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Glover KKM, Sutherland DM, Dermody TS, Coombs KM. A Single Point Mutation, Asn 16→Lys, Dictates the Temperature-Sensitivity of the Reovirus tsG453 Mutant. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020289. [PMID: 33673179 PMCID: PMC7917769 DOI: 10.3390/v13020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of conditionally lethal mutants can help delineate the structure-function relationships of biomolecules. Temperature-sensitive (ts) mammalian reovirus (MRV) mutants were isolated and characterized many years ago. Two of the most well-defined MRV ts mutants are tsC447, which contains mutations in the S2 gene encoding viral core protein σ2, and tsG453, which contains mutations in the S4 gene encoding major outer-capsid protein σ3. Because many MRV ts mutants, including both tsC447 and tsG453, encode multiple amino acid substitutions, the specific amino acid substitutions responsible for the ts phenotype are unknown. We used reverse genetics to recover recombinant reoviruses containing the single amino acid polymorphisms present in ts mutants tsC447 and tsG453 and assessed the recombinant viruses for temperature-sensitivity by efficiency-of-plating assays. Of the three amino acid substitutions in the tsG453 S4 gene, Asn16-Lys was solely responsible for the tsG453ts phenotype. Additionally, the mutant tsC447 Ala188-Val mutation did not induce a temperature-sensitive phenotype. This study is the first to employ reverse genetics to identify the dominant amino acid substitutions responsible for the tsC447 and tsG453 mutations and relate these substitutions to respective phenotypes. Further studies of other MRV ts mutants are warranted to define the sequence polymorphisms responsible for temperature sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen K. M. Glover
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Room 543 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada;
| | - Danica M. Sutherland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; (D.M.S.); (T.S.D.)
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; (D.M.S.); (T.S.D.)
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Room 543 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, 715 McDermot Avenue, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-3976
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Rudd P, Lemay G. Correlation between interferon sensitivity of reovirus isolates and ability to discriminate between normal and Ras-transformed cells. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:1489-1497. [PMID: 15831962 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian reoviruses exhibit a propensity to replicate in transformed cells. It is currently believed that the interferon-inducible RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), an intracellular host-cell resistance factor that is inhibited by an activated Ras-dependent pathway in transformed cells, is responsible for this discrimination. In the present study, reovirus isolates differing in their sensitivity to interferon were obtained by chemical mutagenesis, and examined for their replicative properties in parental and Ras-transformed mouse NIH-3T3 cells. It was observed that most isolates can bypass resistance mechanisms of parental cells at high m.o.i., and that there is a correlation between the ability to discriminate between transformed and parental cells, and interferon sensitivity. Most interestingly, an interferon-hypersensitive mutant virus was more dependent on Ras activation than any other viral isolate. Altogether, this suggests that optimal reovirus isolates could be selected to attack tumour cells depending on the nature of the alterations in interferon-inducible pathways found in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Rudd
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Guy Lemay
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Abstract
Reovirus infection leads to apoptosis in cultured cells and in vivo. Binding of viral attachment protein final sigma 1 to both sialic acid and junction adhesion molecule is required for induction of apoptosis. However, it is not known whether viral engagement of receptors is sufficient to elicit this cellular response. To determine whether steps in reovirus replication subsequent to viral attachment are required for reovirus-induced apoptosis, we used inhibitors of viral disassembly and RNA synthesis, viral disassembly intermediates, temperature-sensitive (ts) reovirus mutants, and reovirus particles deficient in genomic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). We found that reovirus-induced apoptosis is abolished in the presence of the viral disassembly inhibitors ammonium chloride and E64. Infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs), which are intermediates in reovirus disassembly that can be generated in vitro by protease treatment, are capable of inducing apoptosis in the presence or absence of these inhibitors. Treatment of cells with the viral RNA synthesis inhibitor ribavirin does not diminish the capacity of reovirus to induce apoptosis, and reovirus ts mutants arrested at defined steps in viral replication produce apoptosis with efficiency similar to that of wild-type virus. Furthermore, reovirus particles lacking dsRNA are capable of inducing apoptosis. Finally, we found that viral attachment and disassembly must occur within the same cellular compartment for reovirus to elicit an apoptotic response. These results demonstrate that disassembly of reovirus virions to form ISVPs, but not viral transcription or subsequent steps in viral replication, is required for reovirus to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Connolly
