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Chen PC, Huang MN, Chang JF, Liu CC, Chen CK, Hsieh CH. Snake venom proteome and immuno-profiling of the hundred-pace viper, Deinagkistrodon acutus, in Taiwan. Acta Trop 2019; 189:137-144. [PMID: 30268686 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Deinagkistrodon acutus, also known as the hundred-pace viper or Chinese moccasin, is a clinically significant venomous snake in Taiwan. To address the lack of knowledge on the venom proteome of D. acutus, the venom composition was studied by a bottom-up proteomic approach combining reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, SDS-PAGE, and LC-MS/MS analysis. The immunoreactivity and cross-reactivity of Taiwanese freeze-dried D. acutus antivenom (DA-AV) and hemorrhagic antivenom (FH-AV) were investigated, as well. The proteomic analysis revealed the presence of 29 distinct proteins from D. acutus venom belonging to 8 snake venom protein families. Snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP, 46.86%), C-type lectin (CLEC, 37.59%), phospholipase A2 (PLA2, 7.33%) and snake venom serine protease (SVSP, 6.62%) were the most abundant proteins. In addition to DA-AV, FH-AV also showed a profile of broad immunorecognition toward the venom of D. acutus. Remarkably, both antivenoms specifically reacted with the HPLC fractions containing SVMPs, and the titer was 5-10 times higher than fractions of other components. This information helps us to deeply understand the pathophysiology of D. acutus envenomation and guide us to development of more effective antivenom for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chuan Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Divison of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, En-Chu-Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Renal Care Joint Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuei Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Tang ELH, Tan CH, Fung SY, Tan NH. Venomics of Calloselasma rhodostoma, the Malayan pit viper: A complex toxin arsenal unraveled. J Proteomics 2016; 148:44-56. [PMID: 27418434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The venom of Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) is highly toxic but also valuable in drug discovery. However, a comprehensive proteome of the venom that details its toxin composition and abundance is lacking. This study aimed to unravel the venom complexity through a multi-step venomic approach. At least 96 distinct proteins (29 basic, 67 acidic) in 11 families were identified from the venom. The venom consists of mainly snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP, 41.17% of total venom proteins), within which the P-I (kistomin, 20.4%) and P-II (rhodostoxin, 19.8%) classes predominate. This is followed by C-type lectins (snaclec, 26.3%), snake venom serine protease (SVSP, 14.9%), L-amino acid oxidase (7.0%), phospholipase A2 (4.4%), cysteine-rich secretory protein (2.5%), and five minor toxins (nerve growth factor, neurotrophin, phospholipase B, 5' nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase, totaling 2.6%) not reported in the proteome hitherto. Importantly, all principal hemotoxins unveiled correlate with the syndrome: SVSP ancrod causes venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy, aggravated by thrombocytopenia caused by snaclec rhodocytin, a platelet aggregation inducer, while P-II rhodostoxin mediates hemorrhage, exacerbated by P-I kistomin and snaclec rhodocetin that inhibit platelet plug formation. These toxins exist in multiple isoforms and/or complex subunits, deserving further characterization for the development of an effective, polyspecific regional antivenom. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Advents in proteomics and bioinformatics have vigorously propelled the scientific discoveries of toxins from various lineages of venomous snakes. The Malayan pit viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma, is a medically important species in Southeast Asia as its bite can cause envenomation, while the venom is also a source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery. Detailed profiling of the venom, however, is inadequate possibly due to the complex nature of the venom and technical limitation in separating the constituents into details. Integrating a multi-step fractionation method, this study successfully revealed a comprehensive and quantitative profile of the composition of the venom of this medically important venomous snake. The relative abundance of the various venom proteins is determined in a global profile, providing useful information for understanding the pathogenic roles of the different toxins in C. rhodostoma envenomation. Notably, the principal hemotoxins were identified in great details, including the variety of toxin subunits and isoforms. The findings indicate that these toxins are the principal targets for effective antivenom neutralization, and should be addressed in the production of a pan-regional polyspecific antivenom. In addition, minor toxin components not reported previously in the venom were also detected in this study, enriching the current toxin database for the venomous snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lai Har Tang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shin Yee Fung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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TSAI INNHO. REVISED SYSTEMATICS OF TAIWANESE VIPERID SNAKES AND THE CORRELATION TO VENOM DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200046396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Rodrigues RS, Izidoro LFM, Teixeira SS, Silveira LB, Hamaguchi A, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Giglio JR, Fuly AL, Soares AM, Rodrigues VM. Isolation and functional characterization of a new myotoxic acidic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Toxicon 2007; 50:153-65. [PMID: 17451767 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the purification procedure and the biochemical/functional characterization of Bp-PLA(2), a new myotoxic acidic phospholipase A(2) from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. It was highly purified through three chromatographic steps (ion-exchange on CM-Sepharose, hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose and RP-HPLC on a C8 column). Bp-PLA(2) is a single-chain protein of 15.8kDa and pI 4.3. Its N-terminal sequence revealed a high homology with other Asp49 acidic PLA(2)s from snake venoms. Its specific activity was 585.3U/mg. It displayed a high indirect hemolytic activity and inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen or ADP. It also induced in vivo edema and myotoxicity. Pretreatment of Bp-PLA(2) with BPB reduced the enzymatic activity, the inhibitory action on platelet aggregation and myotoxicity in vitro. Morphological analyses indicated that Bp-PLA(2) induced an intense edema, with visible leukocyte infiltrate and damaged muscle cells 24h after injection. Acidic myotoxic PLA(2)s from Bothrops snake venoms are still not extensively explored and knowledge of their structural and functional features will contribute for a better understanding of their action mechanism regarding enzymatic and toxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Lomonte B, Angulo Y, Calderón L. An overview of lysine-49 phospholipase A2 myotoxins from crotalid snake venoms and their structural determinants of myotoxic action. Toxicon 2003; 42:885-901. [PMID: 15019489 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 1984, the first venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with a lysine substituting for the highly conserved aspartate 49 was discovered, in the North American crotalid snake Agkistrodon p. piscivorus [J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 13839]. Ten years later, the first mapping of a 'toxic region' on a Lys49 PLA2 was reported, in Bothrops asper myotoxin II [J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 29867]. After a further decade of research on the Lys49 PLA2s, a better understanding of their structural determinants of toxicity and mode of action is rapidly emerging, with myotoxic effector sites identified at the C-terminal region in at least four proteins: B. asper myotoxin II, A. p. piscivorus K49 PLA2, A. c. laticinctus ACL myotoxin, and B. jararacussu bothropstoxin I. Although important features still remain to be established, their toxic mode of action has now been understood in its more general concepts, and a consistent working hypothesis can be experimentally supported. It is proposed that all the toxic activities of Lys49 PLA2s are related to their ability to destabilize natural (eukaryotic and prokaryotic) and artificial membranes, using a cationic/hydrophobic effector site located at their C-terminal loop. This review summarizes the general properties of the Lys49 PLA2 myotoxins, emphasizing the development of current concepts and hypotheses concerning the molecular basis of their toxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Tsai IH, Chen YH, Wang YM, Tu MC, Tu AT. Purification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses of novel Lys-49 phospholipases A(2) from the venoms of rattlesnakes and other pit vipers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 394:236-44. [PMID: 11594738 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Basic phospholipase A(2) homologs with Lys49 substitution at the essential Ca(2+)-binding site are present in the venom of pit vipers under many genera. However, they have not been found in rattlesnake venoms before. We have now screened for this protein in the venom of rattlesnakes and other less studied pit vipers. By gel filtration chromatography and RP-HPLC, Lys49-phospholipase-like proteins were purified from the venoms of two rattlers, Crotalus atrox and Crotalus m. molossus, and five nonrattlers, Porthidium nummifer, Porthidium godmani, Bothriechis schlegelii, Trimeresurus puniceus, and Trimeresurus albolabris. Their N-terminal amino acid sequences were shown to be characteristic for this phospholipase subfamily. The purified basic proteins from rattlesnakes caused myonecrosis and edema in experimental animals. We have also cloned the cDNAs and solved the complete sequences of four novel Lys49-phospholipases from the venom glands of C. atrox, P. godmani, B. schlegelii, and Deinagkistrodon acutus (hundred-pace). Phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences of 28 Lys49-phospholipases separate the pitviper of the New World from those of the Old World, and the arboreal Asiatic species from the terrestrial Asiatic species. The implications of the phylogeny tree to the systematics of pit vipers, and structure-function relationship of the Lys49-phospholipases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tsai IH, Chen YH, Wang YM, Liau MY, Lu PJ. Differential Expression and Geographic Variation of the Venom Phospholipases A2 of Calloselasma rhodostoma and Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 