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Oo MK, Kamarul Bahrin MH, Win SY, Perry MJ. 787 The Hidden and The Lost: A Case of a Rare Complication from A Long-Lost Surgical Technique. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Various operative techniques have been developed for liver transplant since the 1960's. Waddell-Calne technique for biliary reconstruction in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) was one of the rare and now relatively obsolete techniques. The aim of our presentation is to describe a long-term complication of this lost technique and how it posed multiple diagnosis and management challenges after 35 years post-liver transplant.
Case presentation
Our case is on a 50-year-old lady with a history of OLT for end-stage liver failure secondary to type-1 autoimmune hepatitis. Peri and postoperative period were completely unremarkable. 35 years later, she presented with symptoms of recurrent cholangitis. Magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreaticography demonstrated biliary tree dilatation with choledocholithiasis and possible cholecystitis. Removal of the distal stones together with pig-tail stent insertion was achieved via endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography, however, her biliary colic persisted. The background of OLT and grossly distorted anatomy on imaging posed a challenge for further surgery. Extensive tracing of the history back from 1985 and multicentre multidisciplinary discussion revealed that the Waddell-Calne technique was carried out for her OLT where a gallbladder conduit was used for the hepaticojejunal-anastomosis. Finally, excision of the gallbladder conduit and hepaticojejunostomy with long Roux-en-Y was able to perform successfully.
Conclusions
Waddle-Calne technique is rarely seen globally nowadays but should be considered as a possible cause of recurrent cholangitis in patients with a history of OLT a long time ago. We demonstrated that the knowledge of such a rare procedure, together with the multidisciplinary approach could enormously benefit the management of the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Oo
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals Trust, Boston, United Kingdom
| | | | - S Y Win
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals Trust, Boston, United Kingdom
| | - M J Perry
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals Trust, Boston, United Kingdom
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Ito S, Erami K, Muratani S, Mori A, Ichikawa S, Yoshino K, Fujimoto H, Lin L, Fallacara D, J. Perry M. Mathematical modeling approaches for quantitative adverse outcome pathway: proof of concept for the integration of key events and key event relationships. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mohamedbhai H, Butt A, Lee V, Perry MJ. Letter to Editor: Re: Erickson BP, Garcia GA. Evidence-based algorithm for the management of acute traumatic retrobulbar haemorrhage. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 59:850-851. [PMID: 33952403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Mohamedbhai
- Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ.
| | - A Butt
- Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ
| | - V Lee
- Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ
| | - M J Perry
- Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ
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McAuliffe ME, Williams PL, Korrick SA, Dadd R, Marchetti F, Martenies SE, Perry MJ. Human sperm sex chromosome disomy and sperm DNA damage assessed by the neutral comet assay. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:2148-55. [PMID: 25069502 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is there an association between human sperm sex chromosome disomy and sperm DNA damage? SUMMARY ANSWER An increase in human sperm XY disomy was associated with higher comet extent; however, there was no other consistent association of sex chromosome disomies with DNA damage. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY There is limited published research on the association between sex chromosome disomy and sperm DNA damage and the findings are not consistent across studies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, AND DURATION We conducted a cross-sectional study of 190 men (25% ever smoker, 75% never smoker) from subfertile couples presenting at the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Clinic from January 2000 to May 2003. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosomes X, Y and 18 was used to determine XX, YY, XY and total sex chromosome disomy in sperm nuclei using an automated scoring method. The neutral comet assay was used to measure sperm DNA damage, as reflected by comet extent, percentage DNA in the comet tail, and tail distributed moment. Univariate and multiple linear regression models were constructed with sex chromosome disomy (separate models for each of the four disomic conditions) as the independent variable, and DNA damage parameters (separate models for each measure of DNA damage) as the dependent variable. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Men with current or past smoking history had significantly greater comet extent (µm: regression coefficients with 95% CI) [XX18: 15.17 (1.98, 28.36); YY18: 14.68 (1.50, 27.86); XY18: 15.41 (2.37, 28.45); Total Sex Chromosome Disomy: 15.23 (2.09, 28.38)], and tail distributed moment [XX18: 3.01 (0.30, 5.72); YY18: 2.95 (0.24, 5.67); XY18: 3.04 (0.36, 5.72); Total Sex Chromosome Disomy: 3.10 (0.31, 5.71)] than men who had never smoked. In regression models adjusted for age and smoking, there was a positive association between XY disomy and comet extent. For an increase in XY disomy from 0.56 to 1.47% (representing the 25th to 75th percentile), there was a mean increase of 5.08 µm in comet extent. No other statistically significant findings were observed. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION A potential limitation of this study is that it is cross-sectional. Cross-sectional analyses by nature do not lend themselves to inference about directionality for any observed associations; therefore we cannot determine which variable is the cause and which one is the effect. A small sample size may be a further limitation. Comparison of these findings to other studies is limited due to methodological differences. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Although consistent associations across sex chromosome disomies or DNA damage measures were not observed, this study highlights the need to explore etiologies of sperm DNA damage and sex chromosome disomy to better understand the potential mechanistic overlaps between the two. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by NIOSH Grant T42 OH008416, and NIH/NIEHS Grants ES 009718, ES 000002, and R01 ES017457. During the study M.E.M. was affiliated with the Department of Environmental Health at the Harvard School of Public Health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McAuliffe
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - P L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S A Korrick
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Dadd
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - F Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - S E Martenies
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - M J Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Abstract
Increasingly, undergraduate and graduate students as well as mid-career professionals are deciding to pursue careers focused on the primary prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of mental health. Although there are several training and career options available to prospective students of prevention, a compendium of prevention resources is not readily available. This article is intended to help prospective students find training programs, and other sources of information, that focus on prevention. The disciplines of public health, community psychology, social work, and education are reviewed with regard to their respective training options in prevention, and sources of further information are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Perry
- Department of Psychology, and office of Health Promotion Research, University of Vermont, USA
