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Riazuddin M, Farouk NI, Ali SS, Butt MI, Arabi TZ, Sabbah BN, Ali MS, Alkattan K. Pleural effusion due to lymphangiomatosis and the role of sirolimus: A case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:6178-6181. [PMID: 38098585 PMCID: PMC10718374 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphangiomatosis is a rare abnormal proliferation of lymphatic vessels involving multiple organs like the brain, lung, heart, spleen, liver, and bones. Lymphangiomas constitute 5.6% of all benign tumors in infancy and adulthood. Case presentation We report a case of a young lady who presented with constitutional symptoms and progressive dyspnea. Her medical history is significant for muco-cutaneous albinism, diffuse hemangiomas of the bone and viscera, and consumptive coagulopathy status post-splenectomy. After initial investigations, she was found to have right-sided pleural effusion. Pleural fluid analysis indicated chylothorax. She had multiple drainages of the pleural fluid done, and afterward, ligation of the right thoracic duct was performed with a trial of sirolimus, which improved her chylothorax. Clinical discussion Several case reports have reported positive outcomes with sirolimus in the treatment of lymphangiomatosis. However, larger controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings. Conclusion Sirolimus is promising as a medical treatment for diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Riazuddin
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
| | | | - Saad S. Ali
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad I. Butt
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center
| | - Tarek Z. Arabi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Belal N. Sabbah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha S. Ali
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Zhang H, Hu Z, Wang S, Wu K, Yang Q, Song X. Clinical features and outcomes of male patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32492. [PMID: 36596036 PMCID: PMC9803497 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease involving multiple systems, which is divided into sporadic LAM (S-LAM) and tuberous sclerosis complex-LAM, mostly affecting women who are in childbearing age stage. Data on male patients are limited and scattered. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review to investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of LAM in male. METHODS We performed a literature review by searching for all the published reported cases of LAM in male during the past 35 years (April 1986-October 2021). RESULTS 36 male patients described in 26 references were included in this article. The median age of onset was 34 years (interquartile range: 1-79). The most common initial manifestations were cough, dyspnea, respite, and hemoptysis, with pulmonary complications such as pneumothorax and chylothorax. Five patients (13.9%) were asymptomatic at admission. Nearly half of the 36 male patients had thin-walled air-filled cysts that were visible throughout both lungs. Considering the abovementioned atypical clinical features, misdiagnosis was committed in 8 patients (22.2%). In addition, patients with tuberous sclerosis complex lymphangioleiomyomatosis often have no pulmonary manifestations at onset but present multiple extrapulmonary manifestations and have higher rates of renal angiomyolipomas than patients with S-LAM (P < 0.01). Eventually, 4 patients with S-LAM eventually died. CONCLUSION Physicians should increase the awareness of LAM in male. Early monitoring of various systems should be recommended to ensure early management and active follow-up. Tuberous sclerosis complex patients should immediately be tracked for the onset of LAM disease to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the first College of Clinical Medicine science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yichang Central People’s Hospital., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the first College of Clinical Medicine science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yichang Central People’s Hospital., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sufei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kanhao Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the first College of Clinical Medicine science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yichang Central People’s Hospital., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiaoyu Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the first College of Clinical Medicine science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yichang Central People’s Hospital., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the first College of Clinical Medicine science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yichang Central People’s Hospital., Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * Correspondence: Xinyu Song, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the first College of Clinical Medicine science, Three Gorges University, NO. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang 443003. People’s Republic of China (e-mail: )
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3
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Perez-Atayde AR, Debelenko L, Al-Ibraheemi A, Eng W, Ruiz-Gutierrez M, O'Hare M, Croteau SE, Trenor CC, Boyer D, Balkin DM, Barclay SF, Hsi Dickie B, Liang MG, Chaudry G, Alomari AI, Mulliken JB, Adams DM, Kurek KC, Fishman SJ, Kozakewich HPW. Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis: Pathologic Aspects in 43 Patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:963-976. [PMID: 35385405 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis is an uncommon generalized lymphatic anomaly with distinctive clinical, radiologic, histopathologic, and molecular findings. Herein, we document the pathology in 43 patients evaluated by the Boston Children's Hospital Vascular Anomalies Center from 1999 to 2020. The most frequent presentations were respiratory difficulty, hemostatic abnormalities, and a soft tissue mass. Imaging commonly revealed involvement of some combination of mediastinal, pulmonary, pleural, and pericardial compartments and most often included spleen and skeleton. Histopathology was characterized by dilated, redundant, and abnormally configured lymphatic channels typically accompanied by dispersed clusters of variably canalized, and often hemosiderotic, spindled lymphatic endothelial cells that were immunopositive for D2-40, PROX1, and CD31. An activating lesional NRAS variant was documented in 9 of 10 patients. The clinical course was typically aggressive, marked by hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, diminished fibrinogen levels, and a mortality rate of 21%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larisa Debelenko
