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Rybczyńska M, Sikorski A. The synthesis, thermal behaviour, spectral and structural characterization, and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters of tetraalkylammonium salts of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug nimesulide. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17268. [PMID: 37828142 PMCID: PMC10570311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, spectral properties, thermal analysis, structural characterization and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters of tetramethylammonium (compound 1) and tetraethylammonium (compound 2) salt of nimesulide were described in this article. Both compounds crystallize in the monoclinic P21/n space group, with one tetraalkylammonium cation and one nimesulide anion in the asymmetric unit and their crystal structures are stabilized by C-H···O hydrogen bonds between ions. Additionally, structures of title compounds are stabilized by π-π interactions (compound 1), or C-H···π interactions (compound 2) between nimesulide anions. The TG and DSC measurements show that compound 1 melts at a temperature higher than nimesulide, whereas the compound 2 melts at a temperature lower than nimesulide. The MALDI-TOF, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analyses confirm the SCXRD study, that in compounds 1 and 2 nimesulide exists in an ionized form. Studies performed by SWISS ADME and ProTOX II tools, predict to be oral bioavailability of both salts obtained, and one of them (compound 1) is predicted to be well-absorbed by digestive system, while both compounds obtained are classified into toxicity class 4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, W. Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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2
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Bueno de Mesquita CP, Wu D, Tringe SG. Methyl-Based Methanogenesis: an Ecological and Genomic Review. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0002422. [PMID: 36692297 PMCID: PMC10029344 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00024-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl-based methanogenesis is one of three broad categories of archaeal anaerobic methanogenesis, including both the methyl dismutation (methylotrophic) pathway and the methyl-reducing (also known as hydrogen-dependent methylotrophic) pathway. Methyl-based methanogenesis is increasingly recognized as an important source of methane in a variety of environments. Here, we provide an overview of methyl-based methanogenesis research, including the conditions under which methyl-based methanogenesis can be a dominant source of methane emissions, experimental methods for distinguishing different pathways of methane production, molecular details of the biochemical pathways involved, and the genes and organisms involved in these processes. We also identify the current gaps in knowledge and present a genomic and metagenomic survey of methyl-based methanogenesis genes, highlighting the diversity of methyl-based methanogens at multiple taxonomic levels and the widespread distribution of known methyl-based methanogenesis genes and families across different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongying Wu
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Susannah G. Tringe
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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3
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Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Focusing on tetramine, tetramethylammonium ion, contained in the salivary glands of marine carnivorous snails, this paper gives an overview of analytical methods, distribution in marine snails, and toxicological aspects. Some Neptunea snails have often caused food poisoning in North Atlantic and Northeast Asia regions, especially in Japan. The toxin of both N. arthritica and N. antiqua was first proven to be tetramine in 1960. Subsequent research on marine snail tetramine has progressed with the development of analytical methods. Of the various methods developed, the LC/ESI-MS method is most recommended for tetramine analysis in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and versatility. Accumulated data show that tetramine is ubiquitously contained at high concentrations (usually several mg/g) in the salivary glands of Neptunea snails. Tetramine is also found in the muscle and viscera of Neptunea snails and even in the salivary gland of marine snails other than Neptunea species, although mostly at low levels (below 0.1 mg/g). Interestingly, the major toxin in the salivary glands of Fusitriton oregonensis and Hemifusus tuba is distinguishable from tetramine. In tetramine poisoning, diverse symptoms attributable to the ganglion-blocking action of tetramine, such as visual disturbance, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea, develop within 30 min after ingestion of snails because of rapid absorption of tetramine from the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms are generally mild and subside in a short time (within 24 at most) because of rapid excretion through the kidney. However, it should be kept in mind that tetramine poisoning can be severe in patients with kidney dysfunction, as shown by two recent case reports. Finally, given the diffusion of tetramine from the salivary gland to the muscle during boiling and thawing of snails, removal of salivary glands from live snails is essential to avoid tetramine poisoning.
