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Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert-Guroff M, Miyoshi I, Golde D, Gallo RC. A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Science 1982; 218:571-3. [PMID: 6981847 DOI: 10.1126/science.6981847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) is a human type-C RNA tumor virus (retrovirus) previously identified in and isolated from several patients with T-cell leukemias or lymphomas. The known virus isolates from the United States and Japan are closely related and are found in adults with an acute malignancy of mature T cells. A related retrovirus has been found in a patient (Mo) with a somewhat different disease (a T-cell variant of relatively benign hairy cell leukemia). Serum from Mo contains antibodies to the major internal core protein (p24) of HTLV. A T-cell line established from the spleen of Mo expresses HTLV antigens. However, HTLV from Mo is significantly different from all previous HTLV isolates in immunological cross-reactivity tests of p24. The usual prototype HTLV isolate is represented as HTLV-I, and the HTLV from Mo is represented as HTLV-II. Individual members of each subgroup may then be identified by subscript initials of the patient [for example, HTLV-I(CR), HTLV-I(MB), and HTLV-II(Mo)].
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Cohen M, Rice N, Stephens R, O'Connell C. DNA sequence relationship of the baboon endogenous virus genome to the genomes of other type C and type D retroviruses. J Virol 1982; 41:801-12. [PMID: 6284972 PMCID: PMC256817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.41.3.801-812.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) is a type C retrovirus present in multiple proviral copies in the DNA of baboons. Although interspecies antigenic determinants present on reverse transcriptase and gag proteins are shared among all mammalian type C viruses, no nucleic acid homology between BaEV and other type C viruses (except RD-114) has been found in conventional liquid hybridization experiments. In this study, we used restriction fragments of cloned BaEV DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose to test for relatedness with [(32)P]cDNA's of various type C and type D viruses. We detected the following distant relationships previously found only through immunological and protein sequencing techniques: (i) eight type C viral cDNA's (the endogenous virus of rhesus monkeys, feline leukemia virus, simian sarcoma virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, Rauscher murine leukemia virus, BALB-2, NZB, and RD-114) and two type D viral cDNA's (Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey retrovirus) were able to hybridize with cloned BaEV DNA; (ii) the eight type C probes hybridized to restriction fragments spanning most of the BaEV genome, but only RD-114 hybridized to fragments within the 1.9 kilobases at the 3' end of the genome; (iii) the two type D probes hybridized primarily to fragments within the 1.9 kilobases at the 3' terminus and weakly or not at all elsewhere; and (iv) [(32)P]cDNA's of several other oncornaviruses (mouse mammary tumor virus, equine infectious anemia virus, bovine leukemia virus, and reticuloendotheliosis virus) exhibited no homology with BaEV DNA. DNA sequence analysis has allowed us to orient the BaEV restriction map with the genetic map at both ends of the genome. Homologies between retroviral cDNA's and BaEV clone restriction fragments could thus be related to specific BaEV genes. Whereas type C cDNA's hybridized to fragments from gag, pol, and the pol-env junction, squirrel monkey retrovirus cDNA hybridized only to a fragment coding for the p15E portion of env. Mason-Pfizer monkey virus cDNA also hybridized within the p15E region, but exhibited homology to the 3' half of gp70 as well. These results are discussed relative to previously reported antigenic relatedness of retroviral proteins. The data suggest that BaEV represents an important link in oncornavirus evolution.
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Stromberg K, Huot RI. Preferential expression of endogenous type C viral antigen in Rhesus placenta during ontogenesis. Virology 1981; 112:365-9. [PMID: 6264691 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nooter K, Bentvelzen P. Primate type-C oncoviruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 605:461-87. [PMID: 6161645 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(80)90010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Périès J, Canivet M, Rhodes-Feuillette A, Todaro GJ. Effect of interferon on chronic infection of human cells by xenotropic type-C viruses. Int J Cancer 1979; 23:798-802. [PMID: 223993 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910230610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Different preparations of human interferon inhibit virus production in human cells chronically infected by a variety of type-C xenotropic viruses. Some of these viruses have been incriminated in the development of leukemia in primates. The characteristics of blocking of viral multiplication are similar to those described for the effect of mouse interferon on ecotropic viruses. The amount of free virus in culture supernatants is strongly decreased while intracellular protein p30 stays unchanged or is slightly increased. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect is reversible. The withdrawal of interferon results in a rapid increase in virus production as detectable in supernatant fluids. In the light of these results it is suggested that human interferon might be useful in the treatment of some blood malignancies suspected of being related to infection with xenotropic type-C viruses.