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Melisa Ruiz-Gutierrez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
| | | | - Stacy E Croteau
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Hospital Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cameron C Trenor
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Hospital Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Sarah F Barclay
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
- Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Gulraiz Chaudry
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Ahmad I Alomari
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Denise M Adams
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Comprehensive Vascular Anomalies Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kyle C Kurek
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
- Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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4
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Keddache S, Claudé F, Saïzonou I, Dalphin JC, Soumagne T. A 35-Year-Old Man With Recurrent Pneumonia and Whitish Sputum. Chest 2021; 158:e229-e232. [PMID: 33160542 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE PRESENTATION A 35-year-old man was admitted for recurrent episodes of pneumonia. He complained of a 2-month history of exertional dyspnea and productive cough with whitish and viscous sputum which was poorly responsive to antibiotic therapy. He also reported a weight loss of 5 kg since the first symptoms appeared. There was no dysphagia, fever, or chest pain. He currently did not use medication and did not have a relevant medical history except a current 10 pack-year smoking history. He did not report any history of trauma or respiratory exposure to fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Keddache
- Service de Pneumologie, Oncologie thoracique et allergologie respiratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Besançon, Besançon, France.
| | - Frédéric Claudé
- Service de Pneumologie, Oncologie thoracique et allergologie respiratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Inès Saïzonou
- Service d'Anatomie pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Jean Charles Dalphin
- Service de Pneumologie, Oncologie thoracique et allergologie respiratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Thibaud Soumagne
- Service de Pneumologie, Oncologie thoracique et allergologie respiratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Besançon, Besançon, France
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5
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El Ezzi O, Saliou G, Gengler C, de Buys Roessingh A. Congenital lymphangiomatosis: Multidisciplinary approach. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2020.101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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6
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Jha V, Jha A. Unusual case of chylothorax with unilateral limb swelling. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/2/e230379. [PMID: 32047079 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present an unusual case of 26-month male toddler who presented with swelling of right lower limb with painless hyperpigmented patch over right groin of 18 months duration associated with recent onset respiratory distress. Evaluation revealed right chylothorax and MRI revealed altered signal intensity in bones and muscles of right lower limb. Lymphoscintigraphy revealed absence of lymphatic channels in right lower limb. Skin biopsy from hyperpigmented patch was suggestive of vasoformative lesion favouring lymphangiomatosis. A diagnosis of Gorham's syndrome was made, and our patient was managed with drainage of chylothorax followed by pleurodesis, parenteral nutrition and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jha
- Department of Medicine, Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Jha
- Department of Anaesthesiology, General Hospital, Ladakh, India
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7
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Nicolas G, Shebli A, Minari AM, Sleimen AEH, Jaoude FA, Terro JJ, Zeidan M, Khairallah M, Hashem M. Propranolol Alleviating the Challenging Clinical Course of Birth Onset Generalized Lymphangiomatosis. A Case Report. Surg Case Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.31487/j.scr.2019.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cystic hygromas, interchangeably named Lymphangiomas, are rare, congenital, benign lesions due to an abnormal lymphatic system development that tend to occur mostly in the head, neck, and oral cavity.
Case Presentation: This is a case of 18 year old male patient Syrian, smoker, with a history of multiple cystic hygromas since birth along with a generous surgical history of multiple laparotomies for intrabadominal cystic excisions, splenectomy herniorrhaphies (bilateral inguinal hernias and 2 incisional hernias due to laparotomies) left orchieopexy then testiculectomy, scrotal skin graft , multiple abdominal radioguided cystic drainage and sclerotherapy; presented to our care center for fever, dry cough, pleuretic chest pain, and mild abdominal pain with watery diarrhea.