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Shuck CE, Ventura-Martinez K, Goad A, Uzun S, Shekhirev M, Gogotsi Y. Safe Synthesis of MAX and MXene: Guidelines to Reduce Risk During Synthesis. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.1c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Shuck
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kimberly Ventura-Martinez
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Adam Goad
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Simge Uzun
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mikhail Shekhirev
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Watari T, Tachibana T, Okada A, Nishikawa K, Otsuki K, Nagai N, Abe H, Nakano Y, Takagi S, Amano Y. A review of food poisoning caused by local food in Japan. J Gen Fam Med 2021; 22:15-23. [PMID: 33457151 PMCID: PMC7796784 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly popular worldwide, Japanese cuisine includes several raw preparations such as sashimi and sushi; however, limited information on food poisoning from Japanese local food is available in English literature. Without appropriate knowledge, physicians may underdiagnose traveler's diarrhea among people returning from Japan. To provide accurate information to primary care physicians worldwide, we conducted a narrative review on food poisoning research published in Japanese and English over the past four years, considering the frequency and clinical importance of various presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watari
- Postgraduate Clinical Training CenterShimane University HospitalShimaneJapan
| | | | - Azusa Okada
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | | | | | | | - Haruki Abe
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | | | - Soshi Takagi
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | - Yu Amano
- Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
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Huang CK, Hall AH, Wu ML, Yang CC, Hung DZ, Mao YC, Deng JF. Presentations of tetramethylammonium hydroxide dermal exposure and the valuable potential of diphoterine solution in decontamination: a retrospective observational study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:83. [PMID: 33256848 PMCID: PMC7708257 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is a quaternary ammonium compound that is both a base corrosive and a cholinergic agonist, and it is widely used in the photoelectric and semiconductor industries. It causes corrosive skin injuries and systemic cholinergic toxicity with death primarily resulting from respiratory failure without efficacious early decontamination. Methods A retrospective observational study was performed of all cases of TMAH exposure reported to the Taiwan Poison Control Center between July 2010 and October 2017. Retrieved medical records were independently reviewed by two trained clinical toxicologists. Results Despite immediate (< 5 min) skin decontamination with copious amounts of tap water, one patient exposed to 25% TMAH involving ≥5% of total body surface area (TBSA) developed significant systemic toxicity. Patients exposed to 25% TMAH involving ≤1% TBSA developed first-degree chemical skin injuries but no systemic toxicity. Among patients exposed to lower concentrations (≤2.38%) of TMAH, the majority only experienced first-degree chemical skin injuries without systemic signs. Patients exposed to 0.5% TMAH involving nearly their entire TBSA developed no chemical skin injuries or systemic toxicity. All patients who had only first-degree chemical skin injuries did not develop systemic toxicity after exposure to either 2.38% or 25% TMAH. Conclusions TMAH acts as an alkaline corrosive and cholinergic agonist. Systemic signs attributable to TMA+ can rapidly lead to respiratory failure and death after dermal exposure. We have demonstrated that an amphoteric solution may be efficacious for skin decontamination on-site immediately to prevent or ameliorate such toxicity. This practice especially carries a valuable potential in managing victims (patients) who have been exposed to those chemicals with immediate life-threatening toxicity (e.g. TMAH), suggesting that its early utilization deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kang Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alan H Hall
- Toxicology Consulting and Medical Translating Services, Azle and Springtown, TX, USA
| | - Ming-Ling Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Zong Hung
- Department of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Fang Deng
- Division of Clinical Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kang C, Chang H, Kim S, Jeong W, You Y, Cho SU, Oh SK, Park JS, Min JH, Ryu S. Quantitative analysis of tetramethylammonium levels in a case of poisoning after ingestion of the sea snail, Neptunea arthritica. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:856-857. [PMID: 31845600 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1702672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changshin Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Chang
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suncheun Kim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoon Jeong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Uk Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Kwang Oh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Min
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ryu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Neglected Predatory Marine Gastropods. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16040118. [PMID: 29621159 PMCID: PMC5923405 DOI: 10.3390/md16040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse range of predatory marine gastropods produce toxins, yet most of these molecules remain uncharacterized. Conus species have received the most attention from researchers, leading to several conopeptides reaching clinical trials. This review aims to summarize what is known about bioactive compounds isolated from species of neglected marine gastropods, especially in the Turridae, Terebridae, Babyloniidae, Muricidae, Buccinidae, Colubrariidae, Nassariidae, Cassidae, and Ranellidae families. Multiple species have been reported to contain bioactive compounds with potential toxic activity, but most of these compounds have not been characterized or even clearly identified. The bioactive properties and potential applications of echotoxins and related porins from the Ranellidae family are discussed in more detail. Finally, the review concludes with a call for research on understudied species.