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Sherwin SA, Bonner TI, Heine U, Todaro GJ. The isolation of an endogenous retrovirus from the New World rodent Dasyprocta punctata (agouti). Virology 1979; 94:409-16. [PMID: 88127 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Andersen PR, Barbacid M, Tronick SR, Clark HF, Aaronson SA. Evolutionary relatedness of viper and primate endogenous retroviruses. Science 1979; 204:318-21. [PMID: 219480 DOI: 10.1126/science.219480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A retrovirus previously isolated from a tumored Russell's viper is shown by molecular hybridization to be an endogenous virus of this reptilian species. Radio-immunologic techniques revealed that the viper retrovirus is immunologically and, hence, evolutionarily related to endogenous type D retorviruses of Old World primates. These findings extend the number of vertebrate classes possessing endogenous retroviruses and suggest that type D retroviruses may even be more widely distributed in nature than type C retroviruses.
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Lemons RS, Nash WG, O'Brien SJ, Benveniste RE, Sherr CJ. A gene (Bevi) on human chromosome 6 is an integration site for baboon type C DNA provirus in human cells. Cell 1978; 14:995-1005. [PMID: 80284 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human VA-2 cells infected with baboon type C virus were cloned and fused to Syrian hamster cells, and 33 primary hybrid colonies were obtained. These cells segregated human chromosomes and retained the complete hamster genome. Assays for type C viral p30 antigen and reverse transcriptase were performed in conjunction with analyses of 30 gene-enzyme systems representing 22 different human chromosomes. The results comfirmed that a gene, Bevi, previously assigned to human chromosome 6, dominantly controls baboon type C virus expression in hybrid cells. Representative hybrid colones were studied by nucleic acid hybridization techniques for the presence of integrated proviral DNA using complementary 3H-DNA transcripts of the baboon viral RNA genome. For each of 12 clones examined, there was a concordance between the presence of human chromosome 6, the presence of baboon type C proviral DNA sequences and virus expression. Clones which segregated chromosome 6 as judged by isozyme and karyological analyses lost detectable proviral DNA sequences and failed to produce virus. No syntenic association between the replication of baboon virus and the presence of 21 other human chromosomes was deteced. We conclude that Bevi is a preferred integration site for the baboon type C provirus in the human genome.
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Becker FF, Sherr CJ. Activation of endogenous type-C viral p30 antigen in chemically-induced rat hepatocellular carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1978; 21:756-61. [PMID: 208989 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910210613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemically induced rat hepatocellular carcinomas were prospectively examined for expression of the major group-specific antigen (p 30) of genetically transmitted rat type-C viruses. Ten primary tumors induced following oral administration of the carcinogen N-2-acetylaminofluorine did not express elevated levels of viral antigen as compared to antigen levels detected in normal liver tissue. By contrast, rapidly growing transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas (THCs) derived from primary tumor expressed increased quantities of viral antigen. The expression of antigen was marginally elevated after only one transplanation, increased to maximal levels after several transplant generations and, once achieved, was stably maintained throughout subsequent transplants. Studies with additional previously established THCs showed that poorly differentiated, rapidly proliferating tumors tended to express elevated levels of viral antigen, while more differentiated, slowly growing tumors did not. The results show that the expression of endogenous type-C viral 30 antigen is a stable phenotypic property of many rat THC lines.
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Mellors RC, Mellors JW. Type C RNA virus expression in systemic lupus erythematosus. New Zealand mouse model and human disease. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1978; 21:S68-75. [PMID: 208582 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780210910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An antigen recognized by antisera produced against p30 (core) proteins of the four chief groups of mammalian type C viruses (murine, feline, RD-114 related to endogenous primate, and infectious primate group) is located in an immune-complex pattern in some renal glomeruli of human SLE patients with lupus proliferative glomerulonephritis but is not detected in normal or pathological control human kidneys. This antigen cross-reacts with p30 interspecies determinants shared by the four chief virus groups and cross-reacts with a partially purified antigen extracted from human SLE spleen. The human SLE spleen antigen cross-reacts with p30 group antigen of RD-114 virus but not of feline or murine viruses. Some host immunoglobulins eluted from a human SLE kidney by acid-buffer show antibody-like activity against p30 group antigen of RD-114 virus but not of simian, feline, or murine viruses.
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Abstract
A new method for the classification of retroviruses is presented. The scheme is based on the length and sequence of a DNA transcript of the 5' end of the genome. The method can be used to detect similarities between distantly related viruses as well as to discriminate between very closely related viruses. The method is applied to viruses isolated from mice, baboons, gibbons, a woolly monkey and chickens.