387:257-64. [PMID: 11370849 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the geographic variations in venoms of two medically important pitvipers, we have purified and characterized the phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) from the pooled venoms of Calloselasma rhodostoma from Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, as well as the individual venom of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus collected from both North and South Taiwan. Enzymatic and pharmacological activities of the purified PLA2s were also investigated. The complete amino acid sequences of the purified PLA2s were determined by sequencing the corresponding cDNAs from the venom gland and shown to be consistent with their molecular weight data and the N-terminal sequences. All the geographic venom samples of C. rhodostoma contain a major noncatalytic basic PLA2-homolog and two or three acidic PLA2s in different proportions. These acidic PLA2s contain Glu6-substitutions and show distinct inhibiting specificities toward the platelets from human and rabbit. We also found that the T. mucrosquamatus venoms from North Taiwan but not those from South Taiwan contain an Arg6-PLA2 designated as TmPL-III. Its amino acid sequence is reported for the first time. This enzyme is structurally almost identical to the low- or nonexpressed Arg6-PLA2 from C. rhodostoma venom gland, and thus appears to be a regressing venom component in both of the Asian pitvipers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Lizano S, Lambeau G, Lazdunski M. Cloning and cDNA sequence analysis of Lys(49) and Asp(49) basic phospholipase A(2) myotoxin isoforms from Bothrops asper. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001; 33:127-32. [PMID: 11240369 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(00)00073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom myotoxic phospholipases A(2) contribute to much of the tissue damage observed during envenomation by Bothrops asper, the major cause of snake bites in Central America. Several myotoxic PLA(2)s have been identified, but their mechanism of myotoxicity is still unclear. To aid in the molecular characterization of these venom toxins, the complete open reading frames encoding two Lys(49) and one Asp(49) basic PLA(2) myotoxins from the Central American snake B. asper (terciopelo) were obtained by cDNA cloning from venom gland poly-adenylated RNA. The amino acid sequence deduced from the myotoxins II and III open reading frames corresponded in each case to one of the reported amino acid sequence isoforms. The sequence of a new myotoxin IV-like sequence (MT-IVa) contains conservative Val-->Leu(18) and Ala-->Val(23) substitutions when compared with the reported N-terminus of the native myotoxin IV, suggesting minor isoform variations among specimens of a single species. Sequence alignment studies indicated significant (>75% sequence identity) identities with other crotalid venom Lys(49) PLA(2)s, particularly bothropstoxin I/Ia isoforms of B. jararacussu and myotoxin II of B. asper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lizano
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Tsai IH, Wang YM, Au LC, Ko TP, Chen YH, Chu YF. Phospholipases A2 from Callosellasma rhodostoma venom gland cloning and sequencing of 10 of the cDNAs, three-dimensional modelling and chemical modification of the major isozyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6684-91. [PMID: 11054123 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Callosellasma rhodostoma (Malayan pitviper) is a monotypic Asian pitviper of medical importance. Three acidic phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) and one basic PLA2-homolog were purified from its venom while 10 cDNAs encoding distinct PLA2s were cloned from venom glands of a Thailand specimen of this species. Complete amino-acid sequences of the purified PLA2s were successfully deduced from their cDNA sequences. Among the six un-translated PLA2 cDNAs, two apparently result from recombination of its Lys49-PLA2 gene with its Asp49-PLA2 genes. The acidic PLA2s inhibit platelet-aggregation, while the noncatalytic PLA2-homolog induces local edema. This basic PLA2-homolog contains both Asp49 and other, unusual substitutions unique for the venom Lys49-PLA2 subtype (e.g. Leu5, Trp6, Asn28 and Arg34). Three-dimensional modelling of the basic protein revealed a heparin-binding region, and an abnormal calcium-binding pocket, which may explain its low catalytic activity. Oxidation of up to six of its Met residues or coinjection with heparin reduced its edema-inducing activity but methylation of its active site His48 did not. The distinct Arg/Lys-rich and Met-rich region at positions 10-36 of the PLA2 homolog presumably are involved in its heparin-binding and the cell membrane-interference leading to edema and myotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Fan CY, Qian YC, Yang SL, Gong Y. cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of Lys-49 phospholipase A2 from Agkistrodon acutus. GENETIC ANALYSIS : BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 1999; 15:15-8. [PMID: 10084123 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-3862(98)00033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Total RNA was extracted from venom glands of Agkistrodon acutus. The cDNA encoding Lys-49 phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was amplified by reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cDNA was cloned into the pGEMT-vector and sequenced. The open reading frame (ORF) of Lys-49 PLA2 consists of 414 bp encoding 138 amino acids, which includes a signal peptide of 16 amino acids and a matured peptide of 122 amino acids. It shows 76% identity in amino acids with another reported Lys-49 PLA2. Because residue 49 in mature peptide is Lysine, it probably possesses myotoxicity. These results indicate there are at least two kinds of myotoxin in the venom of A. acutus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Fan
