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Chen Q, Liu Y, Ren J, Zhong P, Chen M, Jia D, Chen H, Wei T. Exosomes mediate horizontal transmission of viral pathogens from insect vectors to plant phloem. eLife 2021; 10:64603. [PMID: 34214032 PMCID: PMC8253596 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous piercing-sucking insects can horizontally transmit viral pathogens together with saliva to plant phloem, but the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report that an important rice reovirus has hijacked small vesicles, referred to as exosomes, to traverse the apical plasmalemma into saliva-stored cavities in the salivary glands of leafhopper vectors. Thus, virions were horizontally transmitted with exosomes into rice phloem to establish the initial plant infection during vector feeding. The purified exosomes secreted from cultured leafhopper cells were enriched with virions. Silencing the exosomal secretion-related small GTPase Rab27a or treatment with the exosomal biogenesis inhibitor GW4869 strongly prevented viral exosomal release in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the specific interaction of the 15-nm-long domain of the viral outer capsid protein with Rab5 induced the packaging of virions in exosomes, ultimately activating the Rab27a-dependent exosomal release pathway. We thus anticipate that exosome-mediated viral horizontal transmission is the conserved strategy hijacked by vector-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiping Ren
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Panpan Zhong
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manni Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Scholthof KBG. Finding our roots and celebrating our shoots: Plant virology in Virology, 1955-1964. Virology 2015; 479-480:345-55. [PMID: 25842010 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of Virology a survey is made of the plant viruses, virologists and their institutions, and tools and technology described in the first decade of plant virus publications in Virology. This was a period when plant viruses increasingly became tools of discovery as epistemic objects and plant virology became a discipline discrete from plant pathology and other life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Beth G Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Maramorosch K, Shikata E, Granados RR. DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY: STRUCTURES RESEMBLING MYCOPLASMA IN DISEASED PLANTS AND IN INSECT VECTORS*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1968.tb02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A new Phytoreovirus infecting the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis). Virology 2009; 386:469-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wei T, Hibino H, Omura T. Rice dwarf virus is engulfed into and released via vesicular compartments in cultured insect vector cells. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2915-2920. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector insect cells infected with Rice dwarf virus had vesicular compartments containing viral particles located adjacent to the viroplasm when examined by transmission electron and confocal microscopy. Such compartments were often at the periphery of infected cells. Inhibitors of vesicular transport, brefeldin A and monensin, and an inhibitor of myosin motor activity, butanedione monoxime, abolished the formation of such vesicles and prevented the release of viral particles from infected cells without significant effects on virus multiplication. Furthermore, the actin-depolymerizing drug, cytochalasin D, inhibited the formation of actin filaments without significantly interfering with formation of vesicular compartments and the release of viruses from treated cells. These results together revealed intracellular vesicular compartments as a mode for viral transport in and release from insect vector cells infected with a plant-infecting reovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyun Wei
- National Agricultural Research Center, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hibino
- National Agricultural Research Center, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Omura
- National Agricultural Research Center, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Maramorosch
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
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Peterson AJ, Nuss DL. Regulation of expression of the wound tumor virus genome in persistently infected vector cells is related to change in translational activity of viral transcripts. J Virol 1986; 59:195-202. [PMID: 3735485 PMCID: PMC253066 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.59.2.195-202.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between a plant virus and its insect vector was studied at the molecular level by examining wound tumor virus (WTV) gene expression in cultured cells derived from its leafhopper vector. Infection of vector cells by WTV is noncytopathic and results in an acute phase (through day 5), followed by persistence beginning with the first cell passage. Viral-specific polypeptide synthesis and viral genome RNA accumulation increased to a maximum level during the first 5 days following inoculation and then decreased as infected cells were passaged (to 5 to 20% of the level observed during the acute phase by passages 10 to 15). In contrast, viral-specific mRNAs were present at approximately the same level in the acute phase and in the early stage (passage 10) of the persistent phase of infection. Although viral transcripts isolated at different times after inoculation exhibited identical electrophoretic migration patterns, they had different functional activities in cell-free translation systems. Transcripts isolated from persistently infected cells were inefficiently translated in vitro, reflecting the situation in infected cells. These results indicate that the decline in the level of viral polypeptide synthesis associated with the persistent phase of WTV infection is related to a change in the translational activity of viral transcripts.