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Abiko K, Iwayama A, Shiomi K. Detection and some properties of a high molecular weight toxin in the hypobranchial gland of strawberry conch Strombus luhuanus. Toxicon 2015; 105:1-3. [PMID: 26299337 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The extract from the hypobranchial gland of strawberry conch Strombus luhuanus was found to be lethal to mice. There were no marked regional and seasonal variations in toxicity although a considerable individual variation was recognized. The toxin was thermostable and extractable with aqueous solvents but not with organic solvents. Behaviors in dialysis, ultrafiltration and column chromatography on various adsorbents suggested that the toxin is a high molecular weight acidic substance of 400-500 k.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Abiko
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Ayane Iwayama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shiomi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Nakano M, Tateishi-Karimata H, Tanaka S, Sugimoto N. Affinity of Molecular Ions for DNA Structures Is Determined by Solvent-Accessible Surface Area. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9583-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Graduate
School of System Informatics, Department of Computational Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Wu CL, Su SB, Chen JL, Chang CP, Guo HR. Tetramethylammonium ion causes respiratory failure related mortality in a rat model. Resuscitation 2012; 83:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Toxicity of tetramethylammonium hydroxide: Review of two fatal cases of dermal exposure and development of an animal model. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27:497-503. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710391990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To document two cases of patients who were fatally exposed to tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) on the skin and to establish a rat model to investigate the effects of dermal exposure to TMAH. The charts of two workers who died from occupational accidental exposure to TMAH were reviewed. The 4-hour lethal dose (LD50) of TMAH was determined by applying solutions mimicking the two most common industrially used concentrations (2.38% and 25%) of TMAH to the skin of Sprague-Dawley rats. Exposure of the rat’s skin to 2.38% or 25% TMAH generated LD 50 values of 85.9 mg/kg and 28.7 mg/kg, respectively. Application of either concentration of TMAH to the skin produced a rapid, significant increase in the rate of respiration. The serum concentrations of tetramethylammonium (TMA) also changed significantly with time of exposure to both concentrations of TMAH. The level of blood urea nitrogen decreased significantly in rats exposed to the 2.38% TMAH, and rats exposed to the 25% solution had a significant decrease in the serum concentration of sodium. Injection of atropine after 5 minutes of exposure did not significantly overcome any of the toxic effects observed with either solution of TMAH. The preliminary results in the rat model indicated that the lethality of TMAH cannot be fully explained by the severity of the patients’ chemical burns, and the physiologic effects on respiratory and kidney functions were probably involved.