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Hulin-Curtis SL, Bidwell JL, Perry MJ. Association between CCL2 haplotypes and knee osteoarthritis. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 40:280-3. [PMID: 23211090 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and reconstructed 5-locus haplotypes of the CCL2 gene, in knee osteoarthritis (OA) cases and in controls. The CCL2 rs2857657 variant (G) allele was observed more frequently in female knee OA cases than in controls. One haplotype (H5) was observed exclusively in the control group (f = 2.3%). Genetic variation in the CCL2 gene may be associated with knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Hulin-Curtis
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Hulin-Curtis SL, Sharif M, Bidwell JL, Perry MJ. Evaluation ofNFKB1Avariants in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 40:272-9. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Hulin-Curtis
- Department of Anatomy; Veterinary School; University of Bristol; Bristol; UK
| | - M. Sharif
- Department of Anatomy; Veterinary School; University of Bristol; Bristol; UK
| | - J. L. Bidwell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; School of Medical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol; UK
| | - M. J. Perry
- Department of Anatomy; Veterinary School; University of Bristol; Bristol; UK
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Verma SK, Chang WR, Lombardi DA, Courtney TK, Huang YH, Brennan MJ, Perry MJ. USE OF NESTED CASE-CROSSOVER STUDY WITHIN A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY TO EXAMINE BOTH FIXED AND TRANSIENT RISK FACTORS FOR SLIPPING. Inj Prev 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040580b.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hulin-Curtis SL, Bidwell JL, Perry MJ. Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B polymorphisms and association with knee osteoarthritis in women. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:207-9. [PMID: 22296645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B) gene and knee OA. We identified alleles in a VNTR region in intron 3 that was observed exclusively in women OA cases (P = 0.007, Pc = 0.042). Our results reveal that a previously unreported association between a VNTR genotype in TNFRSF11B and knee OA in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Hulin-Curtis
- Department of Anatomy, Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Hulin-Curtis SL, Bidwell JL, Perry MJ. Evaluation of IL18 and IL18R1 polymorphisms: genetic susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 39:106-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Connorton E, Miller M, Perry MJ, Hemenway D. Mental health and unintentional injurers: results from the national co-morbidity survey replication. Inj Prev 2010; 17:171-5. [DOI: 10.1136/ip.2010.028464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Verma SK, Chang WR, Courtney TK, Lombardi DA, Huang YH, Brennan MJ, Mittleman MA, Ware JH, Perry MJ. A prospective study of floor surface, shoes, floor cleaning and slipping in US limited-service restaurant workers. Occup Environ Med 2010; 68:279-85. [DOI: 10.1136/oem.2010.056218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Verma SK, Lombardi DA, Chang WR, Courtney TK, Huang YH, Brennan MJ, Mittleman MA, Ware JH, Perry MJ. Transient risk factors for slipping in limited-service restaurants - a case-crossover study. Inj Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ip.2010.029215.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Nitrification is one of the important microbiological transformations of nitrogen in the ocean. Traditional enrichment-culture methods for enumerating the autotrophic bacteria which oxidize ammonium to nitrite are very time consuming (months) and are believed to seriously underestimate natural abundances. A fluorescent-antibody assay for a marine ammonium-oxidizing bacterium was developed to provide a rapid and direct means of identifying these microorganisms. Antibodies to Nitrosococcus oceanus were prepared and tested against pure cultures of marine, freshwater, and soil ammonium oxidizers and against bacteria from natural seawater samples. Cell counts of culture samples determined by the fluorescent-antibody assay agreed with hemacytometer and acridine orange counts. Our results demonstrated that the immunofluorescent assay is a powerful tool for the detection of Nitrosococcus in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Ward
- Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Stevenson AE, Evans BAJ, Gevers EF, Elford C, McLeod RWJ, Perry MJ, El-Kasti MM, Coschigano KT, Kopchick JJ, Evans SL, Wells T. Does adiposity status influence femoral cortical strength in rodent models of growth hormone deficiency? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E147-56. [PMID: 19001545 PMCID: PMC2636985 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90689.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH)-deficiency is usually associated with elevated adiposity, hyperleptinemia, and increased fracture risk. Since leptin is thought to enhance cortical bone formation, we have investigated the contribution of elevated adiposity and hyperleptinemia on femoral strength in rodent models of GH deficiency. Quantification of the transpubertal development of femoral strength in the moderately GH-deficient/hyperleptinemic Tgr rat and the profoundly GH-deficient/hypoleptinemic dw/dw rat revealed that the mechanical properties of cortical bone in these two models were similarly compromised, a 25-30% reduction in failure load being entirely due to impairment of geometric variables. In contrast, murine models of partial (GH antagonist transgenic) and complete (GH receptor-null) loss of GH signaling and elevated adiposity showed an impairment of femoral cortical strength proportionate to the reduction of GH signaling. To determine whether impaired femoral strength is exacerbated by obesity/hyperleptinemia, femoral strength was assessed in dw/dw rats following two developmental manipulations that elevate abdominal adiposity and circulating leptin, neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment, and maintenance on an elevated fat diet. The additional impairment of femoral strength following MSG treatment is likely to have resulted from a reduction in residual activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-GH-IGF-I axis, but consumption of elevated dietary fat, which did not reduce circulating IGF-I, failed to exacerbate the compromised femoral strength in dw/dw rats. Taken together, our data indicate that the obesity and hyperleptinemia usually associated with GH deficiency do not exert a significant influence over the strength of cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Stevenson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Ave., Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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Barrero LH, Katz JN, Perry MJ, Krishnan R, Ware JH, Dennerlein JT. Work pattern causes bias in self-reported activity duration: a randomised study of mechanisms and implications for exposure assessment and epidemiology. Occup Environ Med 2009; 66:38-44. [PMID: 18805887 PMCID: PMC3257319 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2007.037291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-reported activity duration is used to estimate cumulative exposures in epidemiological research. OBJECTIVE The effects of work pattern, self-reported task dullness (a measure of cognitive task demand), and heart rate ratio and perceived physical exertion (measures of physical task demands) on error in task duration estimation were investigated. METHODS 24 participants (23-54 years old, 12 males) were randomly assigned to execute three tasks in either a continuous (three periods of 40 continuous minutes, one for each task) or a discontinuous work pattern (40 min tasks each divided into four periods of 4, 8, 12 and 16 min). Heart rate was measured during tasks. After completing the 2 h work session, subjects reported the perceived duration, dullness and physical exertion for each of the three tasks. Multivariate models were fitted to analyse errors and their absolute value to assess the accuracy in task duration estimation and the mediating role of task demands on the observed results. RESULTS Participants overestimated the time spent shelving boxes (up to 38%) and filing journals (up to 9%), and underestimated the time typing articles (up to -22%). Over- and underestimates and absolute errors were greater in the discontinuous work pattern group. Only the self-reported task dullness mediated the differences in task duration estimation accuracy between work patterns. CONCLUSIONS Task-related factors can affect self-reported activity duration. Exposure assessment strategies requiring workers to allocate work time to different tasks could result in biased measures of association depending on the demands of the tasks during which the exposure of interest occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Barrero
