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Whelpley MJ, Zhou LH, Rascon J, Payne B, Moehn B, Young KI, Mire CE, Peters DPC, Rodriguez LL, Hanley KA. Community composition of black flies during and after the 2020 vesicular stomatitis virus outbreak in Southern New Mexico, USA. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:93. [PMID: 38414030 PMCID: PMC10900647 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a vector-borne pathogen of livestock, emerges periodically in the western US. In New Mexico (NM), US, most cases occur close to the Rio Grande River, implicating black flies (Simulium spp.) as a possible vector. In 2020, VS cases were reported in NM from April to May, although total black fly abundance remained high until September. We investigated the hypothesis that transience of local VSV transmission results from transient abundance of key, competent black fly species. Additionally, we investigated whether irrigation canals in southern NM support a different community of black flies than the main river. Lastly, to gain insight into the source of local black flies, in 2023 we collected black fly larvae prior to the release of water into the Rio Grande River channel. METHODS We randomly sub-sampled adult black flies collected along the Rio Grande during and after the 2020 VSV outbreak. We also collected black fly adults along the river in 2021 and 2022 and at southern NM farms and irrigation canals in 2022. Black fly larvae were collected from dams in the area in 2023. All collections were counted, and individual specimens were subjected to molecular barcoding for species identification. RESULTS DNA barcoding of adult black flies detected four species in 2020: Simulium meridionale (N = 158), S. mediovittatum (N = 83), S. robynae (N = 26) and S. griseum/notatum (N = 1). Simulium robynae was only detected during the VSV outbreak period, S. meridionale showed higher relative abundance, but lower absolute abundance, during the outbreak than post-outbreak period, and S. mediovittatum was rare during the outbreak period but predominated later in the summer. In 2022, relative abundance of black fly species did not differ significantly between the Rio Grande sites and farm and irrigation canals. Intriguingly, 63 larval black flies comprised 56% Simulium vittatum, 43% S. argus and 1% S. encisoi species that were either extremely rare or not detected in previous adult collections. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that S. robynae and S. meridionale could be shaping patterns of VSV transmission in southern NM. Thus, field studies of the source of these species as well as vector competence studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelin J Whelpley
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Lawrence H Zhou
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy Rascon
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Bailey Payne
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Brett Moehn
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Katherine I Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso Texas, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Debra P C Peters
- United States Department of Agriculture, Office of National Programs, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- United States, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Plum Island Animal Disease Center and National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
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Phylogeographic characteristics of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey viruses circulating in Mexico from 2005 to 2011 and their relationship to epidemics in the United States. Virology 2014; 449:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Killmaster LF, Stallknecht DE, Howerth EW, Moulton JK, Smith PF, Mead DG. Apparent disappearance of Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus from Ossabaw Island, Georgia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 11:559-65. [PMID: 20954866 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ossabaw Island, Georgia, is the only reported endemic focus of Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus (VSNJV) in the United States. Based on recent negative serologic results of white-tailed deer and feral swine and the failure to isolate VSNJV from Lutzomyia shannoni, it appears that VSNJV is no longer present at this site. This apparent disappearance does not appear to be related to a change in L. shannoni habitat, specifically to the density of tree holes in the maritime and mixed hardwood forests. We believe that the disappearance of VSNJV from Ossabaw Island is directly related to a reduction in the feral swine population and a subsequent increase in the utilization of white-tailed deer by the known vector, L. shannoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Fann Killmaster
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Wilson WC, Letchworth GJ, Jiménez C, Herrero MV, Navarro R, Paz P, Cornish TE, Smoliga G, Pauszek SJ, Dornak C, George M, Rodriguez LL. Field Evaluation of a Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:179-86. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in the United States result in significant economic losses for the U.S. livestock industries because VS is a reportable disease that clinically mimics foot-and-mouth disease. Rapid and accurate differentiation of these 2 diseases is critical because their consequences and control strategies differ radically. The objective of the current study was to field validate a 1-tube multiplexed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) assay for the rapid detection of Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus and Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus strains occurring in Mexico and North and Central America. A comprehensive collection of 622 vesicular lesion samples obtained from cattle, horses, and swine from throughout Mexico and Central America was tested by the real-time RT-PCR assay and virus isolation. Overall, clinical sensitivity and specificity of the real-time RT-PCR were 83% and 99%, respectively. Interestingly, VS virus isolates originating from a specific region of Costa Rica were not detected by real-time RT-PCR. Sequence comparisons of these viruses with the real-time RT-PCR probe and primers showed mismatches in the probe and forward and reverse primer regions. Additional lineage-specific primers and a probe corrected the lack of detection of the missing genetic lineage. Thus, this assay reliably identified existing Mexican and Central American VS viruses and proved readily adaptable as new VS viruses were encountered. An important secondary result of this research was the collection of hundreds of new VS virus isolates that provide a foundation from which many additional studies can arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Wilson
- the Arthropod-Borne Diseases Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Laramie, WY
| | - Geoffrey J. Letchworth
- the Arthropod-Borne Diseases Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Laramie, WY
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Marco V. Herrero
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Roberto Navarro
- Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de la Fiebre Aftosa y otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales, Mexico
| | - Pedro Paz
- Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de la Fiebre Aftosa y otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales, Mexico
| | - Todd E. Cornish
- the Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - George Smoliga
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY
| | - Carrie Dornak
- the Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Marcos George
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Vesiculares, Panama City, Panama
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY
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Novella IS, Gilbertson DL, Borrego B, Domingo E, Holland JJ. Adaptability costs in immune escape variants of vesicular stomatitis virus. Virus Res 2005; 107:27-34. [PMID: 15567030 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to determine the cost of antiserum resistance during escape from a polyclonal immune response. Replication of VSV in the presence of polyclonal antiserum resulted in the selection of antibody-escape mutants, as shown by increased fitness in the presence of antiserum and by increased resistance to neutralization. However, resistance came at a cost of overall fitness loss in the BHK-21 host cells. Sequencing of the surface G glycoprotein showed that two to four mutations were fixed in each population, most of which mapped in the A1 and A2 antigenic sites. Selected resistant populations were passaged as large populations in BHK-21 cells under constant conditions, which would normally lead to fitness increases. Nevertheless, many of the populations showed little or no sign of recovery, although the resistant phenotype was maintained. These results suggest that while antiserum resistance can develop, it may come at a cost in fitness and further limitations in the adaptability of the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Novella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Avenue Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Jones LR, Cigliano MM, Zandomeni RO, Weber EL. Phylogenetic analysis of bovine pestiviruses: testing the evolution of clinical symptoms. Cladistics 2004; 20:443-453. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an important disease of cattle, horses and pigs. The causal agent is an arbovirus; vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) of which two distinct serotypes New Jersey (NJ) and Indiana (IN) have been described. The clinical signs in cattle and pigs are undistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), one of the most devastating viral infections of livestock. VSV is the most important cause of vesicular disease in FMD-free countries in the Americas, causing thousands of outbreaks every year from southern Mexico to northern South America. In the United States VS has two different patterns of occurrence; in the southeastern states (Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina and South Carolina) a pattern of yearly occurrence of clinical cases in livestock was reported from early 1900s until the mid 1970s. Since then, viral activity in the region has been focal and limited to isolated wildlife populations. In contrast in the southwestern states (New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Colorado) VS outbreaks have occurred sporadically at approximately 10-year intervals, with the last cycle of activity occurring from 1995 to 1998. Phylogenetic analyses of VSV have shown that distinct viral lineages occur in the southwestern and southeastern US. Furthermore, in the last 70 years each sporadic outbreak in the Southwest was associated to viral lineages distant from those causing previous outbreaks in the US but closely related to viruses maintained in endemic areas of Mexico. This pattern of viral occurrence contrasts with that observed in endemic areas in Central and South America where viral genetic lineages are maintained in specific ecological areas over long periods of time. The phylogenetic data together with the geographical and temporal distribution of outbreaks indicate that VSV does not have a stable endemic cycle in the western United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis L Rodríguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
