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Da-Anoy JP, Cabaitan PC, Conaco C. Warm temperature alters the chemical cue preference of Acropora tenuis and Heliopora coerulea larvae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111755. [PMID: 33120034 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Larvae released into the water column rely on chemical cues from the benthos for successful settlement. However, larval preference for substrates may be affected by rising seawater temperature brought about by global climate change. In this study, we examined the effect of elevated temperature on chemical cue preference by larvae of the scleractinian coral, Acropora tenuis, and the octocoral, Heliopora coerulea, collected from northwestern Philippines. At ambient temperature (28 °C), both H. coerulea and A. tenuis larvae showed preference for substrates containing either crustose coralline algae or crude ethanolic extracts from conspecific or congeneric corals. In contrast, at higher temperature (30 °C), greater preference was shown for substrates containing the crude extract from conspecific or congeneric corals. These results demonstrate that elevated temperature can change larval substrate preference, which will have downstream impacts on crucial biological processes, such as larval settlement and recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeric P Da-Anoy
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Patrick C Cabaitan
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Cecilia Conaco
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
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Stabili L, Rizzo L, Fanizzi FP, Angilè F, Del Coco L, Girelli CR, Lomartire S, Piraino S, Basso L. The Jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Cnidaria): Biochemical Composition of Ovaries and Antibacterial Lysozyme-like Activity of the Oocyte Lysate. Mar Drugs 2018; 17:E17. [PMID: 30597935 PMCID: PMC6356739 DOI: 10.3390/md17010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish outbreaks in marine coastal areas represent an emergent problem worldwide, with negative consequences on human activities and ecosystem functioning. However, potential positive effects of jellyfish biomass proliferation may be envisaged as a natural source of bioactive compounds of pharmaceutical interest. We investigated the biochemical composition of mature female gonads and lysozyme antibacterial activity of oocytes in the Mediterranean barrel jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo. Chemical characterization was performed by means of multinuclear and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. The ovaries of R. pulmo were mainly composed of water (93.7 ± 1.9% of wet weight), with organic matter (OM) and dry weight made respectively of proteins (761.76 ± 25.11 µg mg-1 and 45.7 ± 1.5%), lipids (192.17 ± 10.56 µg mg-1 and 9.6 ± 0.6%), and carbohydrates (59.66 ± 2.72 µg mg-1 and 3.7 ± 0.3%). The aqueous extract of R. pulmo gonads contained free amino acids, organic acids, and derivatives; the lipid extract was composed of triglycerides (TG), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), diunsaturated fatty acids (DUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and minor components such as sterols and phospholipids. The R. pulmo oocyte lysate exhibited an antibacterial lysozyme-like activity (mean diameter of lysis of 9.33 ± 0.32 mm corresponding to 1.21 mg/mL of hen egg-white lysozyme). The occurrence of defense molecules is a crucial mechanism to grant healthy development of mature eggs and fertilized embryos (and the reproductive success of the species) by preventing marine bacterial overgrowth. As a corollary, these results call for future investigations for an exploitation of R. pulmo biomasses as a resource of bioactive metabolites of biotechnological importance including pharmaceuticals and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Stabili
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Water Research Institute (IRSA) of the National Research Council, S.S. Talassografico of Taranto, Via Roma 3, 74122 Taranto, Italy.
| | - Lucia Rizzo
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 00196, 9- Roma, Italy.
- Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Federica Angilè
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Laura Del Coco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Chiara Roberta Girelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Silvia Lomartire
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 00196, 9- Roma, Italy.
| | - Lorena Basso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 00196, 9- Roma, Italy.
