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Abstract
The surface envelope protein of any virus is major determinant of the host cell that is infected and as a result a major determinant of viral pathogenesis. Retroviruses have a single surface protein named Env. It is a trimer of heterodimers and is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor and mediating fusion between the viral and host membranes. In this review we will discuss the history of the discovery of the avian leukosis virus (ALV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env proteins and their receptor specificity, comparing the many differences but having some similarities. Much of the progress in these fields has relied on viral genetics and genetic polymorphisms in the host population. A special feature of HIV-1 is that its persistent infection in its human host, to the point of depleting its favorite target cells, allows the virus to evolve new entry phenotypes to expand its host range into several new cell types. This variety of entry phenotypes has led to confusion in the field leading to the major form of entry phenotype of HIV-1 being overlooked until recently. Thus an important part of this story is the description and naming of the most abundant entry form of the virus: R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1.
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Cheung KH, Keerthikumar S, Roncaglia P, Subramanian SL, Roth ME, Samuel M, Anand S, Gangoda L, Gould S, Alexander R, Galas D, Gerstein MB, Hill AF, Kitchen RR, Lötvall J, Patel T, Procaccini DC, Quesenberry P, Rozowsky J, Raffai RL, Shypitsyna A, Su AI, Théry C, Vickers K, Wauben MHM, Mathivanan S, Milosavljevic A, Laurent LC. Extending gene ontology in the context of extracellular RNA and vesicle communication. J Biomed Semantics 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 27076901 PMCID: PMC4830068 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-016-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To address the lack of standard terminology to describe extracellular RNA (exRNA) data/metadata, we have launched an inter-community effort to extend the Gene Ontology (GO) with subcellular structure concepts relevant to the exRNA domain. By extending GO in this manner, the exRNA data/metadata will be more easily annotated and queried because it will be based on a shared set of terms and relationships relevant to extracellular research. Methods By following a consensus-building process, we have worked with several academic societies/consortia, including ERCC, ISEV, and ASEMV, to identify and approve a set of exRNA and extracellular vesicle-related terms and relationships that have been incorporated into GO. In addition, we have initiated an ongoing process of extractions of gene product annotations associated with these terms from Vesiclepedia and ExoCarta, conversion of the extracted annotations to Gene Association File (GAF) format for batch submission to GO, and curation of the submitted annotations by the GO Consortium. As a use case, we have incorporated some of the GO terms into annotations of samples from the exRNA Atlas and implemented a faceted search interface based on such annotations. Results We have added 7 new terms and modified 9 existing terms (along with their synonyms and relationships) to GO. Additionally, 18,695 unique coding gene products (mRNAs and proteins) and 963 unique non-coding gene products (ncRNAs) which are associated with the terms: “extracellular vesicle”, “extracellular exosome”, “apoptotic body”, and “microvesicle” were extracted from ExoCarta and Vesiclepedia. These annotations are currently being processed for submission to GO. Conclusions As an inter-community effort, we have made a substantial update to GO in the exRNA context. We have also demonstrated the utility of some of the new GO terms for sample annotation and metadata search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Paola Roncaglia
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK ; Gene Ontology Consortium (GOC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Sai Lakshmi Subramanian
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Matthew E Roth
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Monisha Samuel
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Sushma Anand
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Lahiru Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Stephen Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; American Society for Exosomes and Microvesicles (ASEMV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Roger Alexander
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - David Galas
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Robert R Kitchen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Jan Lötvall
- University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Tushar Patel
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Dena C Procaccini
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Rockville, MD USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- University Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Providence, RI USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Joel Rozowsky
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Aleksandra Shypitsyna
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK ; Gene Ontology Consortium (GOC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Aleksandar Milosavljevic
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
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Abstract
