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Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Wessel RA, Lester M, Pim JG, Cassani JR, Cox PA. Toxin Analysis of Freshwater Cyanobacterial and Marine Harmful Algal Blooms on the West Coast of Florida and Implications for Estuarine Environments. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:27-35. [PMID: 32683648 PMCID: PMC7904716 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent marine and freshwater algal and cyanobacterial blooms in Florida have increased public concern and awareness of the risks posed by exposure to these organisms. In 2018, Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee river, on the west coast of Florida, experienced an extended bloom of Microcystis spp. and a bloom of Karenia brevis in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico that coincided in the Fort Myers area. Samples from the Caloosahatchee at Fort Myers into Pine Island Sound and up to Boca Grande were collected by boat. High concentrations of microcystin-LR were detected in the cyanobacterial bloom along with brevetoxins in the marine samples. Furthermore, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and isomers N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobuytric acid (DAB) were detected in marine diatoms and dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria of freshwater origin. High freshwater flows pushed the cyanobacterial bloom to barrier island beaches and Microcystis and microcystins could be detected into the marine environment at a salinity of 41 mS/cm. For comparison, in 2019 collections of Dapis (a new generic segregate from Lyngbya) mats from Sarasota showed high concentrations of BMAA, suggesting the possibility of long-term exposure of residents to BMAA. The findings highlight the potential for multiple, potentially toxic blooms to co-exist and the possible implications for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA.
| | - S A Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| | - R A Wessel
- Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, Sanibel, FL, 33957, USA
| | - M Lester
- Path of Wellness Holistic Health, Lexington, GA, 30648, USA
| | - J G Pim
- Calusa Waterkeeper, Inc., PO Box 1165, Fort Myers, FL, 33902, USA
| | - J R Cassani
- Calusa Waterkeeper, Inc., PO Box 1165, Fort Myers, FL, 33902, USA
| | - P A Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
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Grimes DJ, Ford TE, Colwell RR, Baker-Austin C, Martinez-Urtaza J, Subramaniam A, Capone DG. Viewing marine bacteria, their activity and response to environmental drivers from orbit: satellite remote sensing of bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 67:489-500. [PMID: 24477922 PMCID: PMC4058845 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Satellite-based remote sensing of marine microorganisms has become a useful tool in predicting human health risks associated with these microscopic targets. Early applications were focused on harmful algal blooms, but more recently methods have been developed to interrogate the ocean for bacteria. As satellite-based sensors have become more sophisticated and our ability to interpret information derived from these sensors has advanced, we have progressed from merely making fascinating pictures from space to developing process models with predictive capability. Our understanding of the role of marine microorganisms in primary production and global elemental cycles has been vastly improved as has our ability to use the combination of remote sensing data and models to provide early warning systems for disease outbreaks. This manuscript will discuss current approaches to monitoring cyanobacteria and vibrios, their activity and response to environmental drivers, and will also suggest future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Jay Grimes
- Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Tim E. Ford
- University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA,
| | - Rita R. Colwell
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UMIACS, University of Maryland, 3103 Biomolecular Sciences Building #296, College Park, MD 20742, USA,
| | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, UK,
| | - Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK,
| | - Ajit Subramaniam
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA,
| | - Douglas G. Capone
- Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA,
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Bernardi Bif M, Yunes JS, Resgalla C. Evaluation of mysids and sea urchins exposed to saxitoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:819-825. [PMID: 23958976 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxins are neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that form toxic blooms in waters. The impact of saxitoxins to the most vulnerable taxa and environment are not well understood. The experimental model was based on the use of toxic cell extracts containing saxitoxins. This extract was utilized for acute and chronic tests with Mysidopsis juniae. Chronic tests were also done with Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia lixula larvae. Acute test with mysids had a LC₅₀=2.34 μg/L. The chronic test with sea urchins showed morphological abnormalities resulting in malformation of larval appendices at low concentrations of the toxin (EC₅₀=2.96 μg/L for L. variegatus and 2.06 μg/L for A. lixula). Although saxitoxins are considered neurotoxins, both species of sea urchins showed symptoms not related to nerve cells. A. lixula was more sensitive than L. variegatus, proving that its sensitivity should be taken in consideration to be another option to toxicological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bernardi Bif