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Ben-Ari H, Paz M, Sher D. The chemical armament of reef-building corals: inter- and intra-specific variation and the identification of an unusual actinoporin in Stylophora pistilata. Sci Rep 2018; 8:251. [PMID: 29321526 PMCID: PMC5762905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Corals, like other cnidarians, are venomous animals that rely on stinging cells (nematocytes) and their toxins to catch prey and defend themselves against predators. However, little is known about the chemical arsenal employed by stony corals, despite their ecological importance. Here, we show large differences in the density of nematocysts and whole-body hemolytic activity between different species of reef-building corals. In the branched coral Stylophora pistillata, the tips of the branches exhibited a greater hemolytic activity than the bases. Hemolytic activity and nematocyst density were significantly lower in Stylophora that were maintained for close to a year in captivity compared to corals collected from the wild. A cysteine-containing actinoporin was identified in Stylophora following partial purification and tandem mass spectrometry. This toxin, named Δ-Pocilopotoxin-Spi1 (Δ-PCTX-Spi1) is the first hemolytic toxin to be partially isolated and characterized in true reef-building corals. Loss of hemolytic activity during chromatography suggests that this actinoporin is only one of potentially several hemolytic molecules. These results suggest that the capacity to employ offensive and defensive chemicals by corals is a dynamic trait within and between coral species, and provide a first step towards identifying the molecular components of the coral chemical armament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanit Ben-Ari
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, Israel
| | - Moran Paz
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Sher
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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Vejřík L, Vejříková I, Kočvara L, Sajdlová Z, Hoang The SC, Šmejkal M, Peterka J, Čech M. Thirty-Year-Old Paradigm about Unpalatable Perch Egg Strands Disclaimed by the Freshwater Top-Predator, the European Catfish (Silurus glanis). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169000. [PMID: 28060862 PMCID: PMC5218473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, perch egg strands have been considered unpalatable biological material. However, we repeatedly found egg strands of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the diet of European catfish (Silurus glanis) caught by longlines in Milada and Most Lakes, Czech Republic. The finding proves that perch egg strands compose a standard food source for this large freshwater predatory fish. It extends the present knowledge on catfish foraging plasticity, showing it as an even more opportunistic feeder. Utilization of perch egg strands broadens the catfish diet niche width and represents an advantage against other fish predators. Comparison of datasets from extensive gillnet and SCUBA diver sampling campaigns gave the evidence that at least in localities where food sources are limited, multilevel predation by catfish may have an important impact on the perch population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Vejřík
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Ivana Vejříková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Kočvara
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Sajdlová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Son Chung Hoang The
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šmejkal
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Peterka
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čech
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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García-Arredondo A, Rojas-Molina A, Ibarra-Alvarado C, Lazcano-Pérez F, Arreguín-Espinosa R, Sánchez-Rodríguez J. Composition and biological activities of the aqueous extracts of three scleractinian corals from the Mexican Caribbean: Pseudodiploria strigosa, Porites astreoides and Siderastrea siderea. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016; 22:32. [PMID: 27904505 PMCID: PMC5121987 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-016-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scleractinian corals (stony corals) are the most abundant reef-forming cnidarians found in coral reefs throughout the world. Despite their abundance and ecological importance, information about the diversity of their toxins and their biological activities is very scarce. In this study, the chemical composition and the biological activities of the aqueous extracts of Pseudodiploria strigosa, Porites astreoides and Siderastrea siderea, three scleractinian corals from the Mexican Caribbean, have been assessed for the first time. METHODS Toxicity of the extracts was assessed in crickets; the presence of cytolysins was detected by the hemolysis assay; the vasoconstrictor activity was determined by the isolated rat aortic ring assay; the nociceptive activity was evaluated by the formalin test. The presence of phospholipases A2 (PLA2), serine proteases, and hyaluronidases was determined by enzymatic methods. Low-molecular-weight fractions were obtained by gel filtration chromatography and ultrafiltration. RESULTS Extracts from the three species were toxic to crickets, induced hemolysis in human and rat erythrocytes, produced vasoconstriction on isolated rat aortic rings, and presented phospholipase A2 and serine-protease activity. Despite the fact that these corals are not considered to be harmless to humans, the extracts generated significant nociceptive responses. The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis of the low-molecular-weight fractions revealed the presence of peptides within a mass range of 3000 to 6000 Da. These fractions were toxic to crickets and two of them induced a transitory vasoconstrictor effect on isolated rat aortic rings. CONCLUSION This study suggests that scleractinian corals produce low-molecular-weight peptides that are lethal to crickets and induce vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Arredondo
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010 Mexico
| | - Alejandra Rojas-Molina
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010 Mexico
| | - César Ibarra-Alvarado
- Departamento de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010 Mexico
| | - Fernando Lazcano-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Iztapalapa, Mexico City, 09340 Mexico ; Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Judith Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo 77500 Mexico