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Kuno G. Persistence of arboviruses and antiviral antibodies in vertebrate hosts: its occurrence and impacts. Rev Med Virol 2001; 11:165-90. [PMID: 11376480 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The recent isolation of West Nile virus from a bird in mid-winter in New York immediately raised, as one of a few explanations, the possibility of long-term persistence of arboviruses in vertebrate hosts. Although it was a highly popular topic for research many years ago, generally it has since been neglected and its meaning under appreciated. This comprehensive survey of literature worldwide uncovered, contrary to the general perception that it is a rather infrequent phenomenon, a large number of important observations involving all groups of arboviruses that have been accumulating over the years without drawing much attention. In this review, the data and observations were analysed in terms of the occurrence, role in natural transmission, mechanisms and genesis of persistence, source of problems in research and impact. The outcome of the analyses clearly demonstrates that asymptomatic, long-term infection in the absence of viraemia with or without the induction of neutralising antibody, the most frequent characteristics of arboviral persistence, presents a serious question about the validity of some of the past animal experiments that were conducted without the consideration of such a possibility. Likewise, significant impacts are felt on diverse fields ranging from epidemiology to diagnostic virology and from veterinary medicine to agricultural commerce. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kuno
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Llewellyn ZN, Ou X, Chang GJ, Schmitt B, Salman MD, Akkina RK. Genetic analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus-New Jersey from the 1995 outbreak in the western United States. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1358-63. [PMID: 11108179 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare molecular associations between the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-New Jersey isolates of the 1995 outbreak with those from previous outbreaks between 1982 and 1985 in the western United States. SAMPLE POPULATION 23 virus isolates considered representative of the 1995 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis. PROCEDURE Viral gene coding for surface-envelope protein G was evaluated by use of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Changes in up to 0.77% of the nucleotide bases and 1.35% of the amino acids were detected among the 1995 viral isolates, whereas changes in up to 3.2 and 2.9% of the nucleotides and amino acids, respectively, were found, compared with the 1982 to 1985 viruses. Insertions or deletions were not found in the entire gene, which spanned 1,554 nucleotide bases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 1995 VSV-New Jersey belongs to a lineage distinct from that of the 1982 to 1985 viruses that caused previous outbreaks in the western United States. Furthermore, it also is distinct from strains from Central America and from the Georgian Hazelhurst strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Llewellyn
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1676, USA
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Rodríguez LL, Fitch WM, Nichol ST. Ecological factors rather than temporal factors dominate the evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:13030-5. [PMID: 8917539 PMCID: PMC24041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.23.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSV-NJ) is a rhabdovirus that causes economically important disease in cattle and other domestic animals in endemic areas from southeastern United States to northern South America. Its negatively stranded RNA genome is capable of undergoing rapid evolution, which allows phylogenetic analysis and molecular epidemiology studies to be performed. Previous epidemiological studies in Costa Rica showed the existence of at least two distinct ecological zones of high VSV-NJ activity, one located in the highlands (premontane tropical moist forest) and the other in the lowlands (tropical dry forest). We wanted to test the hypothesis that the viruses circulating in these ecological zones were genetically distinct. For this purpose, we sequenced the hypervariable region of the phosphoprotein gene for 50 VSV-NJ isolates from these areas. Phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses from each ecological zone had distinct genotypes. These genotypes were maintained in each area for periods of up to 8 years. This evolutionary pattern of VSV-NJ suggests an adaptation to ecological factors that could exert selective pressure on the virus. As previous data indicated an absence of virus adaptation to factors related to the bovine host (including immunological pressure), it appears that VSV genetic divergence represents positive selection to adapt to specific vectors and/or reservoirs at each ecological zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Rodríguez