Conclusion: Cystic Hygroma is still being considered as a rare entity and can virtually occur in the whole body sites mostly at head and neck regions as explained above. Challenges in this disease is by finding cases where the presence of such cystic lesions is in extremely rare and unusual sites as well as different treatment modalities and prognostics depending on the site and size of the detected cystic formations.
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8
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Hashimoto H, Tsugeno Y, Sugita K, Inamura K. Mesenchymal tumors of the lung: diagnostic pathology, molecular pathogenesis, and identified biomarkers. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:S9-S24. [PMID: 30775024 PMCID: PMC6353741 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancers are mainly composed of epithelial tumors such as carcinomas. Since mesenchymal tumors that arise in the lung are very rare, they have garnered little attention. The 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lung tumors has undergone revision, not only for carcinomas but also for mesenchymal tumors. The current version now includes PEComatous tumors, myoepithelial tumors, and pulmonary myxoid sarcomas with EWSR1-CREB1 translocation as new disease entities. To date, no review article has comprehensively summarized what is known about pulmonary mesenchymal tumors in accordance with the latest WHO classification. In this review, we attempt to summarize the data about these tumors in line with the 2015 WHO classification (except for pediatric tumors), focusing on their diagnostic pathology, molecular pathogenesis, and identified biomarkers for differential diagnoses. We also address the recently recognized pulmonary mesenchymal tumors that have not yet been included in the WHO classification. An increased understanding of the molecular characteristics of pulmonary mesenchymal tumors has the potential to provide clinicians with the best therapeutic options for patients with these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsugeno
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sugita
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Fang X, Huang Z, Zeng Y, Zhu X, Wang S, Yu X, Li X, Wu C, Yi X. Lymphangiomatosis involving the pulmonary and extrapulmonary lymph nodes and surrounding soft tissue: A rare case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9032. [PMID: 29245295 PMCID: PMC5728910 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis (DPL) mainly affects the lung and pleura. There are very few pathological reports of lung damage accompanied by diffuse involvement of the extrapulmonary lymph nodes and surrounding soft tissue. The clinicopathological significance of coexistence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary lesions is unknown. METHODS Here, we report a 16-year-old male patient. The pathological specimens of the supraclavicular lymph node and soft tissue together with the lung biopsy were analyzed by pathological observation and immunohistochemical staining. Literatures were reviewed and clinical and imaging findings were discussed. RESULTS The patient presented with coughing and expectoration for 1 year and intermittent hemoptysis for 4 months. Ultrasound revealed swollen lymph nodes in bilateral neck, left armpit, and pubic symphysis. Chest CT scan showed diffuse grid and linear shadows, bilateral pleural thickening, and nodule formation. Multiple enlarged lymph nodes were mainly investigated in bilateral hilar, mediastinal, para-aortic, lesser curvature, and retroperitoneal. Supraclavicular lymph node biopsy confirmed the lymphatic hyperplasia and expansion in the capsule and surrounding soft tissue. The thoracoscopic examination found bloody chylothorax on the left chest. And lung biopsy showed the lymphatic vessel hyperplasia and expansion on the pleura and adjacent lung tissue. Immunohistochemical stains showed that the lymphatic endothelial cells were positive for D2-40 and CD31. Lymphangiomatosis involving the pulmonary and extrapulmonary lymph nodes and surrounding soft tissue was diagnosed based on the aforementioned histological findings. CONCLUSION Lymphangiomatosis of superficial lymph node mainly involves the capsule of lymph nodes and its surrounding soft tissue. The information obtained from the lymph node biopsy can prompt and assist the diagnosis of DPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Fang
- Department of ENT, Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
| | - Ziling Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - Xuyou Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - Xiaoting Yu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghua Yi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai
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10
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Luisi F, Torre O, Harari S. Thoracic involvement in generalised lymphatic anomaly (or lymphangiomatosis). Eur Respir Rev 2017; 25:170-7. [PMID: 27246594 PMCID: PMC9487238 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Generalised lymphatic anomaly (GLA), also known as lymphangiomatosis, is a rare disease caused by congenital abnormalities of lymphatic development. It usually presents in childhood but can also be diagnosed in adults. GLA encompasses a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from single-organ involvement to generalised disease. Given the rarity of the disease, most of the information regarding it comes from case reports. To date, no clinical trials concerning treatment are available. This review focuses on thoracic GLA and summarises possible diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Possible diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to generalised lymphatic anomaly (lymphangiomatosis)http://ow.ly/4n4pgU
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luisi