The subcellular location at which genomic RNA is packaged by Gag proteins during retrovirus assembly remains unknown. Since the membrane-binding (M) domain is most critical for targeting Gag to the plasma membrane, changes to this determinant might alter the path taken through the cell and reduce the efficiency of genome packaging. In this report, a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) mutant having two acidic-to-basic substitutions in the M domain is described. This mutant, designated Super M, produced particles much faster than the wild type, but the mutant virions were noninfectious and contained only 1/10 the amount of genomic RNA found in wild-type particles. To identify the cause(s) of these defects, we considered data that suggest that RSV Gag traffics through the nucleus to package the viral genome. Although inhibition of the CRM-1 pathway of nuclear export caused the accumulation of wild-type Gag in the nucleus, nuclear accumulation did not occur with Super M. The importance of the nucleocapsid (NC) domain in membrane targeting was also determined, and, importantly, deletion of the NC sequence prevented plasma membrane localization by wild-type Gag but not by Super M Gag. Based on these results, we reasoned that the enhanced membrane-targeting properties of Super M inhibit genome packaging. Consistent with this interpretation, substitutions that reestablished the wild-type number of basic and acidic residues in the Super M Gag M domain reduced the budding efficiency and restored genome packaging and infectivity. Therefore, these data suggest that Gag targeting and genome packaging are normally linked to ensure that RSV particles contain viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Callahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17036, USA
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4
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Vogt VM, Simon MN. Mass determination of rous sarcoma virus virions by scanning transmission electron microscopy. J Virol 1999; 73:7050-5. [PMID: 10400808 PMCID: PMC112795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.7050-7055.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/1998] [Accepted: 05/07/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal structural protein of retroviruses, Gag, comprises most of the mass of the virion, and Gag itself can give rise to virus-like particles when expressed in appropriate cells. Previously the stoichiometry of Gag in virions was inferred from indirect measurements carried out 2 decades ago. We now have directly determined the masses of individual particles of the prototypic avian retrovirus, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), by using scanning transmission electron microscopy. In this technique, the number of scattered electrons in the dark-field image integrated over an individual freeze-dried virus particle on a grid is directly proportional to its mass. The RSV virions had a mean mass of 2.5 x 10(8) Da, corresponding to about 1,500 Gag molecules per virion. The population of virions was not homogeneous, with about one-third to two-thirds of the virions deviating from the mean by more than 10% of the mass in two respective preparations. The mean masses for virions carrying genomes of 7.4 or 9.3 kb were indistinguishable, suggesting that mass variability is not due to differences in RNA incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Vogt
- Section of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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5
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Darcel C. Reflections on the pathogenesis of diseases caused by the acute avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses with special reference to avian erythroblastosis. Vet Res Commun 1994; 18:397-415. [PMID: 7863611 DOI: 10.1007/bf01839290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The various diseases that follow experimental infection with the acute and non-acute avian oncoviruses are discussed with special reference to the pathogenesis of avian erythroblastosis. One view, based on in vitro studies, sees erythroblastosis as the product of a failure in the differentiation of virus-infected stem cells to mature erythrocytes, as a result of cell 'transformation'. The results of some in vivo studies, however, point to a resemblance of the disease to a haemolytic anaemia, where cellular death is an important component. It seems probable that the disease is the result of transformation of cells of the erythroblastic series followed by the death of many of these cells due to influences that have not yet been determined. Determination of the causes of this cellular death may prove to be as important for our understanding of the problem of leukaemia as the work that has already been accomplished in explaining the causes of cell transformation. It is also suggested that the tendency of gs amino acid sequences of the avian leukosis viruses and mouse leukaemia viruses to form fusion proteins with a variety of proto-oncogenes may be part of a wider phenomenon, and that these sequences may fuse with other proteins, altering their properties. More work is required on the possibility that there is an undiscovered immunological component in the progression of the L/S diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Darcel
- Palliser Animal Health Laboratories Ltd, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Tsai WP, Oroszlan S. Novel glycosylation pathways of retroviral envelope proteins identified with avian reticuloendotheliosis virus. J Virol 1988; 62:3167-74. [PMID: 2841469 PMCID: PMC253434 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.9.3167-3174.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified two mature glycoproteins, gp90, the surface glycoprotein, and gp20, the transmembrane protein, from avian reticuloendotheliosis virus and an avian reticuloendotheliosis virus env gene-encoded intracellular polyprotein gPr77env, but the precise relationship of gPr77env to the mature envelope proteins was not determined (W.-P. Tsai, T.D. Copeland, and S. Oroszlan, Virology 155:567-583, 1986). In the present study, using metabolic labeling of viral proteins with [35S]cysteine, radioimmunoprecipitation, and carbohydrate structure analysis, we have identified a higher-molecular-weight endo-H-resistant env gene-encoded polyprotein designated gPr115env in addition to the endo-H-sensitive gPr77env. It appears that gPr77env is the primary polyprotein precursor, modified with mannosyloligosaccharides that are processed into sialic-acid-rich extraordinarily large complex-type carbohydrates (up to 17 kilodaltons for each N-linked site) on the gp90 domain but not on the gPr22 domain. In this process, gPr77env is converted into the apparently endo-H-resistant secondary polyprotein, gPr115env, which is rapidly processed into gp90 and gPr22. The proteolytic processing which occurs only after the appearance of an endo-H resistant precursor is now clearly demonstrated for a retrovirus. Some important aspects of carbohydrate structure, including the site-specific glycosylation, as well as the intracellular location and nature of the potential enzyme involved in the proteolytic cleavage of gPr115env are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Tsai