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Cloning of Complementary and Genomic DNAs Encoding Echotoxins, Proteinaceous Toxins from the Salivary Gland of Marine Gastropod Monoplex echo. Protein J 2010; 29:487-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lin CC, Yang CC, Ger J, Deng JF, Hung DZ. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:213-7. [PMID: 20230335 DOI: 10.3109/15563651003627777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is widely used as a developer or etchant in semiconductor and photoelectric industries. In addition to alkalinity-related chemical burn, dermal exposure to TMAH may also result in respiratory failure and/or sudden death. The latter toxic effect has been of great concern in Taiwan after the occurrence of three fatalities in recent years. To better understand the toxicity following dermal exposure to TMAH, we analyzed all cases with TMAH exposure reported to the Taiwan Poison Control Center (PCC-Taiwan). CASE REPORTS In total, there were 13 cases of such exposure, including three patients who died after being exposed to 25% TMAH. A worker also developed severe effects manifesting muscle weakness, dyspnea, hyperglycemia, and chemical burn (28% of total body surface area) shortly after an accidental exposure to 2.38% TMAH. He received endotracheal intubation with assisted ventilation for 2 days and survived. CONCLUSION Skin corrosive injury related to the alkalinity of TMAH and the ganglionic toxicity of tetramethylammonium ion might contribute to the clinical manifestations that occurred after dermal TMAH exposure. Thorough skin decontamination followed by prompt respiratory support should be the mainstay in the management of dermal TMAH exposure. Preventive strategies are warranted as well to decrease future occupational TMAH exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Lin
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, I-lan County, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Takasaki S, Konta T, Shiomi K, Kubota I. Quiz page October 2009. Tetramine poisoning. Neurologic symptoms in a dialysis patient after ingesting seafood. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:A37-9. [PMID: 19781449 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takasaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
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Kim JH, Lee KJ, Suzuki T, Kim CM, Lee JY, Mok JS, Lee TS. Identification of tetramine, a toxin in whelks, as the cause of a poisoning incident in Korea and the distribution of tetramine in fresh and boiled whelk (Neptunea intersculpta). J Food Prot 2009; 72:1935-40. [PMID: 19777897 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.9.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An investigation was conducted into the clinical symptoms and causative agent associated with a whelk poisoning incident that occurred in March 2005 in Korea. The whelk consumed in the poisoning incident was identified as Neptunea intersculpta. All of the 17 patients suffered from eyeball pain, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea but no diarrhea. The causative agent was identified as tetramine, based on results from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the tetramine concentration in the leftover whelk meat and the amount of meat consumed, the amount of tetramine ingested by the patients was estimated to be > or = 10 mg. This is the first report of the identification of tetramine as the causative agent in whelk poisoning in Korea. The anatomical distribution of tetramine in fresh and boiled N. intersculpta was examined. The toxin concentration in the meat was higher in specimens boiled in the shell than in fresh specimens collected on the same date. In meat boiled separately after removing the shell, the salivary gland, and the midgut gland, the tetramine concentration was much lower than that in fresh specimens or those boiled in the shell. This result suggests that boiling the meat after removing the salivary gland is a suitable way to prevent tetramine poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoe Kim
- Aquaculture Environment Research Institute, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, 361 Yeongun, Sanyang, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 605-943, Korea.
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Wu C, Su S, Chen J, Lin H, Guo H. Mortality from Dermal Exposure to Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide. J Occup Health 2008; 50:99-102. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.x7001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen‐Long Wu
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chi‐Mei Medical CenterTaiwan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTaiwan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineNational Cheng Kung University HospitalTaiwan
| | - Shih‐Bin Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTaiwan
- Tainan Science‐based Industrial Park ClinicChi‐Mei Medical CenterTaiwan
| | - Jin‐Luh Chen
- Southern Region Labor Inspection Office, Council of Labor AffairsTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Jung Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi‐Mei Medical CenterTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical UniversityTaiwan
| | - How‐Ran Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTaiwan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineNational Cheng Kung University HospitalTaiwan
