogenesis in Antheraea (lepidoptera: saturniidae): unique origin and repeated reduction of the aeropyle crown. Syst Biol 2005; 54:254-67. [PMID: 16012096 DOI: 10.1080/10635150590923281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated phylogenetic and developmental analyses should enhance our understanding of morphological evolution and thereby improve systematists' ability to utilize morphological characters, but case studies are few. The eggshell (chorion) of Lepidoptera (Insecta) has proven especially tractable experimentally for such analyses because its morphogenesis proceeds by extracellular assembly of proteins. This study focuses on a morphological novelty, the aeropyle crown, that arises at the end of choriogenesis in the wild silkmoth genus Antheraea. Aeropyle crowns are cylindrical projections, ending in prominent prongs, that surround the openings of breathing tubes (aeropyle channels) traversing the chorion. They occur over the entire egg surface in some species, are localized to a circumferential band in many others, and in some are missing entirely, thus exhibiting variation typical of discrete characters analyzed in morphological phylogenetics. Seeking an integrated developmental-phylogenetic view, we first survey aeropyle crown variation broadly across Antheraea and related genera. We then map these observations onto a robust phylogeny, based on three nuclear genes, to test the adequacy of character codings for aeropyle crown variation and to estimate the frequency and direction of change in those characters. Thirdly, we draw on previous studies of choriogenesis, supplemented by new data on gene expression, to hypothesize developmental-genetic bases for the inferred chorion character transformations. Aeropyle crowns are inferred to arise just once, in the ancestor of Antheraea, but to undergo four or more subsequent reductions without regain, a pattern consistent with Dollo's Law. Spatial distribution shows an analogous trend, though less clear-cut, toward reduction of coverage by aeropyle crowns. These trends suggest either that there is little or no natural selection on the details of the aeropyle crown structure or that evolution toward functional optima is ongoing, although no direct evidence exists for either. Genetic, biochemical, and microscopy studies point to at least two developmental changes underlying the origin of the aeropyle crown, namely, reinitiation of deposition of chorionic lamellae after the end of normal choriogenesis (i.e., heterochrony), and sharply increased production of underlying "filler" proteins that push the nascent final lamellae upward to form the crown (i.e., heteroposy). Identification of a unique putative cis-regulatory element shared by unrelated genes involved in aeropyle crown formation suggests a possible simple mechanism for repeated evolutionary reduction and spatial restriction of aeropyle crowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C Regier
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 5140 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Reis D, Vian B. Helicoidal pattern in secondary cell walls and possible role of xylans in their construction. C R Biol 2004; 327:785-90. [PMID: 15587069 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The helicoidal organization of secondary cell walls is overviewed from several examples. Both the plywood texture and the occurrence of characteristic defects strongly suggest that the wall ordering is relevant of a cholesteric liquid-crystal assembly that is rapidly and strongly consolidated by lignification. A preferential localization of glucuronoxylans, major matrix components, and in vitro re-association experiments emphasize their preeminent role: (1) during the construction of the composite as directing the cellulose microfibrils in a helicoidal array; (2) during the lignification of the composite as a host structure for lignin precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Reis
- Laboratoire de pathologie végétale, UMR 217, INA P-G , 16, rue Claude-Bernard, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Nickles EP, Ghiradella H, Bakhru H, Haberl A. Egg of the Karner Blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis): morphology and elemental analysis. J Morphol 2002; 251:140-8. [PMID: 11748699 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most insect eggshells are ornately sculptured; that of the Karner Blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, exhibits a series of interwoven ridges and depressions. Scanning electron microscopic views of the shell show that the patterning resides in the outer chorion, while the inner vitelline membrane is relatively flat and featureless. We here describe the morphology of the egg and introduce a physical technique, use of a Dynamitron accelerator, to identify and localize elements in the eggshell. Most elements present are represented in the chorion, but sulfur appears restricted to the vitelline membrane. The micropyle is particularly rich in calcium and, in unhatched eggs, phosphorus as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Nickles
- Department of Physics, The University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, USA
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CUOC CORINNE, BRUNET MICHEL, ARNAUD JEAN, MAZZA JACQUES. Formation of egg envelopes in the freshwater calanoid copepod,Hemidiaptomus ingens. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1994.9672401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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