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Carcinogenesis, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Maryland 21701
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7
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Bova CA, Olsen JC, Swanstrom R. The avian retrovirus env gene family: molecular analysis of host range and antigenic variants. J Virol 1988; 62:75-83. [PMID: 2824857 PMCID: PMC250503 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.1.75-83.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the env gp85-coding domain from two avian sarcoma and leukosis retrovirus isolates was determined to identify host range and antigenic determinants. The predicted amino acid sequence of gp85 from a subgroup D virus isolate of the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus was compared with the previously reported sequences of subgroup A, B, C, and E avian sarcoma and leukosis retroviruses. Subgroup D viruses are closely related to the subgroup B viruses but have an extended host range that includes the ability to penetrate certain mammalian cells. There are 27 amino acid differences shared between the subgroup D sequence and three subgroup B sequences. At 16 of these sites, the subgroup D sequence is identical to the sequence of one or more of the other subgroup viruses (A, C, and E). The remaining 11 sites are specific to subgroup D and show some clustering in the two large variable regions that are thought to be major determinants of host range. Biological analysis of recombinant viruses containing a dominant selectable marker confirmed the role of the gp85-coding domain in determining the host range of the subgroup D virus in the infection of mammalian cells. We also compared the sequence of the gp85-coding domain from two subgroup A viruses, Rous-associated virus type 1 and a subgroup A virus of the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus. The comparison revealed 24 nonconservative amino acid changes, of which 6 result in changes in potential glycosylation sites. The positions of 10 amino acid differences are coincident with the positions of 10 differences found between two subgroup B virus env gene sequences. These 10 sites identify seven domains in the sequence which may constitute determinants of type-specific antigenicity. Using a molecular recombinant, we demonstrated that type-specific neutralization of two subgroup A viruses was associated with the gp85-coding domain of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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8
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Bennett DD, Wright SE. Immunization with envelope glycoprotein of an avian RNA tumor virus protects against sarcoma virus tumor induction: role of subgroup. Virus Res 1987; 8:73-7. [PMID: 2821707 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(87)90041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Avian RNA tumor virus envelope glycoprotein protects against sarcoma development by an avian sarcoma virus of the same subgroup. Avian RNA tumor viruses, members of the retrovirus family, induce various malignancies in fowl (Weiss et al. (eds.), 1982, RNA Tumor Viruses, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). These viruses consist of a genomic RNA core surrounded by an envelope with embedded glycoproteins, of 85 and 37 kDa. The 85 kDa glycoprotein is antigenically specific for each subgroup as determined by neutralization. The envelope glycoprotein can be removed from the virion with retention of its antigenicity (Duesberg et al., 1970, Virology 41, 631-646). Two fractions of 4-6S and 8S, separated by sedimentation, were shown to retain antigenicity by interference of neutralization of virus by antibody. Thus, the 4-6S and 8S preparations could possibly serve as immunogens. The objective of this study was to determine if such envelope glycoprotein preparations could function as potential vaccines, and if so, whether the protection afforded would be subgroup specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bennett
- Viral Oncology Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148
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9
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Bova CA, Manfredi JP, Swanstrom R. env genes of avian retroviruses: nucleotide sequence and molecular recombinants define host range determinants. Virology 1986; 152:343-54. [PMID: 3014723 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The env gene of avian sarcoma and leukosis retroviruses is allelic in the virus population permitting the virus to use different host cell receptors. This polymorphism has allowed the classification of these viruses into different subgroups. In order to understand further the role of viral sequences involved in determining this host range phenomenon, we constructed molecular recombinants between subgroup A, B, and E viruses and showed that the host range determinant defining subgroup specificity was located within a 1.1-kb region of the genome that included most of the coding region for the env gene product gp85. We also determined the nucleotide sequence of the region of the env gene encoding gp85 for virus isolates representing subgroup A and B viruses. We compared the predicted amino acid sequences of gp85 to themselves and to the previously published sequences of subgroup B, C, and E env genes. Based on these comparisons, we draw the following conclusions: Within the gp85 coding domain, there are four variable regions (VR-1 to VR-4) ranging in size from 9 to 52 amino acids. The variable regions are located in the same relative positions for each of the env gene alleles compared. The variable regions range in homology from 42% (A compared to B) to 57% (C compared to E) in pairwise comparisons; the flanking conserved domains are on average 95% homologous. The sequences of three different subgroup B virus isolates are highly homologous in both the conserved and variable regions. Secondary structure predictions suggest that gp85 is composed mostly of beta sheet topology. Hydrophilic loops within the variable regions may define sites of receptor interaction and binding sites for subgroup specific neutralizing antibodies.