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Lanham SA, Roberts C, Perry MJ, Cooper C, Oreffo ROC. Intrauterine programming of bone. Part 2: alteration of skeletal structure. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:157-67. [PMID: 17704965 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoporosis is believed to be partly programmed in utero. Rat dams were given a low protein diet during pregnancy, and offspring were studied at different ages. Old aged rats showed site-specific strength differences. In utero nutrition has consequences in later life. INTRODUCTION Epidemiological studies suggest skeletal growth is programmed during intrauterine and early postnatal life. We hypothesize that age-related decrease in bone mass has, in part, a fetal origin and investigated this using a rat model of maternal protein insufficiency. METHODS Dams received either 18% w/w (control) or w/w 9% (low protein) diet during pregnancy, and the offspring were studied at selected time points (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 47, 75 weeks). RESULTS Using micro-CT, we found that at 75 weeks of age female offspring from mothers fed a restricted protein diet during pregnancy had femoral heads with thinner, less dense trabeculae, femoral necks with closer packed trabeculae, vertebrae with thicker, denser trabeculae and midshaft tibiae with denser cortical bone. Mechanical testing showed the femoral heads and midshaft tibiae to be structurally weaker, whereas the femoral necks and vertebrae were structurally stronger. CONCLUSIONS Offspring from mothers fed a restricted protein diet during pregnancy displayed significant differences in bone structure and density at various sites. These differences result in altered bone characteristics indicative of significantly altered bone turnover. These results further support the need to understand the key role of the nutritional environment in early development on programming of skeletal development and consequences in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lanham
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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James GJ, Moore RJ, Perry MJ. Impregnation of antibiotic into porous high density polyethylene material (Medpor®) using negative pressure. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 44:556-7. [PMID: 16914242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G J James
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Harsthill, Stoke on Trent ST4 7PA, UK.
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Perry MJ, Ouyang F, Chen C, Venners SA, Korrick S, Xu X, Lasley B, Wang X. A Prospective Study of Serum Ddt and Progesterone and Estrogen Levels Across the Menstrual Cycle in Nulliparous Women of Reproductive Age. Am J Epidemiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s50-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ouyang F, Perry MJ, Venners SA, Chen C, Wang B, Yang F, Fang Z, Zang T, Wang L, Xu X, Wang X. Serum DDT, age at menarche, and abnormal menstrual cycle length. Occup Environ Med 2006; 62:878-84. [PMID: 16299097 PMCID: PMC1740929 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) exposure is known to affect human endocrine function, few previous studies have investigated the effects of DDT exposure on age at menarche or menstrual cycle length. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted to study the effects of DDT exposure on age at menarche and menstrual cycle length among 466 newly married, nulliparous female Chinese textile workers aged 20-34 years enrolled between 1996 and 1998. Serum was analysed for DDT and its major metabolites. Multivariate linear regression was used to estimate DDT exposure effects on age at menarche and multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate DDT exposure effects on odds of experiencing short or long cycles. RESULTS Relative to those in the lowest DDT quartile, the adjusted mean age at menarche was younger in those in the fourth quartile (-1.11 years). Modeled as a continuous variable, a 10 ng/g increase in serum DDT concentration was associated with an adjusted reduction in age at menarche of 0.20 years. Relative to those in the lowest DDT quartile, odds of any short cycle (<21 days) in the previous year were higher for those in the fourth quartile (odds ratio = 2.78; 95% CI 1.07 to 7.14). There were no associations between serum DDT concentrations and odds of experiencing a long cycle (>40 days). CONCLUSION Results suggest that DDT exposure was associated with earlier age at menarche and increased risk of experiencing a shortened menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ouyang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gibbons GW, Perry MJ, Pope CN. Anti-de Sitter-space/conformal-field-theory Casimir energy for rotating black holes. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:231601. [PMID: 16384293 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.231601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We show that, if one chooses the Einstein static universe as the metric on the conformal boundary of Kerr-anti-de Sitter spacetime, then the Casimir energy of the boundary conformal field theory can easily be determined. The result is independent of the rotation parameters, and the total boundary energy then straightforwardly obeys the first law of thermodynamics. Other choices for the metric on the conformal boundary will give different, more complicated, results. As an application, we calculate the Casimir energy for free self-dual tensor multiplets in six dimensions and compare it with that of the seven-dimensional supergravity dual. They differ by a factor of 5/4.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Gibbons
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge University, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, United Kingdom
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Gibbons GW, Perry MJ, Pope CN. Bulk-boundary thermodynamic equivalence, and the Bekenstein and cosmic-censorship bounds for rotating charged AdS black holes. Int J Clin Exp Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.72.084028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Plane DA, Henrie CJ, Perry MJ. Migration up and down the urban hierarchy and across the life course. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15313-8. [PMID: 16230633 PMCID: PMC1266124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507312102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we begin by reviewing the concept of step migration that originated in E. G. Ravenstein's seminal papers "The Laws of Migration" (1885, 1889). As a result of the forces of the Industrial Revolution underway in 19th century Great Britain, migrants moved from farms to villages, from villages to towns, from towns to county seats, and thence to large cities. Throughout much of the industrialization era in the United States, net population movements similarly were upward within the urban hierarchy, and step migration today remains widespread throughout much of the still developing world. Our investigations of recent data and trends, however, suggest that the latest U.S. migration-pattern regime is a strongly contrasting one. Many of the major movements in the system of internal (or domestic) migration are flows down the urban hierarchy, although we note highly differentiated patterns for persons and households at specific stages of the life course. We make use of the newly defined metropolitan and micropolitan Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) and a seven-level size typology to tabulate origin-destination-specific migration flow data from both Census 2000 and IRS tax-return administrative records for the period 1995-2000. We discuss the causes for net movements being either upward or downward in the national urban hierarchy, including the effects of spatially focused immigration, and movement preferences at various ages, including migration in young adulthood associated with entering and leaving college and the military, as well as moves characteristic of the stages of family formation, childrearing, and retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Plane
- Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Perry MJ, Todryk SM, Dalgleish AG. The role of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase in the treatment of solid tumours. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 8:777-85. [PMID: 15992130 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.6.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy is the approach whereby the genetic alteration of a cell renders it susceptible to an otherwise non-toxic prodrug. Suicide gene therapy for solid tumours has progressed rapidly since the concept was originally described: nearly all tumour types have been explored, with some, such as glioma, melanoma and colon cancer frequently used experimentally. The exciting aspect of suicide gene therapy is the bystander effect, the phenomenon whereby there is extended tumour death when only a small fraction is transfected with the suicide gene. This phenomenon implies that there is a reduced need to target specifically all tumour cells, as the effect mechanism itself carries out this function. The bystander effect mode of action has not yet been fully characterised, but the role of gap junctions and the immune system are implicated as the main instruments in its potentiation. This approach is also amenable to pharmacological intervention, which may help to optimise parameters prior to commencing suicide gene therapy. Clinical trails have already commenced using this form of treatment and results are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Perry
- Department of Urology, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0QT, UK.
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Smith AJP, Gidley J, Sandy JR, Perry MJ, Elson CJ, Kirwan JR, Spector TD, Doherty M, Bidwell JL, Mansell JP. Haplotypes of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene: are they a risk factor in osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:608-13. [PMID: 15979013 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several genome-wide scans have revealed an osteoarthritis (OA)-susceptibility locus on chromosome 11q in close proximity to the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene. The regulation of bone mass is under the control of LRP5 and since increased bone mass is thought to play a role in the pathology of OA we examined LRP5 polymorphisms and haplotypes to determine if variants of this locus may predispose to OA. METHODS A UK control population of 187 individuals was examined for five commonly occurring polymorphisms against a cohort of 158 DNAs from patients with knee OA. An additional UK cohort was also examined to confirm the findings of the first study; this second group consisted of 110 knee OA patients. Haplotype analysis was also performed on patient and control DNAs. RESULTS A study of individual polymorphisms revealed no association with disease. However, haplotype analysis of the initial two populations revealed a common haplotype (C-G-C-C-A) that provided a 1.6-fold increased risk of OA (P(c)=0.021). The data obtained from the second cohort confirmed the initial findings, with a 1.6-fold increased risk observed within this cohort for the risk haplotype (P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS A closer investigation of LRP5 and associated Wnt signalling molecules in OA will help determine disease aetiology and the development of novel treatment strategies that specifically target the bone compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J P Smith
- University of Bristol Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Homoeopathic Hospital Site, Cotham, Bristol BS6 6JU, UK
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Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been developed as a means of targeting estrogen's protective effect on the skeleton in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Although it is well established that SERMs such as tamoxifen inhibit bone resorption in a similar manner to estrogen, whether this agent shares estrogen's stimulatory action on bone formation is currently unclear. To address this question, we compared the effect of treatment for 28 d with 17beta-estradiol (E2; 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg x d) and tamoxifen (0.1, 1.0, or 10 mg/kg x d) on cancellous bone formation at the proximal tibial metaphysis of intact female mice. E2 stimulated the formation of new cancellous bone throughout the metaphysis. A similar response was observed after administration of tamoxifen, the magnitude of which was approximately 50% of that seen after E2. As expected, E2 was found to suppress longitudinal bone growth, but in contrast, this parameter was stimulated by tamoxifen. We conclude that tamoxifen acts as an agonist with respect to estrogen's stimulatory action on bone formation but as an antagonist in terms of estrogen's inhibition of longitudinal growth, suggesting that the protective effect of SERMs on the skeleton is partly mediated by stimulation of osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Perry
- Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Gartland A, Buckley KA, Hipskind RA, Perry MJ, Tobias JH, Buell G, Chessell I, Bowler WB, Gallagher JA. Multinucleated osteoclast formation in vivo and in vitro by P2X7 receptor-deficient mice. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2004; 13:243-53. [PMID: 14696971 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.v13.i24.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a member of the family of P2X purinergic receptors, which upon sustained activation forms large pores in the plasma membrane. In cells of hematopoietic origin, P2X7 receptor activation has been shown to lead to multiple downstream events, including cytokine release, cell permeabilization, and apoptosis. This receptor has also been implicated in the generation of multinucleated giant cells, polykaryons, and osteoclasts. We have recently demonstrated that a blockade of this receptor inhibits osteoclast formation in vitro; therefore, we examined mice deficient in the P2X7 receptor in the context of bone. These mice were healthy and displayed no overt skeletal problems. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate their ability to form multinucleated cells, in particular osteoclasts, both in vivo and in vitro. We also demonstrate the ability of P2X7R-/- multinucleated osteoclasts, upon stimulation with maitotoxin (MTX), to form pores in the plasma membrane in vitro. These findings are consistent with the existence of an endogenous pore structure present in osteoclast precursor cells that can be activated either by the P2X7 receptor, or in its absence, by alternative signals to mediate fusion and pore formation. These data provide further insight into the mode of action of the P2X7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gartland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N., Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Smith AJP, Keen LJ, Billingham MJ, Perry MJ, Elson CJ, Kirwan JR, Sims JE, Doherty M, Spector TD, Bidwell JL. Extended haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in the IL1R1–IL1A–IL1B–IL1RN gene cluster: association with knee osteoarthritis. Genes Immun 2004; 5:451-60. [PMID: 15190266 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 gene cluster is a key regulator in a number of chronic disease processes. We explored the linkage between nine polymorphic loci in the IL1R1 promoter, eight in the IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN gene complex, and their association with osteoarthritis (OA), a common complex disease associated with low-level inflammation. Using 195 healthy controls, we identified eight novel polymorphisms in the IL1R1 exon 1A region. We found limited LD between IL1R1 and the IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN cluster, although LD within these two individual groups was high. To test association with knee OA, we genotyped 141 patients from Bristol (UK) at the 17 loci. IL1R1 promoter haplotypes showed no association with disease. However, within the IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN complex, we identified a common haplotype conferring a four-fold risk of OA (P=0.00043; Pc=0.0043) and one IL1B-IL1RN haplotype conferring a four-fold reduced risk (P=0.0036; Pc=0.029). To replicate these associations, we subsequently examined 163 knee OA patients from London. Here, the effects of the haplotypes were confirmed: the risk IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN haplotype conferred a two-fold risk of OA (P=0.02), and the protective IL1B-IL1RN haplotype conferred a five-fold reduced risk of OA (P=0.0000008). These results may help to explain the genome-wide scan linkage data and functional observations concerning association between IL-1 and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J P Smith
- University of Bristol Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Homoeopathic Hospital Site, Cotham, Bristol, UK.