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Kimura M, Seveus L, Maromorosch K. Ferritin in insect vectors of the maize streak disease agent: electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1975; 53:366-73. [PMID: 173874 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(75)80037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Granados RR, Meehan DJ. Morphology and differential counts of hemocytes of healthy and wound tumor virus-infected Agallia constricta. J Invertebr Pathol 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(73)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Behncken GM. Evidence of multiplication of sowthistle yellow vein virus in an inefficient aphid vector, Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Virology 1973; 53:405-12. [PMID: 4712389 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Reddy DV, Black LM. Increase of wound tumor virus in leafhoppers as assayed on vector cell monolayers. Virology 1972; 50:412-21. [PMID: 4564524 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Chen MJ, Shikata E. Electron microscopy and recovery of rice transitory yellowing virus from its leafhopper vector, Nephotettix cincticeps. Virology 1972; 47:483-6. [PMID: 5058837 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Diseases of the Insect Integument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-153401-1.50007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Vidano C. Phases of maize rough dwarf virus multiplication in the vector Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén). Virology 1970; 41:218-32. [PMID: 5422718 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Sinha RC, Chiykowski LN. Synthesis, distribution and some multiplication sites of wheat striate mosaic virus in a leafhopper vector. Virology 1969; 38:679-84. [PMID: 5803948 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Granados RR, Ward LS, Maramorosch K. Insect viremia caused by a plant-pathogenic virus: electron microscopy of vector hemocytes. Virology 1968; 34:790-6. [PMID: 5691181 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tanada Y, Leutenegger R. Histopathology of a granulosis-virus disease of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella. J Invertebr Pathol 1968; 10:39-47. [PMID: 5649241 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(68)90261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Whitcomb RF, Jensen DD, Richardson J. The infection of leafhoppers by Western X-disease virus. IV. Pathology in the alimentary tract. Virology 1968; 34:69-78. [PMID: 5638375 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Initial and subsequent sites of aster yellows virus infection in a leafhopper vector. Virology 1967; 33:702-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/1967] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Virus-like particles were found in apparently healthy
Peregrinus maidis
(Ashm.) in Venezuela. The particles were observed in the salivary gland, intestine, mycetome, adipose tissue, ovary, and hemolymph. In the cells, the particles occurred in the cytoplasm singly, in groups, free or within vesicles, and in hexagonally arranged crystals. In
P. maidis
from Hawaii such particles were not found. However, in these insects, single particles or crystals were observed after injecting suspensions of intestines from
P. maidis
from Venezuela. The particles were not observed in insects feeding on plants soiled with excretions from particle-containing
P. maidis
. Particles in organs of insects or in pellets of intestines were polygonal and showed a weakly contrasted envelope and a highly contrasted core. The particles had a diameter of 54 ± 9 mμ. They are believed to represent a
Peregrinus
virus causing latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Herold
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (I.V.I.C.), Apartado 1827, Caracas, Venezuela
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Shikata E, Maramorosch K. Electron microscopy of the formation of wound tumor virus in abdominally inoculated insect vectors. J Virol 1967; 1:1052-73. [PMID: 16789084 PMCID: PMC375385 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.5.1052-1073.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifth-instar nymphs of Agallia constricta leafhoppers were injected abdominally with extracts from root tumors confining wound tumor virus (WTV). The insects were sacrificed at predetermined intervals, their internal organs dissected, fixed, embedded, sectioned, stained, and examined in a Siemens Elmiskop I. Sequential stages in virus development were reconstructed from consecutive samples of fatbody tissues. Changes resulting from the infection were: (i) a viroplasm, i.e., an accumulation of electron-dense aggregates; (ii) the appearance at the periphery of the viroplasm of a few fully formed virus particles recognized as virions; (iii) the formation of increasing numbers of individual virions, not only at the periphery but also in the viroplasm; (iv) the engulfing of virions within multimembranous structures; and (v) the formation of virus microcrystals either at the sites of former viroplasms, or at some distance. These morphological findings indicate that, following abdominal inoculation of WTV, the plant-pathogenic virus develops within the cytoplasmic matrix proper of insect vector cells. In addition to the fatbody tissues, WTV was detected in the epidermis, muscles, and trachea of abdominally inoculated insects, demonstrating the systemic invasion of the mechanically infected arthropod host. No virus was found in the gut tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shikata
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, New York 10701
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Shikata E, Maramorosch K. Electron microscopy of wound tumor virus assembly sites in insect vectors and plants. Virology 1967; 32:363-77. [PMID: 6028935 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Electron microscopic evidence for wound-tumor virus accumulation in various organs of an inefficient leafhopper vector, Agalliopsis novella. J Invertebr Pathol 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(67)90003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hirumi H, Granados RR, Maramorosch K. Electron microscopy of a plant-pathogenic virus in the nervous system of its insect vector. J Virol 1967; 1:430-44. [PMID: 5623965 PMCID: PMC375240 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.2.430-444.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system of wound tumor virus (WTV)-infected Agallia constricta was studied by electron microscopy to obtain information concerning the virus distribution in the nervous system. Wound tumor virions were mostly found in the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells and less frequently in the glial cells. WTV was occasionally observed in the perineurium cells, nerve axons, tracheoblasts, and lateral nerves. In the ganglion cells, virions appeared as individual isolated particles (V(1)), in tubular formation (V(2)), and occasionally in aggregates (V(3)). In the glial cells, the virions were mostly seen in the V(3) formation, and very seldom in the V(1) and V(2) formations. In the perineurium cells and tracheoblasts, only small V(3) formations were observed. The isolated virions were usually surrounded with polyribosomes, and often appeared around the foci of the viroplasm. Sometimes degenerating ganglion cells infected with the WTV were encountered. These damaged cells strongly indicated that WTV exerted a cytopathogenic effect on the nerve cells.
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Kovács E, Bucz B. Propagation of mammalian viruses in Protista II. Isolation of complete virus from yeast and Tetrahymena experimentally infected with picorna viral particles or their infectious RNA. Life Sci 1967; 6:347-58. [PMID: 4166302 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(67)90003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chiu R, Reddy DV, Black LM. Inoculation and infection of leafhopper tissue cultures with a plant virus. Virology 1966; 30:562-6. [PMID: 5331914 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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39
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Shikata E, Maramorosch K, Granados RR. Electron microscopy of pea enation mosaic virus in plants and aphid vectors. Virology 1966; 29:426-36. [PMID: 5961575 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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