1
|
Teixeira SC, Borges BC, Oliveira VQ, Carregosa LS, Bastos LA, Santos IA, Jardim ACG, Melo FF, Freitas LM, Rodrigues VM, Lopes DS. Insights into the antiviral activity of phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2s) from snake venoms. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:616-625. [PMID: 32698062 PMCID: PMC7368918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are associated with several human diseases that infect a large number of individuals, hence directly affecting global health and economy. Owing to the lack of efficient vaccines, antiviral therapy and emerging resistance strains, many viruses are considered as a potential threat to public health. Therefore, researches have been developed to identify new drug candidates for future treatments. Among them, antiviral research based on natural molecules is a promising approach. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) isolated from snake venom have shown significant antiviral activity against some viruses such as Dengue virus, Human Immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis C virus and Yellow fever virus, and have emerged as an attractive alternative strategy for the development of novel antiviral therapy. Thus, this review provides an overview of remarkable findings involving PLA2s from snake venom that possess antiviral activity, and discusses the mechanisms of action mediated by PLA2s against different stages of virus replication cycle. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were performed by interacting between phospholipids from Dengue virus envelope and PLA2s from Bothrops asper snake venom. Studies on snake venom PLA2s highlight the potential use of these proteins for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - B C Borges
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - V Q Oliveira
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - L S Carregosa
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - L A Bastos
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - I A Santos
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - A C G Jardim
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - F F Melo
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - L M Freitas
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - V M Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - D S Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Bio-Function, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen M, Aoki-Utsubo C, Kameoka M, Deng L, Terada Y, Kamitani W, Sato K, Koyanagi Y, Hijikata M, Shindo K, Noda T, Kohara M, Hotta H. Broad-spectrum antiviral agents: secreted phospholipase A 2 targets viral envelope lipid bilayers derived from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15931. [PMID: 29162867 PMCID: PMC5698466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus (DENV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belong to the family Flaviviridae. Their viral particles have the envelope composed of viral proteins and a lipid bilayer acquired from budding through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The phospholipid content of the ER membrane differs from that of the plasma membrane (PM). The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily consists of a large number of members that specifically catalyse the hydrolysis of phospholipids at a particular position. Here we show that the CM-II isoform of secreted PLA2 obtained from Naja mossambica mossambica snake venom (CM-II-sPLA2) possesses potent virucidal (neutralising) activity against HCV, DENV and JEV, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.036, 0.31 and 1.34 ng/ml, respectively. In contrast, the IC50 values of CM-II-sPLA2 against viruses that bud through the PM (Sindbis virus, influenza virus and Sendai virus) or trans-Golgi network (TGN) (herpes simplex virus) were >10,000 ng/ml. Moreover, the 50% cytotoxic (CC50) and haemolytic (HC50) concentrations of CM-II-sPLA2 were >10,000 ng/ml, implying that CM-II-sPLA2 did not significantly damage the PM. These results suggest that CM-II-sPLA2 and its derivatives are good candidates for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that target viral envelope lipid bilayers derived from the ER membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Vaccine and Drug Development, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chie Aoki-Utsubo
- Department of International Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 654-0147, Japan
| | - Masanori Kameoka
- Department of International Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 654-0147, Japan
| | - Lin Deng
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terada
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 322-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Makoto Hijikata
- Laboratory of Tumour Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keiko Shindo
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Infectious Disease Regulation Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hak Hotta
- Department of Vaccine and Drug Development, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chu ER, Weinstein SA, White J, Warrell DA. Venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes: Report of ten cases with review of epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Toxicon 2010; 56:259-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
4
|