- Department of Pediatrics and Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Patrick M, Duncan R, Coombs KM. Generation and genetic characterization of avian reovirus temperature-sensitive mutants. Virology 2001; 284:113-22. [PMID: 11352672 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There currently is little known about the genetic and biological functions of avian reovirus (ARV), an atypical member of the family Reoviridae and the prototype of all nonenveloped viruses that induce syncytia formation. In this study, we created ARV temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants by chemical mutagenesis of ARV strain 138. We developed a novel efficiency of lysis (EOL) screening technique and used it and the classical efficiency of plating (EOP) assay to identify 17 ARV ts mutants. Pairwise mixed infections of these mutants and evaluation of recombinant progeny ts status led to their organization into seven recombination groups. This indicates that these new groups of mutants represent the majority of the ARV genome. To phenotypically characterize the ts mutants, progeny double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced at permissive and nonpermissive temperature was measured. Some mutants were capable of dsRNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature (RNA(+)), which indicates the effects of their ts lesions occur after RNA replication. Most mutants were RNA(-), which suggests their mutations affect stages in viral replication that precede progeny genome synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patrick
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada
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Shing M, Coombs KM. Assembly of the reovirus outer capsid requires mu 1/sigma 3 interactions which are prevented by misfolded sigma 3 protein in temperature-sensitive mutant tsG453. Virus Res 1996; 46:19-29. [PMID: 9029774 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(96)01372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A temperature-sensitive reovirus mutant, tsG453, whose defect was mapped to major outer capsid protein sigma 3, makes core particles but fails to assemble the outer capsid around the core at non-permissive temperature. Previous studies that made use of electron cryo-microscopy and image reconstructions showed that mu 1, the other major outer capsid protein, but not sigma 3, interact extensively with the core capsid. Although wild-type sigma 3 and mu 1 interact with each other, immunocoprecipitation studies showed that mutant sigma 3 protein was incapable of interacting with mu 1 at the non-permissive temperature. In addition, restrictively-grown mutant sigma 3 protein could not be precipitated by some sigma 3-specific monoclonal antibodies. These observations suggest that in a wild-type infection, specific sigma 3 and mu 1 interactions result in changes in mu 1 conformation which are required to allow mu 1/sigma 3 complexes to condense onto the core capsid shell during outer capsid assembly, and that sigma 3 in non-permissive tsG453 infections is misfolded such that it cannot interact with mu 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shing
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Coombs KM. Identification and characterization of a double-stranded RNA- reovirus temperature-sensitive mutant defective in minor core protein mu2. J Virol 1996; 70:4237-45. [PMID: 8676444 PMCID: PMC190354 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.7.4237-4245.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A newly identified temperature-sensitive mutant whose defect was mapped to the reovirus M1 gene (minor core protein mu2) was studied to better understand the functions of this virion protein. Sequence determination of the Ml gene of this mutant (tsH11.2) revealed a predicted methionine-to-threonine alteration at amino acid 399 and a change from proline to histidine at amino acid 414. The mutant made normal amounts of single-stranded RNA, both in in vitro transcriptase assays and in infected cells, and normal amounts of progeny viral protein at early times in a restrictive infection. However, tsH11.2 produced neither detectable progeny protein nor double-stranded RNA at late times in a restrictive infection. These studies indicate that mu2 plays a role in the conversion of reovirus mRNA to progeny double-stranded RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Fukuda A, Sugiura A. Temperature-dependent growth restriction in measles vaccine strains. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE & BIOLOGY 1983; 36:331-5. [PMID: 6676504 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.36.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent growth restriction was studied with the measles vaccine strains licensed in Japan in comparison with their parental wild strains. Plaquing efficiency was compared at various temperatures from 35 to 40 C. AIK-C strain derived from Edmonston wild strain was temperature-sensitive with the 39 C shutoff temperature. No significant restriction of growth was found for other vaccine strains, i.e., Schwarz, FF-8, and CAM-70, and for their parental wild strains, i.e., Edmonston and Tanabe . A paradoxical feature was found for FF-8 strain; in spite of undiminished plaquing efficiency at 40 C, the growth in the fluid medium was markedly depressed at 39 C or above.