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Moffat DFC, Allen RA, Rapecki SE, Davis PD, O'Connell J, Hutchings MC, King MA, Boyce BA, Perry MJ. 4-thiophenoxy-N-(3,4,5-trialkoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-2-amines as potent and selective inhibitors of the T-cell tyrosine kinase p56lck. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11:747-53. [PMID: 15032728 DOI: 10.2174/0929867043455710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a series of 4-thiophenoxy-N-(3,4,5-trialkoxyphenyl) pyrimidine-2-amines as potent and selective inhibitors of p56lck tyrosine kinase activity. In particular, the most potent inhibitor shows cellular activity in T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulated models of cytokine release, which suggests an immunomodulatory role for this class of inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F C Moffat
- Celltech R&D, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 4EN, UK.
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Ashcroft AJ, Cruickshank SM, Croucher PI, Perry MJ, Rollinson S, Lippitt JM, Child JA, Dunstan C, Felsburg PJ, Morgan GJ, Carding SR. Colonic dendritic cells, intestinal inflammation, and T cell-mediated bone destruction are modulated by recombinant osteoprotegerin. Immunity 2004; 19:849-61. [PMID: 14670302 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune associated bone disease and intestinal inflammation are closely linked with deregulation and hyperactivation of autoreactive CD4 T cells. How these T cells are activated and mediate disease is not clear. Here we show that in the Interleukin 2-deficient mouse model of autoimmunity spontaneous osteopenia and colitis are caused by increased production of the ligand for receptor activator of NFkappaB (RANKL). RANKL acting via its receptor, receptor activator of NFkappaB (RANK), increases bone turnover and promotes intestinal dendritic cell (DC) survival in vivo. Modulation of RANKL-RANK interactions with exogenous recombinant osteoprotegerin (Fc-OPG) reverses skeletal abnormalities and reduces colitis by decreasing colonic DC numbers. This study identifies a common causal link between bone disease and intestinal inflammation and establishes the importance of DC in mediating colonic inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ashcroft
- Academic Unit of Haematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Yarram SJ, Perry MJ, Christopher TJ, Westby K, Brown NL, Lamminen T, Rulli SB, Zhang FP, Huhtaniemi I, Sandy JR, Mansell JP. Luteinizing hormone receptor knockout (LuRKO) mice and transgenic human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-overexpressing mice (hCG alphabeta+) have bone phenotypes. Endocrinology 2003; 144:3555-64. [PMID: 12865338 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been paid to the role of sex steroids during periods of major skeletal turnover, but the interaction of the gonadotropic hormones, which include LH, FSH, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), within bone tissue have been overlooked. The question is pertinent due to the recent detection of extragonadal expression of gonadotropin receptors. Western blotting, immunolocalization, and RT-PCR supported the presence of osteoblast LH receptors. However, osteoblast cells failed to bind [(125)I]hCG and treatment with hCG failed to generate either cAMP or phosphorylated ERK 1/2. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone histomorphometry were examined in the following models: 1) LH receptor null mutant (LuRKO) mice; 2) transgenic mice overexpressing hCG (hCG alphabeta+); and 3) ovariectomized (OVX) hCG alphabeta+ model. Male LuRKO mice showed a decrease in BMD after 5 months, apparently secondary to suppressed gonadal steroid production. Similarly, 9- to 10-wk-old female LuRKO mice exhibited decreases in histomorphometric parameters tested. The data indicate that loss of LH signaling results in a reduction in bone formation or an increase in bone resorption. By contrast, there were significant increases in BMD and histomorphometric indices for female, but not male, hCG alphabeta+ mice, indicating that chronic exposure to hCG results in bone formation or a decrease in bone resorption. However, OVX of the hCG alphabeta+ mice resulted in a significant reduction in BMD comparable to OVX WT controls. Although gonadotropin levels are tightly linked to sex steroid titers, it appears that their effects on the skeleton are indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Yarram
- Department of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol Dental School, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
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Gartland A, Buckley KA, Hipskind RA, Perry MJ, Tobias JH, Buell G, Chessell I, Bowler WB, Gallagher JA. Multinucleated Osteoclast Formation In Vivo and In Vitro by P2X7 Receptor-Deficient Mice. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2003. [DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.v13.i24.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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McDougall KE, Perry MJ, Gibson RL, Bright JM, Colley SM, Hodgin JB, Smithies O, Tobias JH. Estrogen-induced osteogenesis in intact female mice lacking ERbeta. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283:E817-23. [PMID: 12217900 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00071.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently found that estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists prevent high-dose estrogen from inducing the formation of new cancellous bone within the medullary cavity of mouse long bones. In the present investigation, we studied the role of specific ER subtypes in this response by examining whether this is impaired in female ERbeta(-/-) mice previously generated by targeted gene deletion. Vehicle or 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) (range 4-4,000 microg. kg(-1). day(-1)) was administered to intact female ERbeta(-/-) mice and wild-type littermates by subcutaneous injection for 28 days. The osteogenic response was subsequently assessed by histomorphometry performed on longitudinal and cross sections of the tibia. E(2) was found to cause an equivalent increase in cancellous bone formation in ERbeta(-/-) mice and littermate controls, as assessed at the proximal and distal regions of the proximal tibial metaphysis. E(2) also resulted in a similar increase in endosteal mineral apposition rate in these two genotypes, as assessed at the tibial diaphysis. In contrast, cortical area in ERbeta(-/-) mice was found to be greater than that in wild types irrespective of E(2) treatment, as was tibial bone mineral density as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, consistent with previous reports of increased cortical bone mass in these animals. We conclude that, although ERbeta acts as a negative modulator of cortical modeling, this isoform does not appear to contribute to high-dose estrogen's ability to induce new cancellous bone formation in mouse long bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E McDougall
- Academic Rheumatology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