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10
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Ficht TA, Chang LJ, Stoltzfus CM. Avian sarcoma virus gag and env gene structural protein precursors contain a common amino-terminal sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:362-6. [PMID: 6320182 PMCID: PMC344676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.2.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation site for translation of the avian sarcoma virus glycoprotein precursor, Pr63env, has been determined by analyzing the amino-terminal peptides of Pr63env and the polyprotein precursor Pr76gag encoded by the viral gag gene. The acceptor splice junction used to form the env gene mRNA has also been identified. Hybrid-selected virus-specific mRNAs were translated in vitro in the presence of either L-[35S]methionine to label at every methionine residue or L-[35S]methionine-tRNAMeti to label specifically at the amino-terminal methionine residues. Tryptic peptide maps of Pr63env labeled at every methionine residue contain all of the peptides, plus one additional peptide, present in the map of Pr57env, a nonglycosylated env-encoded polypeptide of molecular weight 57,000 immunoprecipitated from tunicamycin-treated cells. Specific amino-terminal labeling of the in vitro-synthesized polypeptides showed that the peptide missing from Pr57env corresponds to the amino-terminal tryptic peptide of Pr63env, which is removed in vivo as part of the amino-terminal signal peptide. Comparison of the amino-terminal tryptic peptides of Pr63env and Pr76gag showed that they are identical. In contrast, the chymotryptic amino-terminal peptides of Pr76gag and Pr63env are not identical. The location of the acceptor-splice junction in the env mRNA of the Prague A strain of avian sarcoma virus was determined by mung bean nuclease mapping to be at nucleotide 5,078. Fusion of the gag and env gene sequences during splicing results in use of the same AUG codon to initiate synthesis of Pr76gag and Pr63env. This sequence is contained within the 397-nucleotide 5' terminal leader that is spliced to the body of the env mRNA. The possible significance of these results for the regulation of avian sarcoma virus synthesis and translation is discussed.
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11
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Marciani DJ. Amphiphilic properties of the avian myeloblastosis virus major glycoprotein, gp 80. J Cell Biochem 1983; 22:209-17. [PMID: 6323497 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240220403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The major glycoprotein (gp 80) from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) displays significant lipophilic properties, as shown by its strong interactions with acetylated uncharged decylamino agarose in hydrophobic chromatography. In effect, release from binding was achieved only by the added presence of a polarity reducing agent (ethylene glycol) and the strong anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate. The hydrophobic behavior of the glycoprotein, coupled to the high content of hydrophilic carbohydrates, indicates its amphiphilic character. Confirmation of the amphiphilic nature of the AMV gp 80 was obtained by charge shift electrophoresis and crossed hydrophobic interaction immunoelectrophoresis. In both instances, the electrophoretic behavior of the glycoprotein was dependent on the presence of detergents. The AMV gp 80 displays the properties of integral membrane proteins.