- Shanghai Research Center of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The structures of several K49 PLA2 proteins have been determined and these differ as a group in several regions from the closely related D49 PLA2 enzymes. One outstanding difference is the presence of a high number of positively charged residues in the C-terminal region which combined with the overall high number of conserved lysine residues gives the molecule an interfacial adsorption surface which is highly positively charged compared to the opposite surface of the molecule. Although some nucleotide sequences have been reported, progress in obtaining active recombinant proteins has been slow. The K49 proteins exert several toxic activities, including myotoxicity, anticoagulation and edema formation. The most studied of these activities is myotoxicity. The myotoxicity induced by the K49 PLA2 proteins is histologically similar to that caused by the D49 PLA2 myotoxins, with some muscle fiber types possibly more sensitive than others. Whereas it is clear that the K49 PLA2 myotoxins lyse the plasma membrane of the affected muscle cell in vivo, the exact mechanism of this lysis is not known. Also, it is not known whether the toxin is internalized before, during or after the initial lysis or ever. The K49 PLA2 toxins lyse liposomes and cells in culture and in the latter, the PLA2 myotoxins exert at least two distinct mechanisms of action, neither of which is well-characterized. While the K49 PLA2 proteins are enzymatically inactive on artificial substrates, the toxins cause fatty acid production in cell cultures. Whether the fatty acid release is due to the enzymatic activity of the K49 PLA2 or stimulation of tissue lipases, is unknown. While there may be a role for fatty acid production in one mechanism of myotoxicity, a second mechanism appears to be independent of enzymatic activity. Although we are beginning to understand more about the structure of these toxins, we still know little about the precise mechanism by which they interact with the skeletal muscle cell in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Ownby
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Pharmacology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-0350, USA.
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Angulo Y, Chaves E, Alape A, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B. Isolation and characterization of a myotoxic phospholipase A2 from the venom of the arboreal snake Bothriechis (Bothrops) schlegelii from Costa Rica. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 339:260-6. [PMID: 9056257 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1996.9865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A new myotoxic phospholipase A2 was isolated from the venom of the arboreal snake Bothriechis schlegelii (formerly Bothrops schlegelii) from Costa Rica, by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex. B. schlegelii myotoxin I is a basic protein (pI > 9.3) with a subunit molecular weight of 15 kDa, which migrates as a dimer in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. This myotoxin is recognized by antibodies generated against Bothrops asper myotoxin II (a lysine-49 phospholipase A2), by both enzyme-immunoassay and gel immunodiffusion, in the latter case with a pattern of partial identity. The toxin induces rapid myonecrosis upon intramuscular injection in mice, as evidenced by the early increase in plasma creatine kinase activity and by direct intravital microscopic observation. B. schlegelii myotoxin I also induces edema in the mouse footpad assay and exerts lethal activity (LD50 approximately 2.5 microg/g) upon intravenous injection. The toxin has a low phospholipase A2 activity (4.2 microEq.mg-1.min-1) using egg yolk phospholipids as substrate. It also shows a weak anticoagulant effect in vitro. Its N-terminal sequence, SMYELGKMILLETGKNAATSYIAYG, shows 93% homology with both Bothrops asper myotoxin II and B. jararacussu bothropstoxin I, suggesting that B. schlegelii myotoxin I may be a new lysine-49 variant of this family of myotoxic phospholipases A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Angulo
- Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Wang YM, Wang JH, Tsai IH. Molecular cloning and deduced primary structures of acidic and basic phospholipases A2 from the venom of Deinagkistrodon acutus. Toxicon 1996; 34:1191-6. [PMID: 8931260 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(96)00067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs encoding three acidic phospholipases A2 and one basic phospholipase A2 from Deinagkistrodon acutus venom. The deduced primary structure of the basic enzyme is closest to that of the basic neurotoxic enzyme from Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom, while the acidic phospholipases from D. acutus have highest sequence similarity to that from Agkistrodon halys pallas. The phylogeny of this monotypic species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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