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Seymour H, Perry MJ, Lee-Elliot C, Dundas D, Patel U. Pain after transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy: the advantages of periprostatic local anaesthesia. BJU Int 2001; 88:540-4. [PMID: 11678747 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of periprostatic local anaesthesia (LA) during prostatic biopsy guided by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), as 20-65% of men report moderate to severe pain, and there is anecdotal and published evidence that periprostatic anaesthesia improves patients' tolerance. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 157 patients were prospectively recruited and sequentially randomized to receive either LA or no anaesthesia. Sextant biopsies were taken in all men but some had more than six biopsies. All were asked to complete questionnaires immediately after TRUS-guided biopsy and for the subsequent week, giving pain scores and recording any morbidity, including symptoms of infection; analgesic use was also surveyed. RESULTS Patients given LA had significantly lower pain scores at the time of biopsy than those given no anaesthesia, with median (sd) pain scores of 1.53 (0.7) and 1.95 (0.65) (P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, there was a trend towards less analgesic use by those given LA, although this was not statistically significant. There was no difference in the amount of haematuria, haematochezia or haematospermia, or infection rate, between the groups. The additional cost and time of the procedure was minimal ( pound3.00 and 3 min/per patient, respectively). CONCLUSION Periprostatic LA infiltration is a quick and simple procedure which significantly improves immediate pain with no added morbidity; we strongly advocate its use to improve patient tolerance of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Seymour
- Department of Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is thought to increase trabecular bone mass in postmenopausal women by stimulating osteoblast function. A similar action may contribute to estrogen's protective effect on the skeleton, which we have explored in female mice, in which estrogen induces an exaggerated osteogenic response. In the present investigation, we used this model to determine whether an interaction exists between stimulatory effects of PTH and estrogen on osteoblast function in cancellous bone. An initial dose response study was performed where PTH (hPTH, 1-38) was administered to ten-week-old intact female mice by daily sc injection for 28 days, at doses of 1, 10, 100 microg/kg. In a subsequent study, intact female mice were given PTH and/or 17beta-estradiol (E2) 10 and 40 microg/kg/day respectively. Femoral BMD was assessed by peripheral DXA (PIXImus), and histomorphometry was performed to analyse changes in cancellous and cortical bone. PTH caused a small gain in femoral BMD, and increased the extent of periosteal bone formation surfaces, but had relatively little effect on other skeletal parameters when given alone. As previously found, E2 produced a large increase in femoral BMD, stimulated cancellous and endocortical bone formation, but inhibited periosteal bone formation. In mice treated with combination therapy, a greater increase in femoral BMD was observed compared to that following treatment with either agent alone. No differences in indices of cancellous bone were found between animals treated with E2 compared to the combination group. However, cortical area and periosteal bone formation rate were significantly greater in the latter group. We conclude that PTH and E2 exert an additive effect on bone mass in long bones of female mice, possibly reflecting an ability of PTH to oppose E2-induced suppression of periosteal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samuels
- University of Bristol Division of Medicine, UK
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Bardhan KD, Morton D, Perry MJ, Sanders DS, Morris P, Rowland A, Thompson M, Mitchell TR, Roberts PM. Ranitidine bismuth citrate with clarithromycin alone or with metronidazole for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15:1199-204. [PMID: 11472323 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both triple therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) plus two antibiotics for 7 days and dual therapy of RBC with clarithromycin for 14 days have been extensively studied; both regimens effectively eradicate Helicobacter pylori. However, few studies have assessed the efficacy of dual therapy given for 7 days. AIM To compare the efficacy and safety of RBC 400 mg with clarithromycin 500 mg, alone or with metronidazole 400 mg, given twice daily for 7 days for the eradication of H. pylori. METHODS This single centre, randomized, double-blind study involved 118 patients with dyspepsia or a history of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori infection was detected initially by CLO test, and confirmed in 109 patients by urea breath test and/or microbiology culture. H. pylori eradication was assessed 4 and 12 weeks after the end of treatment by urea breath test. H. pylori antibiotic susceptibility was assessed pre-study in all patients, and post-treatment in patients with a positive post-treatment urea breath test. Adverse events were recorded throughout the study. RESULTS H. pylori was eradicated in 93% of patients who received RBC with clarithromycin and metronidazole and in 84% of patients who received RBC with clarithromycin (intention-to-treat rates). Per protocol eradication rates were 98% and 90% for triple therapy and dual therapy, respectively. The eradication of metronidazole-resistant H. pylori was achieved in 100% and 88% of patients following dual therapy and triple therapy, respectively, and acquired resistance to clarithromycin occurred in only one patient following treatment failure. Both treatments were well-tolerated; only one patient (2%) was withdrawn from each treatment group due to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS RBC with clarithromycin and metronidazole is a highly effective and well-tolerated triple therapy regimen for the eradication of H. pylori. RBC with clarithromycin dual therapy has a similar efficacy, and offers an alternative to triple therapy when there are concerns about treatment with metronidazole or the use of multiple antibiotics. Both regimens are effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Bardhan
- Rotherham District General Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
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Abstract