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12
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Hunt LA, Wright SE. Comparison of the oligosaccharide moieties of the major envelope glycoproteins of the subgroup A and subgroup B avian myeloblastosis-associated viruses. J Virol 1983; 45:233-40. [PMID: 6296432 PMCID: PMC256406 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.233-240.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the oligosaccharide chains of the major envelope glycoprotein, gp85, from avian myeloblastosis-associated viruses has been examined for the subgroup A and subgroup B viruses replicated in fibroblasts from the same chicken embryos. Pronase-digested glycopeptides from [3H]mannose- or [3H]glucosamine-labeled viruses were analyzed by the combined techniques of gel filtration, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase digestion, and concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The gp85 protein from these two viruses, and also from another subgroup A avian leukosis virus replicated in the same cells, contained a diverse array of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of the acidic type [(sialic acid +/- galactose-N-acetylglucosamine)2-4-(mannose)3-N-acetylglucosamine2(+/- fucose)-asparagine], hybrid type (sialic acid +/- galactose-N-acetylglucosamine-(mannose)5,4-N-acetylglucosamine2-asparagine), and neutral type [(mannose)5-9-N-acetylglucosamine2-asparagine], with the more highly branched (tri or tetraantennary or both) acidic-type structures representing the predominant class of oligosaccharide. Minor differences were observed between the gp85 of the subgroup B versus subgroup A viruses.
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13
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Ewert DL, Halpern MS. Avian endogenous retroviral envelope glycoprotein is assembled in two structural complexes of gp85 and gp37 subunits. Virology 1982; 122:506-9. [PMID: 6293184 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Hunt LA, Lamph W, Wright SE. Transformation-dependent alterations in the oligosaccharides of Prague C Rous sarcoma virus glycoproteins. J Virol 1981; 37:207-15. [PMID: 6260974 PMCID: PMC170997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.37.1.207-215.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of cell transformation on the glycosylation of viral envelope glycoproteins was examined by high-resolution gel filtration and specific glycosidase digestions of 3H-sugar-labeled glycopeptides from nondefective and transformation-defective Prague C strains of Rous sarcoma virus replicated in fibroblasts from the same chicken embryo. The major difference in glycosylation attributable to the viral transformation of the host cells was an increase in this relative amount of larger acidic-type oligosaccharides containing additional "branch" sugars (NeuNAc-Gal-GlcNAc-) compared with the smaller acidic-type and neutral-type oligosaccharides. There was also a shift in size distribution of neutral-type oligosaccharides toward smaller oligomannosyl cores in the transforming versus nontransforming virus glycopeptides. These alterations were consistent with a transformation-dependent increase in the extent of intracellular processing of a common precursor structure for the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of Rous sarcoma virus.
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15
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Duesberg PH, Bister K, Moscovici C. Genetic structure of avian myeloblastosis virus, released from transformed myeloblasts as a defective virus particle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5120-4. [PMID: 6159639 PMCID: PMC350008 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken myeloblasts transformed by avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) in the absence of nondefective helper virus (termed nonproducer cells) were found to release a defective virus particle (DVP) that contains avian tumor viral gag proteins but lacks envelope glycoprotein and a DNA polymerase. Nonproducer cells contain a Pr76 gag precursor protein and also a protein that is indistinguishable from the Pr180 gag-pol protein of nondefective viruses. The RNA of the DVP is 7.5 kilobases (kb) long and is 0.7 kb shorter than the 8.2-kb RNAs of the helper viruses of AMV, MAV-1 and MAV-2. Comparisons based on RNA.cDNA hybridization and mapping of RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides indicated that DVP RNA shares with MAV RNAs nearly isogenic 5'-terminal gag and pol-related sequences of 5.3 kb and a 3'-terminal c-region of 0.7 kb that is different from that found in other avian tumor viruses. Adjacent to the c-region, DVP RNA contains a contiguous specific sequence of 1.5 kb defined by 14 specific oligonucleotides. Except for two of these oligonucleotides that map at its 5' end, this sequence is unrelated to any sequences of nondefective avian tumor viruses of four different envelope subgroups as well as to the specific sequences of fibroblast-transforming avian acute leukemia and sarcoma viruses of four different RNA subgroups. The specific sequence of the DVP RNA is present in infectious stocks of AMV from this and other laboratories in an AMV-transformed myeloblast line from another laboratory, and it is about 70% related to nucleotide sequences of E26 virus, an independent isolate of an AMV-like virus. Preliminary experiments show DVP to be leukemogenic if fused into susceptible cells in the presence of helper virus. We conclude that DVP RNA is the leukemogenic component of infectious AMV and that its specific sequence, termed AMV, may carry genetic information for oncogenicity. Thus we have found here a transformation-specific RNA sequence, unrelated to helper virus, in a highly oncogenic virus that does not transform fibroblasts.