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Armoza-Zvuloni R, Schneider A, Sher D, Shaked Y. Rapid Hydrogen Peroxide release from the coral Stylophora pistillata during feeding and in response to chemical and physical stimuli. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21000. [PMID: 26875833 PMCID: PMC4753443 DOI: 10.1038/srep21000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals make use of different chemical compounds during interactions with prey, predators and aggressors. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is produced and released by a wide range of organisms as part of their defense against grazers or pathogens. In coral reefs, the large fluxes and relatively long half-life of H2O2, make it a potentially important info-chemical or defense molecule. Here we describe a previously unstudied phenomenon of rapid H2O2 release from the reef-building coral Stylophora pistillata during feeding on zooplankton and in response to chemical and physical stimuli. Following stimuli, both symbiotic and bleached corals were found to rapidly release H2O2 to the surrounding water for a short period of time (few minutes). The H2O2 release was restricted to the site of stimulus, and an increase in physical stress and chemical stimuli concentration resulted in elevated H2O2 release. Omission of calcium (a key regulator of exocytotic processes) from the experimental medium inhibited H2O2 release. Hence we suggest that H2O2 is actively released in response to stimuli, rather than leaking passively from the coral tissue. We estimate that at the site of stimulus H2O2 can reach concentrations potentially high enough to deter predators or motile, potentially pathogenic, bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Armoza-Zvuloni
- Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103, Israel
- The Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Avi Schneider
- Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103, Israel
| | - Daniel Sher
- Department of Marine Biology, Charney School of Marine Sciences, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yeala Shaked
- Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103, Israel
- The Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Smith D, Leary P, Craggs J, Bythell J, Sweet M. Microbial communities associated with healthy and White syndrome-affected Echinopora lamellosa in aquaria and experimental treatment with the antibiotic ampicillin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121780. [PMID: 25794037 PMCID: PMC4368680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic and ciliate communities of healthy and aquarium White Syndrome (WS)-affected coral fragments were screened using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A significant difference (R = 0.907, p < 0.001) in 16S rRNA prokaryotic diversity was found between healthy (H), sloughed tissue (ST), WS-affected (WSU) and antibiotic treated (WST) samples. Although 3 Vibrio spp were found in WS-affected samples, two of these species were eliminated following ampicillin treatment, yet lesions continued to advance, suggesting they play a minor or secondary role in the pathogenesis. The third Vibrio sp increased slightly in relative abundance in diseased samples and was abundant in non-diseased samples. Interestingly, a Tenacibaculum sp showed the greatest increase in relative abundance between healthy and WS-affected samples, demonstrating consistently high abundance across all WS-affected and treated samples, suggesting Tenacibaculum sp could be a more likely candidate for pathogenesis in this instance. In contrast to previous studies bacterial abundance did not vary significantly (ANOVA, F2, 6 = 1.000, p = 0.422) between H, ST, WSU or WST. Antimicrobial activity (assessed on Vibrio harveyi cultures) was limited in both H and WSU samples (8.1% ±8.2 and 8.0% ±2.5, respectively) and did not differ significantly (Kruskal-Wallis, χ2 (2) = 3.842, p = 0.146). A Philaster sp, a Cohnilembus sp and a Pseudokeronopsis sp. were present in all WS-affected samples, but not in healthy samples. The exact role of ciliates in WS is yet to be determined, but it is proposed that they are at least responsible for the neat lesion boundary observed in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Leary
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Craggs
- Horniman Museum and Gardens Aquarium, Forest Hill, London, SE23 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - John Bythell
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sweet
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences Research Group, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, United Kingdom
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Orts DJB, Peigneur S, Madio B, Cassoli JS, Montandon GG, Pimenta AMC, Bicudo JEPW, Freitas JC, Zaharenko AJ, Tytgat J. Biochemical and electrophysiological characterization of two sea anemone type 1 potassium toxins from a geographically distant population of Bunodosoma caissarum. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:655-79. [PMID: 23466933 PMCID: PMC3705364 DOI: 10.3390/md11030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea anemone (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) venom is an important source of bioactive compounds used as tools to study the pharmacology and structure-function of voltage-gated K+ channels (KV). These neurotoxins can be divided into four different types, according to their structure and mode of action. In this work, for the first time, two toxins were purified from the venom of Bunodosoma caissarum population from Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis reveals that BcsTx1 and BcsTx2 are the newest members of the sea anemone type 1 potassium channel toxins. Their functional characterization was performed by means of a wide electrophysiological screening on 12 different subtypes of KV channels (KV1.1-KV1.6; KV2.1; KV3.1; KV4.2; KV4.3; hERG and Shaker IR). BcsTx1 shows a high affinity for rKv1.2 over rKv1.6, hKv1.3, Shaker IR and rKv1.1, while Bcstx2 potently blocked rKv1.6 over hKv1.3, rKv1.1, Shaker IR and rKv1.2. Furthermore, we also report for the first time a venom composition and biological activity comparison between two geographically distant populations of sea anemones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J. B. Orts
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.J.B.O.); (B.M.); (J.E.P.W.B.); (J.C.F.)
- Center of Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP, 11600-000, Brazil
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Bruno Madio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.J.B.O.); (B.M.); (J.E.P.W.B.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Juliana S. Cassoli
- Laboratory of Venoms and Animals Toxins, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mails: (J.S.C.); (G.G.M.); (A.M.C.P.)
| | - Gabriela G. Montandon
- Laboratory of Venoms and Animals Toxins, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mails: (J.S.C.); (G.G.M.); (A.M.C.P.)
| | - Adriano M. C. Pimenta
- Laboratory of Venoms and Animals Toxins, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mails: (J.S.C.); (G.G.M.); (A.M.C.P.)
| | - José E. P. W. Bicudo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.J.B.O.); (B.M.); (J.E.P.W.B.); (J.C.F.)
| | - José C. Freitas
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.J.B.O.); (B.M.); (J.E.P.W.B.); (J.C.F.)