It is well recognized that high-dose estrogen induces a marked osteogenic response in long bones of female mice. In light of evidence which suggests that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) plays a role in regulation of osteoblast activity, we analyzed whether NOS is involved in mediating this response. Intact female mice were administered 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) either alone or in combination with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) or aminoguanidine (AG), over 24 days. The former inhibits both constitutive and inducible isoforms of NOS, whereas the latter is a selective inhibitor of inducible NOS. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur was subsequently measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and histomorphometry performed at the proximal metaphysis on longitudinal tibial sections. As expected, E(2) given alone led to a marked accumulation of cancellous bone at the proximal tibial metaphysis, associated with a significant gain in femoral BMD, and an increase in cancellous mineralizing surfaces as assessed by histomorphometry. Neither L-NAME nor AG affected cancellous histomorphometric indices when given alone. However, when administered in combination with L-NAME, the magnitude of the skeletal response to E(2) was significantly reduced. The tendency for L-NAME to reduce estrogen-induced bone formation within the proximal tibial metaphysis was more marked distally compared with proximally. In contrast, AG showed no tendency to suppress the osteogenic response to E(2). Subsequently, we examined the effect of E(2) administration on expression within mouse femoral bone marrow of endothelial NOS (eNOS), which is the predominant constitutive isoform of NOS within bone. No change in eNOS mRNA levels was observed following E(2) administration, as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Taken together, our results suggest that eNOS plays a role in mediating estrogen-induced bone formation in intact female mice, possibly as a consequence of posttranscriptional regulation of eNOS activity by estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samuels
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Bristol Division of Medicine, Bristol, UK
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Bardhan KD, Cherian P, Bishop AE, Polak JM, Romanska H, Perry MJ, Rowland A, Thompson M, Morris P, Schneider A, Fischer R, Ng W, Lühmann R, McCaldin B. Pantoprazole therapy in the long-term management of severe acid peptic disease: clinical efficacy, safety, serum gastrin, gastric histology, and endocrine cell studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:1767-76. [PMID: 11419827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pantoprazole is the third proton pump inhibitor to become available. When this study was started, there were few data on its long-term use. Our aim was to investigate this aspect and, because powerful inhibitors of acid secretion can cause hypergastrinemia and, in experimental animals, enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia, we also monitored serum gastrin and endocrine cell histology. METHODS One hundred fifty patients refractory to H2-receptor antagonists, running an aggressive course or with complications, were entered into a 5-yr treatment program. We performed serial endoscopy, checked for adverse events, and laboratory values. We also monitored serum gastrin, gastric endocrine cell histology, and antral and corpus gastritis. RESULTS This report presents results from up to 3 yr of treatment. Cumulative healing on 40-80 mg of pantoprazole was 82% at 4 wk and 92% by 12 wk. Most patients became asymptomatic within 4 wk. Remission on maintenance treatment with 40 mg (n = 111) was 85% at 12 months and 78% at 24 months. Treatment was safe; only four patients had adverse events definitely related to pantoprazole. Elevations in gastrin were modest and there were no significant changes in gastric endocrine cells. The number of enterochromaffin-like cells tended to decrease. CONCLUSION Pantoprazole is effective, safe, and does not seem to be associated with large increases in serum gastrin or alterations in gastric endocrine cells.
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Eaton JD, Perry MJ, Todryk SM, Mazucco RA, Kirby RS, Griffiths JR, Dalgleish AG. Genetic prodrug activation therapy (GPAT) in two rat prostate models generates an immune bystander effect and can be monitored by magnetic resonance techniques. Gene Ther 2001; 8:557-67. [PMID: 11319623 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2000] [Accepted: 01/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer requires new treatment strategies. Genetic prodrug activation therapy (GPAT) may provide a new therapeutic avenue. In this study the antitumour efficacy of the gene encoding herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) activating the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) was compared in two models of ectopic (subcutaneous) rat prostate cancer. Both models, which differ in their characteristics, were previously shown to be weakly immunogenic but susceptible to immunotherapy. Tumour cell lines were stably transfected with HSVtk and were rendered highly sensitive to GCV. Little or no bystander killing effect was observed by tk-transfected cells on wild-type cells in vitro. However, a significant in vivo bystander effect was observed suggesting an immune-mediated response. Indeed, such an immune response was capable of slowing the growth of distant wild-type tumours and increased overall animal survival. A T helper 1 immune response was generated as a result of GCV activation and cell kill, demonstrated by the secretion of IFNgamma by cultured splenocytes in response to tumour cells. BrDU staining of tk-transfected cells treated with GCV in vitro suggested apoptotic cell death, but Annexin V staining was less marked for one of the cell lines. Serial in vivo monitoring by non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the tk-transfected MATLyLu tumours demonstrated a decreased ATP/Pi ratio (a measure of cell energy status) during growth and an increase in the ATP/Pi ratio during regression initiated by treatment with GCV. Further, significant differences were found in the phosphomonester (PME) to total phosphate (SigmaP) ratios in treated compared with untreated tumours, a result rarely seen in animal models, but commonly observed in patients. This study showed that a Th1-biased immune response generated by killing prostate tumour cells with tk/GCV can kill distant as well as local wild-type tumour cells. These findings suggest that GPAT may have a potential application in patients with both confined and metastatic prostate cancer and MRS may provide a method of monitoring response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Eaton
- Division of Oncology, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Burrows S, Perry MJ, Tylman VT, Lemkau HL. The Southeast Florida AIDS Information Network: a community outreach, specialized information system. Med Ref Serv Q 2001; 13:1-18. [PMID: 10134052 DOI: 10.1300/j115v13n01_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the years ahead, end-user instruction will expand from the current models of curriculum- and institution-based programs for teaching MEDLINE to include outreach programs to unaffiliated users for teaching specialized database searching. The Southeast Florida AIDS Information Network (SEFAIN), a community-based information system targeting health care providers in a tri-county area, is an example of this new model. The components of SEFAIN and the results of the outreach and educational programs are presented. The advantages of these programs to both providers and librarians are highlighted. Comparisons are drawn between end users who take specialized information courses and those who take MEDLINE courses or no courses. These data will assist librarians in the justification and development of specialized information systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Burrows