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16
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Shealy DJ, Mosser AG, Rueckert RR. Novel p19-related protein in Rous-associated virus type 61: implications for avian gag gene order. J Virol 1980; 34:431-7. [PMID: 6246274 PMCID: PMC288721 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.34.2.431-437.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Virions of Rous-associated virus type 61 contain a previously unrecognized p19-related protein, called p19f, which comigrates with gag protein p12 during electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels but can be separated by gel filtration chromatography in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. It is shown that the existence of p19f accounts for the earlier inability to order p27 and p12 by the pactamycin mapping procedure. Remapping with pactamycin by using methods which take this new protein into account yielded a gag gene order of NH2-p219-p27-p12-p15-COOH. It also confirmed earlier positions for the env and pol genes and placed unclassified protein p10 near a translational initiation site. The pactamycin-derived mapping position of p12 differs from reports based on tryptic analysis. An analysis of procedural shortcomings emphasizes the need for more definitive determinations of the avian gag gene order.
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17
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Klenk HD, Rott R. Cotranslational and posttranslational processing of viral glycoproteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1980; 90:19-48. [PMID: 6253233 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67717-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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19
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20
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Van Eldik LJ, Smith RE. Isolation and characterization of the envelope glycoprotein of an avian osteopetrosis virus: effect of host cell on antigenic reactivity. Virology 1978; 90:80-9. [PMID: 82295 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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van de Ven WJ, Vermorken AJ, Onnekink C, Bloemers HP, Bloemendal H. Structural studies on Rauscher murine leukemia virus: isolation and characterization of viral envelopes. J Virol 1978; 27:595-603. [PMID: 702639 PMCID: PMC525847 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.27.3.595-603.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A preparative method for isolating pure viral envelopes from a type-C RNA tumor virus, Rauscher murine leukemia virus, is described. Fractionation of virions of Rauscher murine leukemia virus was studied after disruption of the virions with the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate of Nonidet P-40 in combination with ether. Fractionation was performed through flotation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient and, as appeared from electron microscopic examination, a pure viral envelope fraction was obtained in this way. By use of sensitive competition radioimmunoassays or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation with polyvalent and monospecific antisera directed against Rauscher murine leukemia virus proteins, the amount of the gag and env gene-encoded structural polypeptides in the virions and the isolated envelope fraction was compared. The predominant viral structural polypeptides in the purified envelope fraction were the env gene-encoded polypeptides gp70, p15(E), and p12(E), whereas, except for p15, there was only a relatively small amount of the gag gene-encoded structural polypeptides in this fraction.
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22
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Van Eldik LJ, Paulson JC, Green RW, Smith RE. The influence of carbohydrate on the antigenicity of the envelope glycoprotein of avian myeloblastosis virus and B77 avian sarcoma virus. Virology 1978; 86:193-204. [PMID: 208246 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Henderson LE, Copeland TD, Smythers GW, Marquardt H, Oroszlan S. Amino-terminal amino acid sequence and carboxyl-terminal analysis of Rauscher murine leukemia virus glycoproteins. Virology 1978; 85:319-22. [PMID: 644886 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Crepin M. In vitro mouse mammary tumor virus transcription from chromatin. A system to study the mechanism of action of glucocorticoid hormones. FEBS Lett 1977; 84:266-70. [PMID: 563804 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Karshin WL, Arcement LJ, Naso RB, Arlinghaus RB. Common precursor for Rauscher leukemia virus gp69/71, p15(E), and p12(E). J Virol 1977; 23:787-98. [PMID: 894795 PMCID: PMC515890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.23.3.787-798.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rauscher murine leukemia virus glycoprotein gp69/71 and non-glycosylated p15(E) are synthesized by way of a 90,000-dalton precursor glycoprotein, termed Pr2a+b. Peptide mapping experiments showed that Pr2a+b contains all the tyrosine-containing tryptic peptides of gp69/71. Two additional tyrosine-containing tryptic peptides in Pr2a+b that are not detected in gp69/71 are found in p15(E). Thus, gp69/71 and p15(E) peptide sequences account for all the tyrosine tryptic peptides of Pr2a+b. The gene order of the two proteins was determined by pulse-labeling infected cells in the presence and absence of pactamycin at concentrations of the inhibitor that prevent initiation of translation, but not elongation. The gene order was found to be: (2)HN-gp69/71-p15(E)-COOH. A newly identified major viral protein, termed p12(E), migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels in the "p12" region. It is related to p15(E) as determined by tryptic mapping experiments. p15(E) and p12(E) are not phosphorylated, and both can be separated from phosphoprotein p12 by guanidine hydrochloride-agarose chromatography. p12(E) and p15(E) elute in the void volume fraction, whereas phosphoprotein p12 elutes between p15 and p10. The two p12 proteins can also be separated from each other by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis involving isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis in the second dimension.
