Background size and saturation of the rod system

The spectral properties of the two rod pathways

Psychophysical and electroretinographic observations in normal and achromat observers suggest that rod flicker signals have access to at least two retinal pathways: one (pi 0), slow and sensitive, predominating at scotopic luminance levels; the other (pi'0), fast and insensitive, predominating at mesopic ones. We have measured steady-state flicker detection sensitivities on background fields ranging from 430 to 640 nm in normal observers. Our results suggest that cone signals can reduce the sensitivity of pi'0, but have comparatively little effect on pi 0. The pi'0 field sensitivities derived from these measurements have been fitted with linear combinations of the scotopic luminosity function, V' lambda, the M-cone spectral sensitivity function, M lambda, and the L-cone function, L lambda. These fits demonstrate a clear cone influence on pi'0, but they cannot tell us unequivocally whether the influence is from the M-cones, from the L-cones or from both. Accordingly, we made similar measurements in dichromats, who lack one of the two longer wavelength cone types. These measurements revealed an L-cone influence on pi'0 in the deuteranope and an M-cone influence in the protanope. This suggests that both cone types can affect the sensitivity of pi'0. The finding that the steady-state cone signals reduce the sensitivity of pi'0 but have little effect on pi 0 could suggest that pi'0 signals travel through a faster cone pathway (with its own gain control at which both rod and cone signals can reduce rod threshold), while pi 0 signals travel through a separate rod pathway. However, it could simply reflect the fact that pi'0 predominates at higher luminances than pi 0 where the cone excitation level is inevitably greater. To examine the influence of the cones on pi 0 more closely, we: (i) produced transient cone excitation by alternating rod-equated 480 and 679 nm fields; and (ii) extended our steady-state measurements to include deep-red backgrounds of 650 and 680 nm. Both experiments revealed a small, but measurable influence of the cones on pi 0.

Light adaptation of human rod receptors: the leading edge of the human a-wave and models of rod receptor activity

The human rod receptors can be studied by measuring the leading edge of the rod a-wave of the ERG. Computational models, previously shown to fit the recordings from single rods, are fitted to dark-adapted a-wave responses. A model proposed by Lamb and Pugh [(1992) Journal of Physiology, 499, 719-758] fits slightly better than the traditional models based upon n-stage exponential filters. To test alternative models of rod light adaptation, a-waves were recorded to flashes presented upon steady adapting lights. Steady adapting lights decrease the rods' sensitivity. Human rods must adapt as response compression alone predicts far greater decreases in sensitivity. The evidence suggests that the mechanism(s) of adaptation include a change in the time-course of the rod's response. Human rods appear to adapt in much the same manner as do the rods of other vertebrates.

The field adaptation of the human rod visual system

1. Incremental thresholds were measured in a retinal region 12 deg temporal from the fovea with a target of 200 ms in duration and 6 deg in diameter superimposed on background fields of various intensities and wavelengths. Measurements were made under rod-isolation conditions in five normal observers and in a typical, complete achromat observer who had no cone function. 2. The rise in threshold with background intensity changes with background wavelength in the normal trichromat observers. On 450, 520 and 560 nm backgrounds the average slope in logarithmic co-ordinates (0.78 +/- 0.04, S.D.) is similar to that found for the achromat--whose slope is independent of background wavelength (0.79 +/- 0.03)--but on a 640 nm background it more nearly approaches Weber's law (0.91 +/- 0.02). This indicates that the sensitivity of the rods to an incremental target is not determined by quantal absorptions in the rods alone but by quantal absorptions in both the rods and the cones. 3. Rod incremental thresholds were also measured in various colour-blind observers lacking one or more of the cone classes: a blue-cone monochromat, four deuteranopes and a protanope. For the blue-cone monochromat, like the achromat, the slope of the increment threshold curve is constant with background wavelength. For the deuteranopes and the protanope, like the normal, the slope increases with wavelength. The protanope, however, shows a smaller increase in slope, consistent with the lower sensitivity of his cones to long-wavelength light. 4. The dependence of the field adaptation of the rods on the cones was confirmed by field-mixture experiments, in which the incremental threshold was measured against bichromatic backgrounds, and in silent substitution experiments, in which backgrounds equated for their effects on either the cones or the rods but not both were instantaneously substituted for one another.

Bad lights stops play

The visual performance of cricket batsmen is simulated over a wide range of ambient illumination. When illumination falls to the level at which they usually stop batting (the gloom level) a rapid increase in reaction time commences. It is also the level at which office and car sidelights are turned on and the sensation of "gloom" occurs.