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Torre
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Harari
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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11
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[Interstitial processes of the lungs in childhood]. DER PATHOLOGE 2017; 38:260-271. [PMID: 28349192 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-017-0280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial processes in the lungs of children can be due to several underlying diseases. Knowledge of the child's age is important as genetic aberrations play a major role in diseases in the first 2 years, whereas immunological diseases are more common starting in kindergarden age. In general lung diseases are rare in children, which makes the diagnostics difficult and results in a delayed diagnosis. In addition, pediatric pulmonologists are often very reluctant to perform lung biopsies due to a lack of a specialized pathologist. In order to make a contribution to the diagnostics of pediatric pulmonary diseases, pathologists should be specialized in pulmonary pathology, have a good knowledge of genetic methods and fetal lung development, which includes the genetic factors involved in lung growth and differentiation. A close cooperation with the pediatric pulmonologist is necessary and each patient should be discussed jointly on an interstitial lung disease board to promote the quality of diagnostics. The pathologist should be aware that the developing lungs of children are not just a smaller form of adult lungs and often react very differently. In this article, we mainly focus on diffuse infiltration patterns, such as ground glass and reticulonodular infiltrations as described in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Localized interstitial processes, which can sometimes be tumor-like and malformations are not dealt with; however, vascular malformations are included as these often manifest as diffuse interstitial infiltrations and must therefore be taken into consideration for the differential diagnostics.
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12
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Diffuse Pulmonary Lymphangiomatosis: MDCT Findings After Direct Lymphangiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017; 208:300-305. [PMID: 27845836 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.16.16589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Putta T, Irodi A, Thangakunam B, Oliver A, Gunasingam R. Young patient with generalized lymphangiomatosis: Differentiating the differential. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2016; 26:411-415. [PMID: 27857472 PMCID: PMC5036344 DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.190416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a 19-year-old man who was extensively evaluated in multiple centres for long-standing cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis without a definitive diagnosis. His chest radiograph at presentation showed mediastinal widening, bilateral pleural effusions, and Kerley B lines. Computed tomography of the thorax showed a confluent, fluid-density mediastinal lesion enveloping the mediastinal viscera without any mass effect. There were bilateral pleural effusions, prominent peribronchovascular interstitial thickening, interlobular septal thickening and lobular areas of ground glass density with relative sparing of apices. There were a few dilated retroperitoneal lymphatics and well-defined lytic lesions in the bones. In this case report, we aim to systematically discuss the relevant differentials and arrive at a diagnosis. We also briefly discuss the treatment options and prognosis along with our patient's course in the hospital and final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharani Putta
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aparna Irodi
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ashwin Oliver
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Gunasingam
- Department of Radiotherapy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Abstract
The thoracic lymphatic disorders are a heterogeneous group of uncommon conditions that are associated with thoracic masses, interstitial pulmonary infiltrates, and chylous complications. Accurate diagnosis of the thoracic lymphatic disorders has important implications for the newest approaches to management, including embolization and treatment with antilymphangiogenic drugs. New imaging techniques to characterize lymphatic flow, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiogram, are redefining approaches to disease classification and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Itkin
- Interventional Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn Medicine, 1 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Francis X McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, MSB 6165, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0564, USA
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15