Jabeen T, Singh N, Singh RK, Ethayathulla AS, Sharma S, Srinivasan A, Singh TP. Crystal structure of a novel phospholipase A2 from Naja naja sagittifera with a strong anticoagulant activity. Toxicon 2005; 46:865-75. [PMID: 16269164 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This is the first PLA(2) crystal structure from group I that shows a strong anticoagulant property. The monomeric PLA(2) was purified from the venom of Naja naja sagittifera (Indian cobra). Its amino acid sequence has been determined using cDNA technique. The amino acid sequence of sPLA(2) contains three positively charged and two negatively charged residues in the segment 54-71 (numbering scheme of sPLA(2)) thus giving this region an overall cationic amphiphilic surface. This suggested the presence of an anticoagulant activity in sPLA(2). The enzyme was crystallized using hanging drop vapour diffusion method in the presence of calcium chloride. The crystals belong to space group P4(1) with cell dimensions of a=b=42.0A, c=65.9A. The X-ray crystal structure was determined at 1.8A resolution using molecular replacement method and refined to an R value of 0.179 for 10,023 reflections. The overall scaffolding of sPLA(2) is essentially similar to those observed for other group I PLA(2)s. However, the conformations of various surface loops were found to be significantly different. The most significant observation pertains to the anticoagulant loop in which both the acidic residues are engaged in intramolecular interactions whereas all the three basic residues are free to interact with other molecules. This makes the sPLA(2) a potentially strong anticoagulating molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talat Jabeen
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmad T, Lawrence AJ, Moores G. High-resolution two-part basic urea gels for analysis of venom phospholipase A2 isoforms. Toxicon 1994; 32:1627-39. [PMID: 7536962 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The performance of acidic and basic urea polyacrylamide gels has been improved by adopting a two-part gel system with a concentration discontinuity to act as a stacking boundary and by increasing the urea concentration to 8 M. The contributions of primary amino-group and guanidino-group ionizations to mobility have been evaluated by acetylation and phenyl glyoxal treatment respectively. The chromogenic PLA2 detection method of Shier and Trotter (Analyt. Biochem. 87, 604, 1978) has been modified for use with basic urea PAGE. The results have confirmed the major findings of other workers, but have demonstrated the presence of many hitherto uncharacterised isoforms of PLA2 in a variety of whole snake venoms. The basic urea PAGE (BG) method is proposed as the basis of a simple and rapid method for the classification of PLA2 isoforms which should allow unambiguous identification of isoforms by referring bands for purified material to the isoform content of whole venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ahmad
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmad T, Mezna M, Chettibi S, Lawrence AJ. Addition-order dependent modulation of the sensitivity of rabbit erythrocyte membrane to bee venom phospholipase A2 by oleic acid, lysophosphatidyl choline and albumin. Toxicon 1994; 32:1475-80. [PMID: 7886704 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The addition of exogenous oleic acid to erythrocyte membranes induces a characteristic membrane crenation and sensitises the cells to the lytic action of phospholipase A2 enzymes. Both effects are extremely sensitive to inhibition by endogenous lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), but the strength of inhibition depends of the order in which the reagents are added to the cells. These responses are further enhanced when the reagents are extracted from the cell membranes by treatment with albumin. Thus the inhibitory action of LPC added before oleic acid increases when the reagents have been extracted but that of LPC added after oleic acid decreases after extraction. The results are discussed in terms of the stimulation of PLA2 activity by enhanced membrane curvature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ahmad
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mezna M, Ahmad T, Chettibi S, Drainas D, Lawrence AJ. Zinc and barium inhibit the phospholipase A2 from Naja naja atra by different mechanisms. Biochem J 1994; 301 ( Pt 2):503-8. [PMID: 8042995 PMCID: PMC1137109 DOI: 10.1042/bj3010503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mode of inhibition of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme from the Chinese cobra (Naja naja atra) by Zn2+ is qualitatively different from inhibition by Ba2+. Inhibition by Ba2+ shows the kinetic characteristics of a conventional competitive inhibitor acting to displace Ca2+ from a single essential site, but Zn2+ has the paradoxical property of being more inhibitory at high than at low Ca2+ concentration. Kinetic analysis of the Ca(2+)-dependence of enzymic activity shows a bimodal response, indicating the presence of two Ca(2+)-binding sites with affinities of 2.7 microM and 125 microM respectively, and we propose that these can be identified with the two Ca(2+)-binding sites revealed by crystallographic analysis [White, Scott, Otwinowski, Gleb and Sigler (1990) Science 250, 1560-1563]. The results are consistent with the model that the enzyme is activated by two Ca2+ ions, one that is essential and can be displaced by Ba2+, and one that modulates the activity by a further 5-10-fold and which can be displaced by Zn2+. An alternative model is also presented in which the modulating Zn(2+)-binding site is a phenomenon of the lipid/water interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mezna
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|