- IO/FURG - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km.8, Bairro Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Schock TB, Huncik K, Beauchesne KR, Villareal TA, Moeller PDR. Identification of trichotoxin, a novel chlorinated compound associated with the bloom forming Cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium thiebautii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7503-7509. [PMID: 21740025 DOI: 10.1021/es201034r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichodesmium is a suspected toxin-producing nonheterocystous cyanobacteria ubiquitous in tropical, subtropical, and temperate seas. The genus is known for its ability to fix nitrogen and form massive blooms. In oligotrophic seas, it can dominate the biomass and be a major component of oceanic primary production and global nitrogen cycling. Numerous reports suggest Trichodesmium-derived toxins are a cause of death of fish, crabs, and bivalves. Laboratory studies have demonstrated neurotoxic effects in T. thiebautii cell extracts and field reports suggest respiratory distress and contact dermatitis of humans at collection sites. However, Trichodesmium toxins have not been identified and characterized. Here, we report the extraction of a lipophilic toxin from field-collected T. thiebautii using a purification method of several chromatographic techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and Fourier transformed-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Trichotoxin has a molecular formula of C(20)H(27)ClO and a mass of 318 m/z and possesses cytotoxic activity against GH(4)C(1) rat pituitary and Neuro-2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. A detection method using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was developed. This compound is the first reported cytotoxic natural product isolated and fully characterized from a Trichodesmium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey B Schock
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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Kerbrat AS, Amzil Z, Pawlowiez R, Golubic S, Sibat M, Darius HT, Chinain M, Laurent D. First evidence of palytoxin and 42-hydroxy-palytoxin in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:543-560. [PMID: 21731549 PMCID: PMC3124972 DOI: 10.3390/md9040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine pelagic diazotrophic cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium (Oscillatoriales) are widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics, and are particularly common in the waters of New Caledonia. Blooms of Trichodesmium are suspected to be a potential source of toxins in the ciguatera food chain and were previously reported to contain several types of paralyzing toxins. The toxicity of water-soluble extracts of Trichodesmium spp. were analyzed by mouse bioassay and Neuroblastoma assay and their toxic compounds characterized using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Here, we report the first identification of palytoxin and one of its derivatives, 42-hydroxy-palytoxin, in field samples of Trichodesmium collected in the New Caledonian lagoon. The possible role played by Trichodesmium blooms in the development of clupeotoxism, this human intoxication following the ingestion of plankton-eating fish and classically associated with Ostreopsis blooms, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Kerbrat
- Toulouse University, UPS, UMR152 UPS-IRD (PHARMA-DEV), 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; E-Mail:
- Research Institute for the Development (IRD), UMR152, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Laboratory of Phycotoxins, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP21105, F-44311 Nantes cedex 3, France; E-Mails: (Z.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Ralph Pawlowiez
- Laboratory of toxic micro-algae (LMT), Louis Malarde Institute (ILM), BP30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (R.P.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Stjepko Golubic
- Biological Science Center, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Laboratory of Phycotoxins, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP21105, F-44311 Nantes cedex 3, France; E-Mails: (Z.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Helene Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of toxic micro-algae (LMT), Louis Malarde Institute (ILM), BP30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (R.P.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of toxic micro-algae (LMT), Louis Malarde Institute (ILM), BP30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; E-Mails: (R.P.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Dominique Laurent
- Toulouse University, UPS, UMR152 UPS-IRD (PHARMA-DEV), 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; E-Mail:
- Research Institute for the Development (IRD), UMR152, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +689-47-42-16; Fax: +689-42-95-55
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Kerbrat AS, Darius HT, Pauillac S, Chinain M, Laurent D. Detection of ciguatoxin-like and paralysing toxins in Trichodesmium spp. from New Caledonia lagoon. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 61:360-366. [PMID: 20638088 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Marine pelagic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium are widespread in the New Caledonia lagoon. Blooms of these Oscillatoriales are suspected to be a potential source of toxins in the ciguatera food chain and were previously reported to contain certain types of paralysing toxins. In the present study, toxicity experiments were conducted on lipid- and water-soluble extracts of freeze-dried samples of these cyanobacteria. Lipid-soluble fractions revealed a ciguatoxin-like activity in both in vivo (mouse bioassay) and in vitro (mouse neuroblastoma cells assay and receptor binding assay using tritiated brevetoxin-3) assays. The water-soluble fractions tested on mice exhibited neurotoxicity with paralytic symptoms. These toxicities have also been observed with benthic filamentous cyanobacteria within the Oscillatoriales order, also collected in New Caledonia. This study provides an unprecedented evidence of the toxicity of Trichodesmium species from the New Caledonia lagoon. This survey also demonstrates the possible role of these cyanobacteria in ciguatera fish poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Kerbrat