- Louis Calder Memorial Library, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101
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Perry MJ. Religion, politics, and abortion. Univ Detroit Mercy Law Rev 2001; 79:1-37. [PMID: 16538743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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Abstract
High-dose estrogen both stimulates new medullary bone formation and suppresses hematopoiesis in mouse long bones. To determine whether the latter response is a direct consequence of the former, we compared the time course of estrogen's effects on osteogenesis and hematopoietic bone marrow. Flow cytometry was employed to measure hematopoietic subpopulations in bone marrow from femurs of female mice killed at different times after commencing 0.5 mg estradiol/wk to each animal. Estrogen markedly reduced the number of leucocytes (CD11a positive), which had already diminished by 75% after 4 days and had virtually disappeared by 18 days. Specific populations showed a similar pattern of decline after estrogen, including B lymphocytes, monocytes, and endothelial cells. In contrast, the osteogenic precursor population showed a marked increase after estrogen treatment, as assessed by assaying alkaline phosphatase-positive colony-forming units (fibroblastic) ex vivo. However, this rise did not reach significance until 8 days after estrogen administration, suggesting that it follows rather than precedes estrogen's effects on hematopoiesis. We conclude that estrogen does not suppress hematopoiesis in mouse long bones as a direct consequence of its effects on osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Perry
- Rheumatology Unit, Division of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate cancer immunotherapy using whole allogeneic (differing tissue-type) tumour cells as vaccines in the rat prostate cancer model. Materials and methods Two rat models of prostate cancer were used; MAT-LyLu tumours which grow in Copenhagen rats and PAIII tumours which grow in Lobund-Wistar rats, with crossover of the cell lines to test allogeneic vaccination. The cell lines were immunologically characterized by flow cytometry. Irradiated tumour cells were administered as subcutaneous vaccines either before tumour challenge or after tumour establishment (both subcutaneous). A preparation of heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae bacilli (SRL172) was used as an adjuvant to increase vaccine efficiency. RESULTS Flow cytometry analysis of the cell lines showed that the PAIII cells had higher levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) expression than the MAT-LyLu cells. However, both tumour cell lines were rejected in their allogeneic hosts. Prophylactic vaccination with allogeneic MAT-LyLu cells protected against PAIII tumour challenge in Lobund-Wistar rats, with 80% of animals surviving for > 5 months, compared with 40% for animals receiving autologous cells. The immunity was prolonged, as rats were protected when rechallenged 5 months later. In Copenhagen rats allogeneic PAIII cells protected against the more aggressive MAT-LyLu tumour challenge only when the cells were combined with SRL172. Initial therapy experiments showed that vaccination with the cell lines mediated only limited tumour regression in the Lobund-Wistar rats. CONCLUSION The allogeneic tumour cell vaccination model described is valuable for assessing the principle and efficacy of allogeneic prostate cancer cell vaccines for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hrouda
- Division of Oncology and Department of Urology, St George's Hospital, London Department of Molecular Medicine, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
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Perry MJ, Christiani DC, Mathew J, Degenhardt D, Tortorelli J, Strauss J, Sonzogni WC. Urinalysis of atrazine exposure in farm pesticide applicators. Toxicol Ind Health 2000; 16:285-90. [PMID: 11693946 DOI: 10.1177/074823370001600705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study compared three relatively common laboratory methods for the detection of atrazine (a triazine herbicide commonly used in US agriculture), and related metabolites in urine. Ninety-nine samples collected from atrazine applicators within 8 h post application were analyzed. Thirty-seven percent of applicators showed detectable levels (minimum = 1.0 ng/ml) of deethylatrazine (an atrazine metabolite typically found in environmental samples) in their urine, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis (mean = 14.2 ng/ml). Fifty applicator samples were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed for the mercapturate metabolic product. Most of these samples (80%) had detectable levels of the mercapturate product. A triazine in water ELISA was also used to test several diluted urine samples from atrazine applicators, and all samples were positive for triazines. Mediocre agreements between the three methods indicated that each detected distinct atrazine exposure products. The results indicate that single field applications of atrazine result in measurable pesticide doses to applicators and that the choice of field assay should depend on the exposure product to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Perry
- Occupational Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
Although estrogen is known to induce new bone formation in the long bones of female mice, this response is only thought to occur following administration of high doses, suggesting that it may not be mediated by a conventional estrogen receptor. To address this question further, we first examined the stereospecificity of this response by comparing the potency of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in stimulating cancellous bone formation at the proximal tibial metaphysis of intact female mice with that of the relatively inactive stereoisomer, 17alpha-estradiol (alphaE(2)). We found that E(2) was significantly more potent than alphaE(2), as assessed by histomorphometry. To provide further evidence for an estrogen-receptor-mediated process, we examined whether E(2)-induced osteogenesis in intact female mice could be inhibited by the estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182,780 (ICI). Although ICI itself had no effect on histomorphometric indices of the proximal tibial metaphysis when given alone, it significantly inhibited the osteogenic response to E(2). Finally, we examined the dose dependency of E(2)-induced osteogenesis at the proximal tibial metaphysis in intact mice. We found that E(2) stimulated cancellous bone formation in a dose-dependent manner over a wide dose range (i. e., 1-4000 microg/kg per day), with significant increases observed at doses of 4 microg/kg per day and beyond. Our results raise the possibility that estrogen-induced osteogenesis in the mouse represents an estrogen-receptor-mediated response that is not confined solely to supraphysiological estrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samuels
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Bristol Division of Medicine, University College, Bristol, UK
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