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Kawashima Y, Nagai H, Ishida M, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Primary structure of echotoxin 2, an actinoporin-like hemolytic toxin from the salivary gland of the marine gastropod Monoplex echo. Toxicon 2003; 42:491-7. [PMID: 14529730 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Echotoxins are 25 kDa proteins with both hemolytic and lethal activities, previously purified from the salivary gland of the marine gastropod Monoplex echo. In this study, a cDNA encoding echotoxin 2 was cloned by RT-PCR, 3'-RACE and 5'-RACE, based on its partial amino acid sequence. The full-length echotoxin 2 cDNA (1000 bp) obtained contains an open reading frame (825 bp) coding for a precursor protein of 274 amino acid residues. Mature echotoxin 2 composed of 226 amino acid residues is assumed to be produced by post-translational removal of N-terminal 23 residues (predicted as a signal peptide) and C-terminal 25 residues from the precursor protein. Very interestingly, a homology search revealed that echotoxin 2 is analogous to actinoporins, 20 kDa pore-forming hemolysins reported from various sea anemones. In addition to the similarities in biological activity, molecular size and basicity between echotoxin 2 and actinoporins, two prominent structural features, an N-terminal amphiphilic alpha-helix and an aromatic patch comprising Trp and Tyr residues, both of which are important for the pore-forming activity of actinoporins, are also recognized in echotoxin 2. However, echotoxin 2 is distinguishable from actinoporins in having Cys residues and lacking an RGD motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kawashima
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Turk T, Macek P, Suput D. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by a pseudozoanthoxanthin-like compound isolated from the zoanthid Parazoanthus axinellae (O. Schmidt). Toxicon 1995; 33:133-42. [PMID: 7597717 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)00153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An ethanolic extract from a zoanthid crust coral Parazoanthus axinellae was lethal to mice and crabs and exhibited anticholinesterase activity. The isolation of several AChE inhibitors with the aid of RP-HPLC is described. The most abundant of the inhibitors present in the P. axinellae extract was identified as pseudozoanthoxanthin or an almost identical compound which belongs to the chemically well-characterized series of tetrazacyclopentazulene natural pigments from the genera Parazoanthus, Epizoanthus, Zoanthus and Palythoa. The inhibitor has a mol. wt of 242 and acts as a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 4 microM. The inhibitor exhibited a strong blue fluorescence. In vivo action of crude extract and the isolated inhibitor showed a typical picture of systemic acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Atropinization of experimental animals prior to injection of the inhibitor almost entirely neutralized its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Turk
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bohlin L. Research on pharmacologically active natural products at the Department of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1993; 38:225-231. [PMID: 8510472 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(93)90019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since 1954, research at the Department of Pharmacognosy at Uppsala University has been oriented towards modern natural products chemistry with emphasis on pharmacologically active compounds. Studies of plants used in the traditional medicine of different cultures have been of major interest. The research strategy is based on: inventory and identification of the plants used, demonstration of pharmacological activity of an extract of the plant, bioassay-guided fractionation, isolation and characterisation of the active compounds and studies of structure activity relationships. Plants from Africa, Asia, The Americas, The Pacific and Europe have been collected in collaboration with botanists and ethnobotanists. Investigations of these plants have resulted in the isolation, and chemical and pharmacological characterization of many different types of compounds. At present the work is focused on compounds with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bohlin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Anthoni U, Christophersen C, Hougaard L, Nielsen P. Quaternary ammonium compounds in the biosphere—An example of a versatile adaptive strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90002-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Hougaard L, Anthoni U, Christophersen C, Larsen C, Nielsen P. Characterization and quantitative estimation of quaternary ammonium compounds in marine demosponges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90072-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Anthoni U, Larsen C, Nielsen PH, Christophersen C, Lidgren G. Hydrophilic organic nitrogenous metabolites from marine bryozoans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Anthoni U, Bohlin L, Larsen C, Nielsen P, Nielsen NH, Christophersen C. The toxin tetramine from the "edible" whelk Neptunea antiqua. Toxicon 1989; 27:717-23. [PMID: 2781571 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemical nature of extracts of the marine gastropod Neptunea antiqua collected in the North Sea has been investigated. Amino acid analysis and spectroscopical studies (FAB MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR) on fractions purified by Biogel P-2 and Amberlite IR 120 column chromatography allowed the identification of 19 components. It was established that the water-soluble toxin responsible for poisonings, following ingestion of this snail, is tetramine (the tetramethylammonium ion present as an unknown salt). Contrary to what occurs in other Neptunea species (N. arthritica and N. intersculpta), tetramine was found not only in the salivary gland, but also in the remaining part of the animal, albeit in smaller concentration. In the isolated guinea-pig ileum assay, synergistic effects with other main components present (betaine, homarine) could not be demonstrated. Choline esters, believed to act synergistically in other Neptunea species, were not detected in Neptunea antiqua.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Anthoni
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, H.C. Orsted Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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