- Laboratoire Pharmacochimie des Substances Naturelles et Pharmacophores Redox, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR152, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Stewart I, Carmichael WW, Sadler R, McGregor GB, Reardon K, Eaglesham GK, Wickramasinghe WA, Seawright AA, Shaw GR. Occupational and environmental hazard assessments for the isolation, purification and toxicity testing of cyanobacterial toxins. Environ Health 2009; 8:52. [PMID: 19925679 PMCID: PMC2785771 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can produce groups of structurally and functionally unrelated but highly potent toxins. Cyanotoxins are used in multiple research endeavours, either for direct investigation of their toxicologic properties, or as functional analogues for various biochemical and physiological processes. This paper presents occupational safety guidelines and recommendations for personnel working in field, laboratory or industrial settings to produce and use purified cyanotoxins and toxic cyanobacteria, from bulk harvesting of bloom material, mass culture of laboratory isolates, through routine extraction, isolation and purification. Oral, inhalational, dermal and parenteral routes are all potential occupational exposure pathways during the various stages of cyanotoxin production and application. Investigation of toxicologic or pharmacologic properties using in vivo models may present specific risks if radiolabelled cyanotoxins are employed, and the potential for occupational exposure via the dermal route is heightened with the use of organic solvents as vehicles. Inter- and intra-national transport of living cyanobacteria for research purposes risks establishing feral microalgal populations, so disinfection of culture equipment and destruction of cells by autoclaving, incineration and/or chlorination is recommended in order to prevent viable cyanobacteria from escaping research or production facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Stewart
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
- School of Public Health, Griffith University, Logan Campus, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland 4131, Australia
| | - Wayne W Carmichael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glen Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Ross Sadler
- School of Public Health, Griffith University, Logan Campus, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland 4131, Australia
| | - Glenn B McGregor
- Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Karen Reardon
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Geoffrey K Eaglesham
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Wasantha A Wickramasinghe
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Alan A Seawright
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Glen R Shaw
- School of Public Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Moustafa A, Loram JE, Hackett JD, Anderson DM, Plumley FG, Bhattacharya D. Origin of saxitoxin biosynthetic genes in cyanobacteria. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5758. [PMID: 19484122 PMCID: PMC2684587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a potentially fatal syndrome associated with the consumption of shellfish that have accumulated saxitoxin (STX). STX is produced by microscopic marine dinoflagellate algae. Little is known about the origin and spread of saxitoxin genes in these under-studied eukaryotes. Fortuitously, some freshwater cyanobacteria also produce STX, providing an ideal model for studying its biosynthesis. Here we focus on saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria and their non-toxic sisters to elucidate the origin of genes involved in the putative STX biosynthetic pathway. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We generated a draft genome assembly of the saxitoxin-producing (STX+) cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis ACBU02 and searched for 26 candidate saxitoxin-genes (named sxtA to sxtZ) that were recently identified in the toxic strain Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3. We also generated a draft assembly of the non-toxic (STX-) sister Anabaena circinalis ACFR02 to aid the identification of saxitoxin-specific genes. Comparative phylogenomic analyses revealed that nine putative STX genes were horizontally transferred from non-cyanobacterial sources, whereas one key gene (sxtA) originated in STX+ cyanobacteria via two independent horizontal transfers followed by fusion. In total, of the 26 candidate saxitoxin-genes, 13 are of cyanobacterial provenance and are monophyletic among the STX+ taxa, four are shared amongst STX+ and STX-cyanobacteria, and the remaining nine genes are specific to STX+ cyanobacteria. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide evidence that the assembly of STX genes in ACBU02 involved multiple HGT events from different sources followed presumably by coordination of the expression of foreign and native genes in the common ancestor of STX+ cyanobacteria. The ability to produce saxitoxin was subsequently lost multiple independent times resulting in a nested relationship of STX+ and STX- strains among Anabaena circinalis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Moustafa
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Jeremiah D. Hackett