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26
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McLellan WL, August JT. Analysis of the envelope of Rauscher murine oncornavirus: in vitro labeling of glycopeptides. J Virol 1976; 20:627-36. [PMID: 994301 PMCID: PMC355040 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.20.3.627-636.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity and localization of the oligosaccharides of Rauscher murine type C viral glycoproteins have been examined by techniques of in vitro labeling. Terminal sialic acid was labeled with tritium by borohydride reduction after selective periodate oxidation, and galactose was labeled by borohydride reduction after specific enzymatic oxidation of the nonreducing terminal of the sugar. The results were compared with those of protein surface labeling with pyridoxal phosphate or lactoperoxidase catalyzed radioiodination. Examination of the labeled reaction products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that in every case the major component labeled was a glycoprotein of about 70,000 daltons. The identity of this glycoprotein as the virion envelope component was confirmed by immunoprecipitation with mono-specific antiserum prepared against purified Rauscher virus glycopeptides of 69,000 and 71,000 daltons. No other protein or glycoprotein on the surface of the virion was detected, and disruption of virions-before labeling did not reveal additional distinctive glycoproteins. There was minor labeling of sugar residues of other components, but these remain to be characterized and are not now identified as other viral proteins. Studies of the structural organization of virion proteins using the cross-linking reagent methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate showed only linkage of the virion envelope or core proteins to themselves. These results indicate that most, if not all, of the oligosaccharides at the surface of Rauscher virus are entities of the 69,000- and 71,000-dalton glycopeptides and that they contain a terminal sialic acid and galactose and a subterminal galactose.
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27
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28
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29
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Critchley DR, Wyke JA, Hynes RO. Cell surface and metabolic labelling of the proteins of normal and transformed chicken cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 436:335-52. [PMID: 179596 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(76)90198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the surface proteins of normal and transformed chick cells using four-labelling techniques with different specificities, (a) lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination (b) galactose oxidase/B3H4 (c) pyridoxal phosphate/B3H4 and (d) periodate/B3H4. All methods labelled a large external transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein, in agreement with previous studies. In addition, using galactose oxidase and periodate labelling techniques, we present evidence which suggests that the transformed cell surface glycoproteins are more sialylated. The LETS protein was also labelled with (14C) glucosamine and after trypsinization a small band of identical molecular weight to LETS remained, possibly representing an internal pool of the protein. In contrast LETS protein labelled with (3H) fucose was completely removed by trypsin, suggesting that the internal pool of the protein is incompletely glycosylated. Evidence is also presented to show that although the level of the protein is drastically reduced at the transformed cell surface, it is still synthesised and shed into the medium.