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Goyal P, Alomari AI, Kozakewich HP, Trenor CC, Perez-Atayde AR, Fishman SJ, Greene AK, Shaikh R, Chaudry G. Imaging features of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis. Pediatr Radiol 2016; 46:1282-90. [PMID: 27053281 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-016-3611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis is a rare, aggressive lymphatic disorder. The imaging and presenting features of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis can overlap with those of central conducting lymphatic anomaly and generalized lymphatic anomaly. OBJECTIVE To analyze the imaging findings of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis disorder and highlight features most suggestive of this diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified and characterized 20 children and young adults with histopathological diagnosis of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis and radiologic imaging referred to the vascular anomalies center between 1995 and 2015. RESULTS The median age at onset was 6.5 years (range 3 months to 27 years). The most common presenting features were respiratory compromise (dyspnea, cough, chest pain; 55.5%), swelling/mass (25%), bleeding (15%) and fracture (5%). The thoracic cavity was involved in all patients; all patients had mediastinal involvement followed by lung parenchymal disease (90%) and pleural (85%) and pericardial (50%) effusions. The most common extra-thoracic sites of disease were the retroperitoneum (80%), bone (60%), abdominal viscera (55%) and muscles (45%). There was characteristic enhancing and infiltrative soft-tissue thickening in the mediastinum and retroperitoneum extending along the lymphatic distribution. CONCLUSION Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis has overlapping imaging features with central conducting lymphatic anomaly and generalized lymphatic anomaly. Presence of mediastinal or retroperitoneal enhancing and infiltrative soft-tissue disease along the lymphatic distribution, hemorrhagic effusions and moderate thrombocytopenia (50-100,000/μl) should favor diagnosis of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Goyal
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ahmad I Alomari
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Harry P Kozakewich
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cameron C Trenor
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio R Perez-Atayde
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven J Fishman
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arin K Greene
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raja Shaikh
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gulraiz Chaudry
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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16
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Lamovec J, Bračko M. Infiltrating Cavernous Lymphangiomyoma of the Mesentery: A Case Report. Int J Surg Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/106689699604030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A case of an infiltrating lymphangiomatous lesion of the mesentery in a 17-year-old girl that involved the head of the pancreas and surrounding retroperitoneal tissue and dissected through the duodenojejunal wall to form multiple polypoid structures in the mucosa is presented. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by cavernous lymphangiomatous spaces with an unusually prominent smooth muscle component in their walls, and it could be designated as lymphangiomyoma. It is believed that the lesion, in spite of its superficial resemblance to lymphangiomyomatosis, is not related to it because the character of the smooth muscle cells, their distribution, their negative reactions to HMB-45, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and a general aspect of the cavernous lymphangioma-like lesion are all evidence against such a possibility. The polypoid presentation of the lesion in the intestinal lumen is unique and adds yet another category of small intestinal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Lamovec
- From the Department of Pathology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Bračko
- From the Department of Pathology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Rockson SG. Laboratory models for the investigation of lymphangiomatosis. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:64-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis, a newly characterized vascular anomaly presenting with hemoptysis in an adult woman. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11:92-5. [PMID: 24460439 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201308-287bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of the pulmonary lymphatic system include macro- and microcystic lymphatic malformations, primary or secondary lymphangiectasias, generalized lymphatic anomalies, diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis, and combinations of lymphatic and other tissue anomalies, including lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). We report a case of a patient with a newly defined entity classified as kaposiform lymphangiomatosis (KLA). This 50-year-old nonsmoking Hispanic woman presented with a 20-year history of cough, hemoptysis, chyloptysis, and pleuritic chest pain. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated a low normal platelet count, elevated d-Dimer, low normal fibrinogen, and elevated fibrin split products. Chest computerized tomography imaging showed enlarged hypodense lymph nodes in the mediastinum and hila, and peribronchovascular thickening, without evidence of cystic parenchymal lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging of the chest showed cystic mediastinal lymph nodes with heterogeneously increased T2 and decreased T1 signal intensity. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed hyperemic mucosa with granular appearance suggestive of a submucosal infiltrative process. Pathological specimens revealed dilated, malformed lymphatic channels within the pleura, pulmonary septa, and bronchovascular bundles, and foci of perilymphatic and intralymphatic spindle cells which reacted with the Prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX-1) immunostain. The morphology and immunohistochemistry results were consistent with a diagnosis of KLA. This newly recognized clinical-pathological entity among intrathoracic lymphatic anomalies is distinguished from generalized lymphatic anomaly and diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis in part by characteristic hematological abnormalities and hemorrhagic complications, including hemoptysis, as experienced by our patient.