- Tropical Disease Research Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Roost HP, Haag A, Burkhart C, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Mapping of the dominant neutralizing antigenic site of a virus using infected cells. J Immunol Methods 1996; 189:233-42. [PMID: 8613674 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Panels of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and antisera to vesicular stomatitis virus of the serotype Indiana (VSV-IND) were generated in mice and rats. They were used in competition studies to map epitopes on the viral glycoprotein that are involved in virus neutralization. Since neutralizing antibodies bind to the viral glycoproteins on the surface of intact viruses and of infected cells, infected cells were used for measuring the binding of competing antibodies by cytofluorometric analysis. A single immunodominant neutralizing epitope was recognised by 90% (58) of the MAbs including all of strong neutralizing capacity. 10% (6) of the neutralizing MAbs that all exhibited low neutralizing titers recognised spatially closely related epitopes. This approach offers a convenient method to determine antibody interaction with complex conformational epitopes of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Roost
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zürich, Switerzerland
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Kariwa H, Isegawa Y, Arikawa J, Takashima I, Ueda S, Yamanishi K, Hashimoto N. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of M genome segments among Seoul virus strains isolated from eastern Asia. Virus Res 1994; 33:27-38. [PMID: 7941698 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the M genome segments of three Seoul virus strains (KI strains) which were isolated from urban rats inhabiting the same enzootic focus between 1983 and 1988 were compared. The viral cDNAs were amplified by PCR and were directly sequenced. The nucleotide sequences of KI strains were extremely homologous regardless of isolation year (less than 10 substitutions in 3651 nucleotides, less than 4 substitutions in 1133 amino acids). In addition, the nucleotide sequence of the KI strain isolated in 1983 (KI-83-262) was also quite similar to that of other Seoul viruses, which were isolated from laboratory rats in Japan (strain SR-11, 98.1% and B-1 strain, 96.5%), from an urban rat in Korea (Seoul 80-39, 96.5%) and from an urban rat in China (R22 strain, 93.4%). All possible N-glycosylation sites in the deduced amino acid sequences were conserved among all Seoul viruses examined. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Seoul virus strains were highly conserved although they were isolated from various districts of eastern Asia. These results indicate the genetic stability of Seoul virus strains maintained under a natural environment and the homology of Seoul viruses isolated from various districts of eastern Asia. The relationship among Seoul virus strains isolated from eastern Asia was compared by phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kariwa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Nichol ST, Rowe JE, Fitch WM. Punctuated equilibrium and positive Darwinian evolution in vesicular stomatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:10424-8. [PMID: 8248125 PMCID: PMC47789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.22.10424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses possess the potential for rapid evolution and serve as excellent models to test evolutionary theory. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the P gene for a larger number of diverse natural isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus reveals no evidence for a molecular clock but instead shows a stepwise evolutionary pattern unlike that ever seen before. Each step out from the tree's ancestral root to terminal branch tips correlates not with time of virus isolation but with a south-to-north geographical progression from Panama to the United States. The grossly unequal rates of change within this single species imply an underlying mechanism at odds with the prevailing notion that neutral changes are the dominating feature of molecular evolution. This is also a demonstration of punctuated equilibrium at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Nichol
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
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Rodriguez LL, Letchworth GJ, Spiropoulou CF, Nichol ST. Rapid detection of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype in clinical samples by using polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2016-20. [PMID: 8396584 PMCID: PMC265689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.8.2016-2020.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus of the New Jersey serotype (VSV-NJ) causes vesicular disease in cattle, pigs, and horses throughout the Americas. Vesicular disease is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Therefore, outbreaks of vesicular disease in FMD-free areas must be rapidly diagnosed by laboratory methods and affected farms must be quarantined until laboratory results confirm the absence of FMD. Diagnosis is currently performed in high-containment (biosafety level 3) laboratories by using complement fixation and virus isolation in tissue culture. We describe here an alternative method for the detection of VSV-NJ RNA in clinical samples. This method includes a rapid acid guanidine-phenol RNA extraction procedure coupled with a one-tube polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using reverse transcriptase. By using this test, we were able to detect the largest number of positive samples (53 of 58), followed by complement (48 of 58) and isolation in tissue culture (43 of 58). The primers chosen for this assay amplify a 642-nucleotide region of the phosphoprotein gene of VSV-NJ but not of VSV-IN. Sequencing of the PCR product enables genetic typing of virus isolates and epidemiological studies. Since no infectious materials are necessary to perform this test and any infectious virus in clinical samples is destroyed by acid guanidine-phenol treatment, diagnosis can be safely performed in regular diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Rodriguez
- Tropical Disease Research Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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