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30
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Krantz MJ, Lee YC, Hung PP. Characterization and comparison of the major glycoprotein from three strains of Rous sarcoma virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:66-73. [PMID: 180897 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Galehouse DM, Duesberg PH. RNA and proteins of the Kirsten sarcoma-xenotropic leukemia virus complex propagated in rat and duck cells. Virology 1976; 70:97-104. [PMID: 176815 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Salden M, Asselbergs F, Bloemendal H. Translation of oncogenic virus RNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Nature 1976; 259:696-99. [PMID: 175294 DOI: 10.1038/259696a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Sarkar NH, Taraschi NE, Pomenti AA, Dion AS. Polypeptides of the mouse mammary tumor virus. II. Identification of two major glycoproteins with the viral structure. Virology 1976; 69:677-90. [PMID: 176790 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Arcement LJ, Karshin WL, Naso RB, Jamjoom G, Arlinghaus RB. Biosynthesis of Rauscher leukemia viral proteins: presence of p30 and envelope p15 sequences in precursor polypeptides. Virology 1976; 69:763-74. [PMID: 1258368 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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36
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37
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Hill M, Hillova J. Genetic transformation of animal cells with viral DNA of RNA tumor viruses. Adv Cancer Res 1976; 23:237-97. [PMID: 58548 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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39
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Jamjoom G, Karshin WL, Naso RB, Arcement LJ, Arlinghaus RB. Proteins of Rauscher murine leukemia virus: resolution of a 70,000-dalton, Nonglycosylated polypeptide containing p30 peptide sequences. Virology 1975; 68:135-45. [PMID: 1189292 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Rohrschneider L, Bauer H, Bolognesi DP. Group-specific antigenic determinants of the large envelope glycoprotein of avian oncornaviruses. Virology 1975; 67:234-41. [PMID: 51537 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Vogt VM, Eisenman R, Diggelmann H. Generation of avian myeloblastosis virus structural proteins by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor polypeptide. J Mol Biol 1975; 96:471-93. [PMID: 170408 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Rohrschneider LR, Kurth R, Bauer H. Biochemical characterization of tumor-specific cell surface antigens on avian oncornavirus transformed cells. Virology 1975; 66:481-91. [PMID: 168686 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Lewandowski LJ, Smith RE, Bolognesi DP, Halpern MS. Viral glycoprotein synthesis under conditions of glucosamine block in cells transformed by avian sarcoma viruses. Virology 1975; 66:347-55. [PMID: 168682 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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de Giuli C, Kawai S, Dales S, Hanafusa H. Absence of surface projections of some noninfectious forms of RSV. Virology 1975; 66:253-60. [PMID: 166501 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Halpern MS, Bolognesi DP, Friis RR, Mason WS. Expression of the Major Viral Glycoprotein of Avian Tumor Virus in Cells of chf(+) Chicken Embryos. J Virol 1975; 15:1131-40. [PMID: 16789149 PMCID: PMC354567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.15.5.1131-1140.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of gp85, the major viral glycoprotein of avian tumor virus, by certain chicken embryonic cells was studied by the use of sera directed to antigenic determinants of subgroup E viral gp85. As analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immune precipitates prepared with lysates of cells that had been labeled with [
3
H]glucosamine, chf(+) chicken embryo cells synthesize molecules of gp85 which possess type and probably also group antigenic specificities. Under similar conditions of analysis, no gp85 or antigenically related components could be detected in lysates of chf(−) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Halpern
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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46
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Long PA, Kaveh-Yamini P, Velicer LF. Marek's Disease Herpesviruses I. Production and Preliminary Characterization of Marek's Disease Herpesvirus A Antigen. J Virol 1975; 15:1182-91. [PMID: 16789152 PMCID: PMC354573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.15.5.1182-1191.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A method was developed for the large-scale production of Marek's disease herpesvirus A antigen in duck embryo fibroblast roller bottle cultures in quantities sufficient to permit its purification and characterization. Maximum yield was obtained in serum-free culture medium harvested daily. The Marek's disease herpesvirus A antigen was stable at pH 2.0 and was a glycoprotein based on its sensitivity to trypsin, specific immune co-precipitation of radioactive amino acids and glucosamine, and detection of radioactive glucosamine by immunodiffusion and autoradiography. The antigen aggregated and lost titer upon storage but dissociated readily and regained titer in 1 or 2 M urea and 0.05% Brij 35. Fresh unaggregated antigen or antigen dissociated with urea and Brij 35 sedimented at 3.7
S
on sucrose gradients. The apparent molecular weight of the glycoprotein antigen was estimated to be 44,800 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 2 M urea and 0.05% Brij 35.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Long
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
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47
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Sarkar NH, Dion AS. Polypeptides of the mouse mammary tumor virus. I. Characterization of two group-specific antigens. Virology 1975; 64:471-91. [PMID: 49121 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Bolognesi DP, Ishizaki R, Hüper G, Vanaman TC, Smith RE. Immunological properties of avian oncornavirus polypeptides. Virology 1975; 64:349-57. [PMID: 49120 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Porter WH, Winzler RJ. Purification and chemical characterization of the major glycoprotein of avian myeloblastosis virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 166:152-63. [PMID: 164824 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Bolognesi DP, Huper G, Green RW, Graf T. Biochemical properties of oncornavirus polypeptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 355:220-35. [PMID: 4376419 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(74)90011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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