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Ahmed R, Fields BN. Reassortment of genome segments between reovirus defective interfering particles and infectious virus: construction of temperature-sensitive and attenuated viruses by rescue of mutations from DI particles. Virology 1981; 111:351-63. [PMID: 7245608 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
The encephalitogenic potential of nine temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus was determined in newborn golden Syrian hamsters. The parental virus produced acute encephalitis without any prior adaptation. Six of the mutants were attenuated, two were virulent, and one was associated with hydrocephalus with acute onset. The attenuated mutants, blocked before measles virus antigen and ribonucleic acid synthesis at 39 C, were all members of one complementation group. The virulent temperature-sensitive mutants, defective in hemolysin antigen synthesis at 39 C, were members of a second complementation group. The hydrocephalus-inducing mutant was genetically distinct from the other mutants. The mechanism of attenuation most probably does not involve a temperature-induced inhibition of virus replication, but rather appears to be related to the partial defectiveness of the mutants under permissive conditions.
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Richman DD, Murphy BR, Spring SB, Coleman MT, Chanock RM. Temperature sensitive mutants of influenza virus. IX. Genetic and biological characterization of TS-1[E] lesions when transferred to a 1972 (H3N2) influenza A virus. Virology 1975; 66:551-62. [PMID: 1154653 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Ito Y, Joklik WK. Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus. I. Patterns of gene expression by mutants of groups C, D, and E. Virology 1972; 50:189-201. [PMID: 4673272 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Ikegami N, Gomatos PJ. Inhibition of host and viral protein syntheses during infection at the nonpermissive temperature with ts mutants of reovirus 3. Virology 1972; 47:306-19. [PMID: 5058833 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fenner F. The possible use of temperature-sensitive conditional lethal mutants for immunization in viral infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1972; 31:131-44. [PMID: 4672020 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3225-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shatkin AJ. Viruses with segmented ribonucleic acid genomes: multiplication of influenza versus reovirus. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1971; 35:250-66. [PMID: 5114967 PMCID: PMC378389 DOI: 10.1128/br.35.3.250-266.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Simizu B, Takayama N. Relationship between neurovirulence and temperature sensitivity of an attenuated western equine encephalitis virus. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1971; 35:242-50. [PMID: 5137591 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Fields BN, Raine CS, Baum SG. Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3: defects in viral maturation as studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Virology 1971; 43:569-78. [PMID: 4107549 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Holloway AF, Wong PK, Cormack DV. Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus. Virology 1970; 42:917-26. [PMID: 4321310 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Four conditional-lethal temperature-sensitive mutants of RS virus were detected among the progeny of 454 plaques derived from virus grown in the presence of 10(-4)m 5-fluorouridine. These mutants were stable (reversion frequency, 10(-5.0) or less and failed to produce plaques at 38 or 39 C. Plaquing efficiency was depressed 100-fold or more at 37 C. Variable suppression of growth at the restrictive temperature of 39 C was observed, ranging from 16-fold to complete suppression. The temperature-sensitive defect of three of the mutants appeared to affect functions which were expressed late in the replicative cycle. One of the mutants produced atypical nonsyncytial plaques.
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