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Krakower JM, Aaronson SA. Radioimmunologic characterization of RD-114 reverse transcriptase: evolutionary relatedness of mammalian type C viral pol gene products. Virology 1978; 86:127-37. [PMID: 78564 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jose DG. Virus-associated malignant diseases in animals and man. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1978; 8:195-214. [PMID: 98143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1978.tb04512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lemons RS, O'Brien SJ, Sherr CJ. A new genetic locus, Bevi, on human chromosome 6 which controls the replication of baboon type C virus in human cells. Cell 1977; 12:251-62. [PMID: 198140 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Callahan R, Sherr CJ, Todaro GJ. A new class of murine retroviruses: immunological and biochemical comparison of novel isolates from Mus cervicolor and Mus caroli. Virology 1977; 80:401-6. [PMID: 70107 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(77)80015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Prochownik EV, Kirsten WH. Nucleic acid sequences of primate type C viruses in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Nature 1977; 267:175-7. [PMID: 16073438 DOI: 10.1038/267175a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1976] [Accepted: 03/14/1977] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports on the isolation of type C viruses from human cells have generated considerable controversy because of the close relationship of the viruses to the type C viruses of subhuman primates. These findings have been interpreted as evidence for contamination despite the repeated isolation of some type C viruses from separate clinical specimens or from separate frozen primary cell stocks of the same donor. Our laboratory has described a type C virus which is released from the HEL-12 strain of normal human embryonic lung fibroblasts. The HEL-12 virus is related immunologically to simian sarcoma (woolly monkey fibrosarcoma) virus (SiSV) and the endogenous type C viruses of baboons and domestic cats. To demonstrate that the HEL-12 virus is not an adventitious contaminant, fresh human tissues were examined for antigenic cross-reactivity with HEL-12 virus antigens. Some patients with myelogenous leukemia contain circulating immunoglobulins which specifically inhibit the reverse transcriptases of HEL-12 virus and primate type C viruses. In addition, the glomerular immune complexes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus contain antigens related to HEL-12 virus proteins. Using the techniques of molecular hybridisation, we demonstrate here that HEL-12 cells contain proviral DNA sequences before antigen expression or spontaneous virus release can be detected. We also present evidence for the existence of nucleic acid sequences homologous to HEL-12 viral RNA in the DNAs from certain cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Prochownik
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Barbacid M, Stephenson JR, Aaronson SA. Evolutionary relationships between gag gene-coded proteins of murine and primate endogenous type C RNA viruses. Cell 1977; 10:641-8. [PMID: 67898 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several low molecular weight proteins of endogenous type C viruses of the RD114/baboon group are compared with the gag gene translational products of endogenous type C viruses of murine origin. The p10 proteins of each virus group are shown to be immunologically and biochemically related, while the p12 proteins of RD114/baboon viruses are demonstrated to share antigenic determinants with murine viral p15. Moreover, highly type-specific phosphoproteins, p15 of RD114/baboon viruses and p12 of murine viruses, are shown to possess very similar biochemical properties. These findings, along with previous studies indicating immunologic cross-reactivity between their major internal antigens, p30, demonstrate that each of the gag gene-coded proteins of murine type C viruses has a analogue in viruses of the RD114/baboon group. The immunologic and biochemical relatedness of their gag gene translational products supports the concept of a common progenitor in the evolution of these endogenous viruses.
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Sen A, Sherr CJ, Todaro GJ. Phosphorylation of murine type C viral p12 proteins regulates their extent of binding to the homologous viral RNA. Cell 1977; 10:489-96. [PMID: 844104 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purified p12 phosphoprotein of Rauscher murine leukemia virus was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into subpopulations of molecules containing different amounts of covalently linked phosphate. Of the various phosphorylated forms of p12 protein purified from virions, only a species containing relatively little phosphate can bind in vitro to purified homologous 70S viral RNA. Using ultraviolet irradiation to stabilize ribonucleoprotein complexes in intact virions, the same molecular species of p12 phosphoprotein can be isolated in close association with the 70S viral genome. The results show that phosphorylation of type C viral p12 proteins influences the extent, but not the specificity, of their interaction with homologous viral RNA.