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19
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Sun Y, Zhang E, Lao T, Pereira AM, Li C, Xiong L, Morrison T, Haley KJ, Zhou X, Yu JJ. Progesterone and estradiol synergistically promote the lung metastasis of tuberin-deficient cells in a preclinical model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:284-98. [PMID: 25069840 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a female-predominant lung disease that can lead to respiratory failure. LAM cells typically have inactivating tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2) mutations, leading to mTORC1 hyperactivation. The gender specificity of LAM suggests that female hormones contribute to disease progression. Clinical findings indicate that estradiol exacerbates LAM behaviors and symptoms. Although hormonal therapy with progesterone has been employed, the benefit in LAM improvement has not been achieved. We have previously found that estradiol promotes the survival and lung metastasis of cells lacking tuberin in a preclinical model of LAM. In this study, we hypothesize that progesterone alone or in combination with estradiol promotes metastatic behaviors of TSC2-deficient cells. In cell culture models of TSC2-deficient LAM patient-derived and rat uterine leiomyoma-derived cells, we found that progesterone treatment or progesterone plus estradiol resulted in increased phosphorylation of Protein Kinase B (Akt) and Extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2), induced the proliferation, and enhanced the migration and invasiveness. In addition, treatment of progesterone plus estradiol synergistically decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species and enhanced cell survival under oxidative stress. In a murine model of LAM, treatment of progesterone plus estradiol promoted the growth of xenograft tumors; however, progesterone treatment did not affect the development of xenograft tumors of Tsc2-deficient cells. Importantly, treatment of progesterone plus estradiol resulted in alteration of lung morphology and significantly increased the number of lung micrometastases of Tsc2-deficient cells compared with estradiol treatment alone. Collectively, these data indicate that progesterone increases the metastatic potential of Tsc2-deficient LAM patient-derived cells in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. Thus, targeting progesterone-mediated signaling events may have therapeutic benefit for LAM and possibly other hormonally dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, One Blackfan Circle, 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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20
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Lim HJ, Han J, Kim HK, Kim TS. A rare case of diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis in a middle-aged woman. Korean J Radiol 2014; 15:295-9. [PMID: 24642766 PMCID: PMC3955798 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2014.15.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis (DPL) is a rare lymphatic disorder characterized by lymphatic channel proliferation. It is mostly reported in children and young adults. Here, we report a case involving a 52-year-old asymptomatic woman who presented with increased interstitial markings, as seen on a chest radiograph. Diffuse interstitial septal thickening was found on a serial follow-up chest computed tomography scan, and lymphangitic metastasis was the primary radiologic differential diagnosis. However, histologic sections of wedge resected lung revealed diffuse pleural and interlobular septal lymphatic proliferation characteristic of DPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-ju Lim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Hong Kwan Kim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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21
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Croteau SE, Kozakewich HPW, Perez-Atayde AR, Fishman SJ, Alomari AI, Chaudry G, Mulliken JB, Trenor CC. Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis: a distinct aggressive lymphatic anomaly. J Pediatr 2014; 164:383-8. [PMID: 24252784 PMCID: PMC3946828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and imaging characteristics of a new lymphatic disorder with a unique histological pattern and poor prognosis. STUDY DESIGN An observational, retrospective study identified and characterized 20 patients with distinct lymphatic histopathology referred to the Vascular Anomalies Center at Boston Children's Hospital between 1995 and 2011. RESULTS The median age at onset was 6.5 years (range, birth to 44 years). Clinical and radiologic findings suggested a generalized process. The most common presentations were respiratory symptoms (50%), hemostatic abnormalities (50%), and an enlarging, palpable mass (35%). All patients had mediastinal involvement; 19 patients developed pericardial (70%) and/or pleural effusions (85%). Extrathoracic disease manifested in bone and spleen and less frequently in abdominal viscera, peritoneum, integument, and extremities. Despite aggressive procedural and medical therapies, the 5-year survival was 51% and the overall survival was 34%. Mean interval between diagnosis and death was 2.75 years (range, 1-6.5 years). CONCLUSIONS We describe a clinicopathologically distinct lymphatic anomaly. We propose the term kaposiform lymphangiomatosis (KLA) because of characteristic clusters or sheets of spindled lymphatic endothelial cells accompanying malformed lymphatic channels. The intrathoracic component is most commonly implicated in morbidity and mortality; however, extrathoracic disease is frequent, indicating that KLA is not restricted to pulmonary lymphatics. The mortality rate of KLA is high despite aggressive multimodal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy E Croteau