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Sudek S, Haygood MG, Youssef DTA, Schmidt EW. Structure of trichamide, a cyclic peptide from the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum, predicted from the genome sequence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4382-7. [PMID: 16751554 PMCID: PMC1489667 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00380-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene cluster for the biosynthesis of a new small cyclic peptide, dubbed trichamide, was discovered in the genome of the global, bloom-forming marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum ISM101 because of striking similarities to the previously characterized patellamide biosynthesis cluster. The tri cluster consists of a precursor peptide gene containing the amino acid sequence for mature trichamide, a putative heterocyclization gene, an oxidase, two proteases, and hypothetical genes. Based upon detailed sequence analysis, a structure was predicted for trichamide and confirmed by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Trichamide consists of 11 amino acids, including two cysteine-derived thiazole groups, and is cyclized by an N C terminal amide bond. As the first natural product reported from T. erythraeum, trichamide shows the power of genome mining in the prediction and discovery of new natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sudek
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California--San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Martins R, Pereira P, Welker M, Fastner J, Vasconcelos VM. Toxicity of culturable cyanobacteria strains isolated from the Portuguese coast. Toxicon 2005; 46:454-64. [PMID: 16051295 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are common inhabitants of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In the aquatic environments their success is particularly well documented in fresh and brackish waters. References related to the occurrence of these organisms in marine habitats and especially in what concerns to toxicology are scarce. Reports of cyanotoxins in marine habitats are restricted to the warmer temperate and tropical regions. In this study, cyanobacteria strains belonging to the genera Cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria, Synechocystis and Synechococcus were isolated from rocky beaches along the Portuguese coast and were cultured and screened for toxicological properties. The toxicity to mice was observed after intraperitoneal injection of centrifuged and non-centrifuged extracts. The results showed a wide range of responses with strains showing no signs of poisoning and strains producing protracted or slightly protracted toxic effects. Neurotoxic symptoms and effects in liver, kidney, small intestine and lungs are reported. The identity of the toxic compounds is thus far unknown but the implication drawn from the present data is that more than one toxic compound is produced. There was a clear discrepancy between the toxicity of centrifuged and non-centrifuged extracts. In most cases the pellet was toxic indicating that toxicity can be associated with compounds tightly bound to the cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosário Martins
- Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia Dr. Augusto Nobre, Faculdade de Ciências, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4009-002 Porto, Portugal.
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Osborne NJ, Webb PM, Shaw GR. The toxins of Lyngbya majuscula and their human and ecological health effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2001; 27:381-392. [PMID: 11757852 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lyngbya majuscula is a benthic filamentous marine cyanobacterium, which in recent years appears to have been increasing in frequency and size of blooms in Moreton Bay, Queensland. It has a worldwide distribution throughout the tropics and subtropics in water to 30m. It has been found to contain a variety of chemicals that exert a range of biological effects, including skin, eye and respiratory irritation. The toxins lyngbyatoxin A and debromoaplysiatoxin appear to give the most widely witnessed biological effects in relation to humans, and experiments involving these two toxins show the formation of acute dermal lesions. Studies into the epidemiology of the dermatitic, respiratory and eye effects of the toxins of this organism are reviewed and show that Lyngbya induced dermatitis has occurred in a number of locations. The effects of aerosolised Lyngbya in relation to health outcomes were also reported. Differential effects of bathing behaviour after Lyngbya exposure were examined in relation to the severity of health outcomes. The potential for Lyngbya to exhibit differential toxicologies due to the presence of varying proportions of a range of toxins is also examined. This paper reviews the present state of knowledge on the effects of Lyngbya majuscula on human health, ecosystems and human populations during a toxic cyanobacterial bloom. The potential exists for toxins from Lyngbya majuscula affecting ecological health and in particular marine reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Osborne
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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14
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Guo C, Tester PA. Toxic effect of the bloom-forming Trichodesmium sp. (Cyanophyta) to the copepod Acartia tonsa. NATURAL TOXINS 1994; 2:222-7. [PMID: 7952947 DOI: 10.1002/nt.2620020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. to the copepod Acartia tonsa was assessed in a series of experiments during a Trichodesmium bloom off the North Carolina coast in late October 1992. Healthy intact cells of Trichodesmium sp. were not toxic to A. tonsa and were ingested by A. tonsa when no other foods were available. However, homogenized Trichodesmium cells were toxic to A. tonsa, suggesting that Trichodesmium sp. contains certain type(s) of intracellular biotoxins. This hypothesis was consistent with the observed high mortality when A. tonsa was treated with aging Trichodesmium sp. cells or with filtered cell homogenate. The affected copepods showed weakness, recumbency, and reduced responsiveness. Many were observed to have distended intestines. Bioassays using aged Trichodesmium sp. cells and filtered homogenate demonstrated a dose-dependent effect on A. tonsa survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guo