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Aaronson SA, Stephenson JR. Endogenous type-C RNA viruses of mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1976; 458:323-54. [PMID: 62589 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(76)90006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ferrer J, Baliga V, Diglio C, Graves D, Kenyon S, McDonald H, Piper C, Wuu K. Recent studies on the characterization of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV); development of new methods for the diagnosis of BLV infection. Vet Microbiol 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(76)90018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hayman MJ, Vogt PK. Subgroup-specific antigenic determinants of avian RNA tumor virls structural proteins: analysis of virus recombinants. Virology 1976; 73:372-80. [PMID: 60826 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Todaro GJ, Sherr CJ, Benveniste RE. Baboons and their close relatives are unusual among primates in their ability to release nondefective endogenous type C viruses. Virology 1976; 72:278-82. [PMID: 59458 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fraley EE, Lange PH, Hakala TR. Recent Studies on the Immunobiology and Virology of Human Urothelial Tumors. Urol Clin North Am 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0094-0143(21)01094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
The major viral phosphoproteins (p12) of the Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) and the simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSAV) bind in vitro to their homologous 70S and 35S viral RNAs. Using purified 32P-labeled RNA and 125I-labeled p12 protein, complexes that are stabilized by formaldehyde-cross-linking can be readily detected after velocity gradient centrifugation. The in vitro reconstructed ribonucleoprotein complexes are seen only with p12 proteins incubated with viral RNAs isolated from the same type C viruses; no such complexes form with heterologous protein-RNA mixtures. Homologous but not heterologous p12 molecules compete with radiolabeled p12 protein for the specific viral RNA binding sites. The competition assay permits the detection of 10 ng of viral p12 protein. The major internal protein of type C viruses (p30) does not bind to viral RNA using identical assay conditions. From the specific activities of the radiolabeled components and also by equilibrium sedimentation analysis, we estimate that fewer than 15 molecules of p12 protein bind to each molecule of viral RNA. Both the specificity and stoichiometry of the p12-RNA interactions suggest that these RNA tumor virus proteins have a regulatory role in cells.
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Benveniste RE, Sherr CJ, Todaro GJ. Evolution of type C viral genes: origin of feline leukemia virus. Science 1975; 190:886-8. [PMID: 52892 DOI: 10.1126/science.52892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reiterated gene sequences related to the RNA of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are detected in all tissues of domestic cats and their close Felis relatives but not in more distantly related Felis species. Partially homologous viral gene sequences are found in rodent, and particularly rat, DNA. Together with the immunologic relationships observed between FeLV and endogenous rodent type C viruses, the results lead to the conclusion that FeLV-related genes were transmitted from a rodent to cat ancestor and have been perpetuated in the germ line of cats.
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Yeh J, Ahmed M, Mayyasi SA, Alessi AA. Detection of an antigen related to Mason-Pfizer virus in malignant human breast tumors. Science 1975; 190:583-4. [PMID: 810888 DOI: 10.1126/science.810888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Benveniste RE, Todaro GJ. Segregation of RD-114 AND FeL-V-related sequences in crosses between domestic cat and leopard cat. Nature 1975; 257:506-8. [PMID: 170535 PMCID: PMC7086506 DOI: 10.1038/257506a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/1975] [Accepted: 08/26/1975] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TYPE C viruses of the RD-114 (ref. 1) group have been isolated, either spontaneously or after chemical induction, from cell cultures of the domestic cat (Felis catus )2–4. Nucleic acid sequences related to the RD-114 genome are in the DNA of all domestic cats5–8. Thus these viral genomes are transmitted vertically from parent to offspring as integral components of cat cellular DNA. Although the family Felidae consists of closely related animals, only four Felis species have been found to contain RD-114-related sequences. These include the domestic cat, the European wildcat (F. sylvestris ), the sand cat (F. margarita ), and the jungle cat (F. chaus ); other members of the Felidae lack nucleic acid sequences related to RD-114 (ref. 9). The observation that RD-114 is partially related to the endogenous baboon type C viruses10–12 and that sequences related to RD-114 are found in the cellular DNA of all Old World monkeys led to the postulate that this group of viruses originated from an endogenous primate type C virus13 transmitted horizontally to the germ line of ancestors of certain Felis species during the Pliocene or early Pleistocene somewhere in the region of the Mediterranean basin9.
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Todaro GJ, Lieber MM, Benveniste RE, Sherr CJ. Infectious primate type C viruses: Three isolates belonging to a new subgroup from the brains of normal gibbons. Virology 1975; 67:335-43. [PMID: 52939 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lieber MM, Benveniste RE, Sherr CJ, Todaro GJ. Isolation of a type C virus (FS-1) from the European Wildcat (Felis sylvestris). Virology 1975; 66:117-27. [PMID: 49122 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Antigens related to the major structural protein (p30) of type C viruses isolated from a woolly monkey and a gibbon ape were found in peripheral white blood cells from five patients with acute leukemia.
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Lieber M, Sherr C, Potter M, Todaro G. Isolation of type-C viruses from the Asian feral mouse Mus musculus molossinus. Int J Cancer 1975; 15:211-20. [PMID: 47844 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910150206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-tropic and xenotropic type-C viruses have been isolated from the wild Asian mouse subspecies M. musculus molossinus. By host range, morphologic and some immunologic criteria these viruses appear closely related to the previously studied murine type-C viruses isolated from highly inbred laboratory strains of mice.