- Dana Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Harry P W Kozakewich
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Antonio R Perez-Atayde
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven J Fishman
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ahmad I Alomari
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gulraiz Chaudry
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John B Mulliken
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cameron C Trenor
- Dana Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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22
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Yao LC, Testini C, Tvorogov D, Anisimov A, Vargas SO, Baluk P, Pytowski B, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K, McDonald DM. Pulmonary lymphangiectasia resulting from vascular endothelial growth factor-C overexpression during a critical period. Circ Res 2014; 114:806-22. [PMID: 24429550 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.303119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphatic vessels in the respiratory tract normally mature into a functional network during the neonatal period, but under some pathological conditions they can grow as enlarged, dilated sacs that result in the potentially lethal condition of pulmonary lymphangiectasia. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether overexpression of the lymphangiogenic growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor-C [VEGF-C]) can promote lymphatic growth and maturation in the respiratory tract. Unexpectedly, perinatal overexpression of VEGF-C in the respiratory epithelium led to a condition resembling human pulmonary lymphangiectasia, a life-threatening disorder of the newborn characterized by respiratory distress and the presence of widely dilated lymphatics. METHODS AND RESULTS Administration of doxycycline to Clara cell secretory protein-reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator/tetracycline operator-VEGF-C double-transgenic mice during a critical period from embryonic day 15.5 to postnatal day 14 was accompanied by respiratory distress, chylothorax, pulmonary lymphangiectasia, and high mortality. Enlarged sac-like lymphatics were abundant near major airways, pulmonary vessels, and visceral pleura. Side-by-side comparison revealed morphological features similar to pulmonary lymphangiectasia in humans. The condition was milder in mice given doxycycline after age postnatal day 14 and did not develop after postnatal day 35. Mechanistic studies revealed that VEGF recptor (VEGFR)-3 alone drove lymphatic growth in adult mice, but both VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 were required for the development of lymphangiectasia in neonates. VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 heterodimers were more abundant in the dilated lymphatics, consistent with the involvement of both receptors. Despite the dependence of lymphangiectasia on VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, the condition was not reversed by blocking both receptors together or by withdrawing VEGF-C. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that VEGF-C overexpression can induce pulmonary lymphangiectasia during a critical period in perinatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chin Yao
- From the Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco (L.-C.Y., P.B., D.M.M.); Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.T., L.C.-W.); Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (D.T., A.A., K.A.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, MA (S.O.V.), and Department of Cell Biology, ImClone Systems, Eli Lilly and Company, New York (B.P.)
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23
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When Benign Tumors Mimic Malignancies: A Case of Lymphangiomatosis Masquerading as Metastatic Disease. RARE CANCERS AND THERAPY 2013; 1:21-27. [PMID: 27182474 PMCID: PMC4837931 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-013-0001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiomatosis, a rare disorder of the lymphatic system characterized by the abnormal proliferation of lymphatic vessels, is a typically benign disorder that at times can exhibit invasive or malignant behavior. While generally considered a diagnosis of childhood, in adults the majority of cases are asymptomatic and found incidentally. Rarely, lymphatic overgrowth can occur, causing growth of lesions on imaging mimicking a metastatic process and occasionally, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Here, we present such a case of lymphangiomatosis with multi-organ system involvement in liver, bone, and spleen. In addition to details of the clinical presentation and the pathologic review which led to the diagnosis, we describe our use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor pazopanib, which may cause stabilization of lymphangiomatosis through blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, for systemic treatment in this unusual case.