- National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, North Carolina
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Lewis RJ, Holmes MJ. Origin and transfer of toxins involved in ciguatera. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1993; 106:615-28. [PMID: 7905799 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. Ciguatera is a disease caused by sodium channel activator toxins and results from the consumption of warm water fish contaminated by the ciguatoxin class of polyether toxins. 2. Other toxins, including okadaic acid and maitotoxin, have no proven role in causing human illness associated with ciguatera. 3. Ciguatera often affects only a discrete region of a reef, with flare-ups of ciguatera being both temporally and spatially unpredictable. 4. The ciguatoxins likely arise through the biotransformation and acid-catalysed spiroisomerisation of gambiertoxin-4A produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus and it is unlikely that other toxic benthic dinoflagellates are involved. 5. Events leading to a ciguatera outbreak are initiated by environmental and genetic factors that favour the proliferation of gambiertoxins, with an apparent role for anthropomorphic effects; however, the precise factors involved are yet to be determined. 6. The gambiertoxins and/or ciguatoxins are transferred from the benthos to herbivorous species (fish, invertebrates etc) and then to carnivorous fish via marine food chains. 7. Factors influencing the concentration of ciguatoxins that accumulate in fish include the rate of dietary intake, the efficiency of assimilation, the degree and nature of any toxin biotransformation, the rate of depuration, and the rate of growth of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lewis
- Southern Fisheries Centre, QDPI, Deception Bay, Qld., Australia
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Endean R, Monks SA, Griffith JK, Llewellyn LE. Apparent relationships between toxins elaborated by the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum and those present in the flesh of the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commersoni. Toxicon 1993; 31:1155-65. [PMID: 8266348 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum contains toxic water-soluble material that produces signs in mice similar to those produced by water-soluble extracts of the flesh of a specimen of pelagic fish Scomberomorus commersoni from a batch that had been implicated in a poisoning resembling ciguatera. Extracts of water-soluble material from both the cyanobacterium and the fish contained toxins that were chromatographically indistinguishable. A peptide and an alkaloid were detected in partially purified extracts of the water-soluble material. In addition to this material toxic lipid-soluble material was present in some batches of T. erythraeum. Elution of this material with 9:1 chloroform:methanol using column chromatography produced material that was chromatographically indistinguishable from ciguatoxin-like material from S. commersoni and produced signs in mice similar to those produced by this material. Elution of the lipid-soluble material with 97:3 chloroform:methanol yielded a toxin resembling in its chromatographic and toxic properties a scaritoxin-like substance from S. commersoni. Other toxins with Rf values lying between that of the ciguatoxin-like material and that of the scaritoxin-like material were also detected in extracts of T. erythraeum. It is postulated that T. erythraeum is the progenitor of major toxins carried by some ciguateric fish and that water-soluble toxins released into the ambient sea water by T. erythraeum may constitute a health hazard for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Endean
- Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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17
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Hahn ST, Capra MF. The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria erythraea--a potential source of toxin in the ciguatera food-chain. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1992; 9:351-5. [PMID: 1493884 DOI: 10.1080/02652039209374081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A compound lethal to mice (i.p.) was extracted from samples of Oscillatoria erythraea, four species of mollusc and one species of molluscivorous teleost collected from the south-east coast of Queensland, Australia, during and shortly after O. erythraea blooms. The compound was chemically indistinguishable from ciguatoxin (CTX) on the basis of solvent extraction and partitioning and silicic acid chromatography. Residues derived from toxic samples elicited signs of intoxication, death and histopathological changes in mice, consistent with extracts of ciguatoxic material. Stick enzyme immunoassay tests and thin layer chromatography assessment of extracts indicated the presence of ciguatoxin-like polycyclic ether(s). O. erythraea is implicated as a potential elaborator of a CTX-like compound in the tropical marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Hahn
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Carmichael WW. Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites--the cyanotoxins. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1992; 72:445-59. [PMID: 1644701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W W Carmichael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
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