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Hutchinson EC, Charles PD, Hester SS, Thomas B, Trudgian D, Martínez-Alonso M, Fodor E. Conserved and host-specific features of influenza virion architecture. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4816. [PMID: 25226414 PMCID: PMC4167602 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses use virions to spread between hosts, and virion composition is therefore the primary determinant of viral transmissibility and immunogenicity. However, the virions of many viruses are complex and pleomorphic, making them difficult to analyse in detail. Here we address this by identifying and quantifying virion proteins with mass spectrometry, producing a complete and quantified model of the hundreds of viral and host-encoded proteins that make up the pleomorphic virions of influenza viruses. We show that a conserved influenza virion architecture is maintained across diverse combinations of virus and host. This ‘core’ architecture, which includes substantial quantities of host proteins as well as the viral protein NS1, is elaborated with abundant host-dependent features. As a result, influenza virions produced by mammalian and avian hosts have distinct protein compositions. Finally we note that influenza virions share an underlying protein composition with exosomes, suggesting that influenza virions form by subverting microvesicle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Hutchinson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Philip D Charles
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Svenja S Hester
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Benjamin Thomas
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - David Trudgian
- 1] Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK [2]
| | - Mónica Martínez-Alonso
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Cabezas JA, Calvo P, Eid P, Martin J, Perez E, Reglero A, Hannoun C. Neuraminidase from influenza virus A (H3N2): specificity towards several substrates and procedure of activity determination. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 616:228-38. [PMID: 7213637 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) from the influenza virus A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) was purified after treatment of the purified virus with sarcosyl (sodium laurylsarcosinate), centrifugation at 110 000 x g, and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200. It migrated as a single component during electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, and its molecular weight was estimated about 270 000. The enzyme was thermolabile, the activity being reduced to 60% in 10 min at 50 degrees C. The purified neuraminidase had an apparent Km value of 4.1 . 10(-3) M for 5-N-acetyl-2-O-(3-methoxyphenyl)-alpha-D-neuraminic acid and was able to release sialic acid with linkages alpha 2-3, alpha 2-6 and alpha 2-8 (with very different efficiency) from fetuin, gangliosides, colominic acid, and bovine and porcine submaxillary mucins. The enzymic activity was measured by several procedures: (A) spectrophotometric determination at 340 nm of the NADH produced in the reaction catalysed by beta-galactose dehydrogenase on beta-galactose + NAD+, this beta-galactose was the product released from lactose by beta-galactosidase and lactose was the product of the neuraminidase activity on N-acetylneuraminyl-lactose; (B) determination of the colored quinone yielded by the liberated methoxyphenol with 4-aminoantipyrine (Santer, U.V., Yee-Foon, J. and Glick, M.C. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 523, 435-442); (C) periodate-thiobarbiturate procedures (Warren, L. (1959) J. Biol. Chem 234, 1971-1975 or Aminoff, D. (1961) Biochem. J. 81, 384-391). Some peculiarities of these methods are discussed.
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Nakamura K, Compans RW. Host cell- and virus strain-dependent differences in oligosaccharides of hemagglutinin glycoproteins of influenza A viruses. Virology 1979; 95:8-23. [PMID: 442545 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Joassin L, Reginster M. A convenient method for isolation of the M-protein of influenza virus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb02888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Influenza C viruses did not possess neuraminidase activity when examined using either fetuin or sialyllactose as substrate. Purified preparations of influenza C virus inhibited hemagglutination by NWS hemagglutinin. The hemagglutination inhibiting activity was abolished by treatment of influenza C virus with neuraminidase. These findings indicated the absence of neuraminidase activity on influenza C virus particles.
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Israel A, Semmel M, Huppert J. Host-range mutant of fowl plague virus (FPV): comparison of the genome and virus proteins. Virology 1975; 68:503-9. [PMID: 1239116 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kendal AP. A comparison of "influenza C" with prototype myxoviruses: receptor-destroycing activity (neuraminidase) and structural polypeptides. Virology 1975; 65:87-99. [PMID: 49979 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Blough HA, Tiffany JM. Theoretical aspects of structure and assembly of viral envelops. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1975; 70:1-30. [PMID: 808396 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66101-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
d-Glucosamine and 2-deoxy-d-glucose interfere with the biosynthesis of the hemagglutinin glycoproteins. With increasing inhibitor concentrations a progressive decrease in size of the precursor HA and the cleavage products, HA(1) and HA(2) can be observed. The shift in molecular weight is paralleled by a decrease of the carbohydrate content. This was shown by labeling studies with radioactive sugars which revealed that the inhibitors block the incorporation into glycoproteins, whereas they have no or only slight effects on the uptake and activation of sugars. Under conditions of maximal inhibition, the hemagglutinin proteins lack all or most of their carbohydrates. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of d-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-d-glucose is due to an impairment of glycosylation. When glycosylation is inhibited, the precursor polypeptide is synthesized at normal rates. Its cleavage products, however, are very heterogeneous. This suggests that carbohydrate protects the hemagglutinin from proteolytic degradation.