| | - André J. Zaharenko
- Laboratorio de Genetica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; E-Mail:
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Purification and inflammatory edema induced by two PLA2 (Anch TX-I and Anch TX-II) from sea anemone Anthothoe chilensis (Actiniaria: Sagartiidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Phospholipases A(2) in the genome of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2008; 3:226-33. [PMID: 20483221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Nv) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) was sequenced recently (Putnam et al., Science 317: 86, 2007). In the current study, 22 proteins of Nv were identified as putative phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) that showed up to 40-50% sequence identity with secreted or intracellular PLA(2)s including those of humans. Nv1-Nv6 PLA(2)s have identity with secreted human group (G)IB and GIIA PLA(2)s and PLA(2)s of the sea anemones Adamsia carciniopados and Urticina crassicornis. Nv7 and Nv8 PLA(2)s have identity with human and bee venom GIII PLA(2)s and Nv9 PLA(2) with GXIIA PLA(2). Nv10-Nv13 PLA(2)s show identity with GIX PLA(2) of Conus magus and bacterial PLA(2)s but no significant identity with any human PLA(2). Nv14 has identity with intracellular GIV PLA(2), Nv15 with GVII PLA(2), Nv16 and Nv17 with GVIII PLA(2), Nv18-Nv20 with GVI PLA(2), and Nv21 and Nv22 with patatin, respectively. The observations indicate that the cnidarian phospholipasome contains a rich array of orthologs of most types of animal PLA(2)s, and that many of the PLA(2)-driven vital functions prevail in these ancient metazoans. Cnidarian PLA(2)s may be considered as evolutionary precursors of PLA(2)s of higher animals.
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Nevalainen TJ, Peuravuori HJ, Quinn RJ, Llewellyn LE, Benzie JAH, Fenner PJ, Winkel KD. Phospholipase A2 in Cnidaria. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 139:731-5. [PMID: 15581805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is an enzyme present in snake and other venoms and body fluids. We measured PLA2 catalytic activity in tissue homogenates of 22 species representing the classes Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Cubozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. High PLA2 levels were found in the hydrozoan fire coral Millepora sp. (median 735 U/g protein) and the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis (693 U/g) that cause skin irritation upon contact. High levels of PLA2 activity were also found in the acontia of the sea anemone Adamsia carciniopados (293 U/g). Acontia are long threads containing nematocysts and are used in defense and aggression by the animal. Tentacles of scyphozoan and cubozoan species had high PLA2 activity levels: those of the multitentacled box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri contained 184 U/g PLA2 activity. The functions of cnidarian PLA2 may include roles in the capture and digestion of prey and defense of the animal. The current observations support the idea that cnidarian PLA2 may participate in the sting site irritation and systemic envenomation syndrome resulting from contact with cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo J Nevalainen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Fearon RJ, Cameron AM. Larvotoxic extracts of the hard coral Goniopora tenuidens: allelochemicals that limit settlement of potential competitors? Toxicon 1996; 34:361-7. [PMID: 8730929 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts of Goniopora tenuidens inhibited larval metamorphosis and post-metamorphic growth of the hard coral Pocillopora damicornis. The extracts killed swimming larvae of four scleractinian corals and modified the behaviour of larvae of P. damicornis at concentrations as low as 3.9 micrograms ml-1. This toxicity may indicate the presence of allelochemicals that limit the settlement of potential competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Fearon
- Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Single colonies of the scleractinian corals Lobophyllia corymbosa, Favites abdita, Favia matthaii, Favia stelligera, Platygyra daedalea, Leptoria phrygia, Cyphastrea serailia, Hydnophora exesa and Astreopora myriophthalma were permanently marked with buoys on the reef flat at Heron Island. Great Barrier Reef. Portions of colonies were removed up to seven times at intervals of two or three months. Aqueous extracts of the colony portions were assayed using six bioassay regimes namely, toxicity to mice, toxicity to a coral and a hydroid, cytolytic activity on sheep erythrocytes and sea urchin ova and for antimicrobial activity on eight bacterial species. The incidence of one type of bioactivity in an extract was not correlated with the incidence of any other type of activity in that extract. Although each coral colony provided extracts that affected at least two of the bioassay systems, different activity profiles were obtained from successive extracts of each colony. Thus there is a temporal component to the idiosyncratic nature of bioactivity within a given colony of scleractinian coral.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gunthorpe
- Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Ten colonies of Goniopora tenuidens were placed individually in sea water for 1 hr after which time the sea water was assayed using toxicity to another hard coral Galaxea fascicularis and to other colonies of G. tenuidens. Sea water from eight of the 10 colonies assayed was toxic to at least one of the bioassay organisms. Thus, G. tenuidens can extrude biologically active substances that adversely affect potential competitors, both interspecific and conspecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gunthorpe
- Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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