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Goldberg RJ, Scolnick EM, Parks WP, Yakovleva LA, Lapin BA. Isolation of a primate type-C virus from a lymphomatous baboon. Int J Cancer 1974; 14:722-30. [PMID: 4142786 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910140605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A type-C RNA virus has been isolated from various tissues of a lymphomatous baboon (sp. P hamadryas). Virus isolations were made by co-cultivating baboon cells from the inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, testes, kidneys and spleen with cells of canine or human origin. The isolated virus grew in canine, bat, rhesus, and human cells but not in cells of mouse, rat, cat or rabbit origin. The baboon isolate resemble a type-C virus when infected cells were examined by thin section in the electron microscope. In addition, the virus was capable of providing helper function by rescuing and transmitting the Moloney and Kirsten sarcoma virus genome from non-productively transformed cells. Antibody directed against the RD114 virus reverse transcriptase was very effective in inhibiting the baboon virus polymerase while while anti-mouse and woolly type-C virus polymerase antibodies had no significant inhibitory activity. Further analysis by immunodiffusion and competitive radioimmune assay revealed a close immunological relationship between this virus, RD114 and another type-C virus isolated from the placenta of a different species of baboon. Finally, three different classes of interspecies antigenic determinants have been demonstrated in mammalian type-C virus isolated from the placenta of a different species of baboon. Finally, three different classes of interspecies antigenic determinants have been demonstrated in mammalian type-C viruses.
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Benveniste RE, Todaro GJ. Evolution of C-type viral genes: inheritance of exogenously acquired viral genes. Nature 1974; 252:456-9. [PMID: 4372546 DOI: 10.1038/252456a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sherr CJ, Todaro GJ. Type C viral antigens in man. I. Antigens related to endogenous primate virus in human tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:4703-7. [PMID: 4140508 PMCID: PMC433964 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.12.4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially purified extracts from 33 human tumors of several histologic types were used as competing antigens in a radioimmunoassay for the p30 protein of an endogenous primate type C virus (M7). Antigens immunologically related to the p30 protein of the M7 virus were detected in two tumors. Like viral p30 antigens previously identified in tissues of several other primates, the antigens found in human tumors crossreact with the p30 protein of the feline RD-114 virus but are unrelated by similar immunologic criteria to the p30 proteins of several other mammalian type C viruses. Gel filtration shows that most of the antigenic activity co-chromatographs with authentic p30 protein. These results, along with those showing nucleic acid sequences related to those of an endogenous primate type C virus in the DNA of human cells, make it clear that humans, like other primates, have type C viral sequences in their genome and can, in some circumstances, express at least one type C viral protein.
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Abstract
Partially purified fractions of human tissues have been analyzed by competition radioimmunoassay for the presence of two of the principle structural components of type-C RNA viruses, the major core protein (p27 to p30) and the major envelope glycopeptides (gp69/71). Screening of tissues was carried out by use of a heterologous assay system of (125)I-labeled Rauscher murine virus p30 antigen and anti-RD 114 virus serum which was found to detect a class of interspecies determinants common to murine, feline, and primate viruses. A competitor with the same apparent affinity for antibody binding as that of purified viral core proteins was found in relatively high concentration in tissues from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, in some neoplastic tissues, and also in normal human tissues. This competitor from a lupus spleen chromatographed on phosphocellulose and showed size fractionation during gel filtration similar to known p27 to p30 viral proteins. An immunologically reactive protein was also demonstrated by immunodiffusion and by immunoprecipitation of (125)I-labeled human protein with anti-RD 114 p28 serum. Analysis of these human competitor proteins with homologous assay systems of viral core proteins and corresponding antisera showed that all, including the normal tissue extracts, appear similar to core proteins of known viruses, especially the RD 114 and woolly monkey species. A hypothesis suggested by these data is that many, if not all, humans harbor at least part of the genome of one or more type-C viruses, the properties of which are similar to those of viruses from other mammalian species, particularly primates.
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Benveniste RE, Todaro GJ. Evolution of type C viral genes: I. Nucleic acid from baboon type C virus as a measure of divergence among primate species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:4513-8. [PMID: 4373709 PMCID: PMC433917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.11.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridization studies with a [(3)H]DNA probe from an endogenous baboon type C virus were used to detect nucleic acid sequences of type C virus in primate cellular DNA. Sequences related to those of the baboon type C virus are found in all other Old World monkey species, higher apes, and man.
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