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Compans RW, Meier-Ewert H, Palese P. Assembly of lipid-containing viruses. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1974; 2:496-511. [PMID: 4437183 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Stanley P, Crook NE, Streader LG, Davidson BE. The polypeptides of influenza virus. 8. Large-scale purification of the hemagglutinin. Virology 1973; 56:640-5. [PMID: 4796551 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Masurel N, Baars AJ, Frankena H. Vaccination and protection experiments in mice with the human A-1957 and A-1968 strains, and the Equi-2 strain of influenza virus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1973; 39:461-71. [PMID: 4543055 DOI: 10.1007/bf02578889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Oxford JS. Polypeptide composition of Influenza B viruses and enzymes associated with the purified virus particles. J Virol 1973; 12:827-35. [PMID: 4359955 PMCID: PMC356700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.4.827-835.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B/LEE/40, B/Rome/1/67, B/Hong Kong/8/73, and B/Victoria/98926/70 viruses have a similar polypeptide composition as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These viruses are composed of six or seven polypeptides, depending on whether one or two high-molecular-weight polypeptides are resolved, ranging in molecular weights from 27,000 to 90,400. Three of these polypeptides, namely the heavy and light hemagglutinin chains and the neuraminidase, have attached carbohydrate. Highly purified influenza B/LEE/40 and B/Rome/1/67 virus preparations have RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity equivalent to the incorporation of 100 and 30 pmol, respectively, of (3)H-UMP per mg of virus protein per h at 37 C, which is demonstrated only in detergent-treated virus suspensions. However, no RNA-dependent DNA polymerase enzyme activity was detected in the two viruses although virus suspensions were "activated" by heat, alpha-chymotrypsin, and detergents. Other enzymatic activities were associated with purified preparations of influenza B virus and were attributed to minor contamination of virus with host cell enzymes. Thus, nucleoside and deoxynucleoside phosphohydrolase enzymes were active in the absence of detergents and catalyzed the release of 1,200 and 1,800 nmol of P(i) per mg of virus protein in 30 min at 37 C from ATP and dATP substrates. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that the products of the phosphohydrolase enzymes of influenza B/LEE/40 were mainly nucleoside diphosphate and monophosphate. The latter enzymes were tightly bound to influenza B/LEE/40 virus and could not be removed completely by repeated centrifugation, including centrifugation of the virus to equilibrium in density gradients of 25 to 40% (wt/vol) cesium chloride. A low degree of RNase (approximately 0.01 mug% contamination) and phosphatase (10-30 nmol of P(i) released per mg of virus protein per 30 min) activity was detected in some, but not all, influenza B/LEE/40 virus preparations.
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Czekalowski JW, Prasad AK. Studies on influenza virus. I. Antigenic variation in influenza virus type C. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1973; 42:215-27. [PMID: 4796309 DOI: 10.1007/bf01265646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Stanley P, Gandhi SS, White DO. The polypeptides of influenza virus. VII. Synthesis of the hemagglutinin. Virology 1973; 53:92-106. [PMID: 4735937 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
This chapter discusses lipids in viruses. Lipid forms an integral part of many viruses and exists either in the form of a continuous envelope or in lipoprotein complexes that surround a nucleoprotein core or helix. In general, the envelope can be described as a molecular container for the genetic material of the virus. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are not known to carry genetic coding for enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Hence, they generally contain the same classes of lipid as are found in the host cell or their membrane of assembly. Lipids make up 20–35% by weight of most viruses; however, there are exceptions such as vaccinia virus, which has only 5% lipid despite having a complex multimembrane envelope structure. Naked herpesvirus capsids closely resemble non-lipid-containing viruses such as adenovirus or polyoma virus, which are also assembled in the nucleus but show full infectivity without any envelope. Both naked and enveloped herpesvirus particles are found in infected cells; however, only enveloped particles are found in extracellular fluids.
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Laver W. The Polypeptides of Influenza Viruses. Adv Virus Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Klenk HD, Scholtissek C, Rott R. Inhibition of glycoprotein biosynthesis of influenza virus by D-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Virology 1972; 49:723-34. [PMID: 4672417 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lazdins I, Haslam EA, White DO. The polypeptides of influenza virus. VI. Composition of the neuraminidase. Virology 1972; 49:758-65. [PMID: 5072635 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bucher DJ, Kilbourne ED. A 2 (N2) neuraminidase of the X-7 influenza virus recombinant: determination of molecular size and subunit composition of the active unit. J Virol 1972; 10:60-6. [PMID: 5040386 PMCID: PMC356425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.1.60-66.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase activity of influenza virus was directly seen on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels with the aid of the synthetic substrate, methoxyphenol neuraminic acid. Neuraminidase (NA) appeared as a high-molecular-weight fraction with a size in the range of 220,000 to 250,000 daltons. Isolation of this fraction from the X-7 strain of influenza virus, dissociation with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and reduction showed the presence of two polypeptides of 66,000 (NA(1)) and 58,000 (NA(2)) molecular weights in equimolar concentration. We postulate that the minimum active unit for the viral A(2) neuraminidase is a tetramer composed of two NA(1) and two NA(2) subunits.
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Schulze IT. The structure of influenza virus. II. A model based on the morphology and composition of subviral particles. Virology 1972; 47:181-96. [PMID: 4110126 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Stanley P, Haslam EA. The polypeptides of influenza virus. V. Localization of polypeptides in the virion by iodination techniques. Virology 1971; 46:764-73. [PMID: 5167658 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Shatkin AJ. Viruses with segmented ribonucleic acid genomes: multiplication of influenza versus reovirus. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1971; 35:250-66. [PMID: 5114967 PMCID: PMC378389 DOI: 10.1128/br.35.3.250-266.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Haslam EA, Hampson AW, Egan JA, White DO. The polypeptides of influenza virus. II. Interpretation of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns. Virology 1970; 42:555-65. [PMID: 5529976 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Taylor JM, Hampson AW, Layton JE, White DO. The polypeptides of influenza virus. IV. An analysis of nuclear accumulation. Virology 1970; 42:744-52. [PMID: 5529981 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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