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24
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Diffuse pulmonary lymphatic disease presenting as interstitial lung disease in adulthood: report of 3 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:1548-54. [PMID: 22982897 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31825eae67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse pulmonary lymphatic diseases are typically diagnosed shortly after birth or in childhood, but rarely may become evident in adulthood. We report 3 adult patients who presented with diffuse interstitial lung disease clinically and radiologically but on biopsy were found to have diffuse pulmonary lymphatic disease (2 cases of pulmonary lymphangiectasis and 1 case of pulmonary lymphangiomatosis). These patients presented with the insidious onset of symptoms including shortness of breath and cough. Imaging studies of the chest showed diffuse pulmonary interstitial opacities, often with a perilymphatic distribution. The clinical differential diagnostic considerations before surgical lung biopsy included infection, neoplasm, and interstitial lung disease. The histopathologic features included abnormal vessels and associated fibrosis following lymphatic routes, namely visceral pleura, bronchovascular bundles, and interlobular septa. Lymphangiectasis was characterized by dilation of normally distributed lymphatic spaces, whereas lymphangiomatosis showed a complex anastamosing proliferation of lymphatic vascular spaces without significant dilatation. The dilated lymphatic spaces often had undergone muscularization, which could easily lead to misclassification as veins. Immunohistochemical staining for the lymphatic endothelial marker D2-40 was helpful in correctly classifying these lesions. Diffuse pulmonary lymphatic disease can rarely present in adulthood, wherein the histologic findings can be subtle and could be overlooked as nonspecific reactive changes or misdiagnosed as an idiopathic interstitial lung disease. Recognition of the characteristic lymphangitic distribution of abnormally dilated or reduplicated lymphatic spaces is key to the correct diagnosis.
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25
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Abstract
Lymphangiomatosis is a rare disease characterized by diffuse infiltration of lymphangiomas in the lung, bone, and other tissues. Due to its rarity, the spectrum of lymphangiomatosis is beginning to be elucidated based on case reports. The limited pathological, radiological, and clinical studies have shed light on this disease. Treatments have been tested in unblinded manner with promising results; however, further understanding of the pathogenesis of disease, as well as its natural history, is needed to facilitate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Satria
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA
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26
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Familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis early in life. Case Rep Pulmonol 2011; 2011:827591. [PMID: 22937432 PMCID: PMC3420428 DOI: 10.1155/2011/827591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare disease, especially in infancy. Four infants have been reported up to the age of 12 months. So far, no familial patients are observed at this age. Patients. We report three siblings, two female newborns and a foetus of 15-week gestation of unrelated, healthy parents suffering from histologically proven PCH. The first girl presented with increased O2 requirements shortly after birth and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). She subsequently developed progressive respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension and died at the age of five months. The second girl presented with clinical signs of bronchial obstruction at the age of three months. The work-up showed a PDA—which was surgically closed—pulmonary hypertension, and bronchial wall instability with stenosis of the left main bronchus. Transient oxygen therapy was required with viral infections. The girl is now six years old and clinically stable without additional O2 requirements. Failure to thrive during infancy and a somewhat delayed development may be the consequence of the disease itself but also could be attributed to repeated episodes of respiratory failure and a long-term systemic steroid therapy. The third pregnancy ended as spontaneous abortion. The foetus showed histological signs of PCH. Conclusion. Despite the differences in clinical course, the trias of PCH, PDA, and pulmonary hypertension in the two life born girls suggests a genetic background.
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27
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Tan AH, Ong TH, Takano A. A Pleural Effusion with an Unusual Cause. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/201010581102000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 35-year-old presented with an incidental finding of a small left pleural effusion on a routine chest radiograph. A diagnostic pleurocentesis revealed a chylous effusion. CT showed a small left pleural effusion, multiple small pulmonary nodules and thickened interstitial lines in the right lung. Video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy of the right lung revealed features consistent with diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aik Hau Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Singapore General Hospital
| | - Thun How Ong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Singapore General Hospital
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28
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Tian X, Shao C, Feng R, Xu KF, Zhang H. Expiratory lymphatic sacs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:1085. [PMID: 22045748 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201102-0277im] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlun Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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29
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Reinglas J, Ramphal R, Bromwich M. The successful management of diffuse lymphangiomatosis using sirolimus: a case report. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:1851-4. [PMID: 22024836 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiomatosis is a rare and fatal congenital lymphatic malformation. Because the natural course of the disease affects multiple body systems, the management can be challenging. This article presents a novel approach to the treatment of diffuse lymphangiomatosis using sirolimus. The reported case involves a 4-month-old male with a known lymphatic malformation who presented to the emergency department with respiratory difficulties. Sirolimus was successful at significantly reducing our patient's mass at a relatively low target level of 5 to 10 μg/L. The use of sirolimus for the treatment of lymphangiomatosis should be studied further in the setting of a formal trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Reinglas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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30
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Thoracic lymphangiomatosis with massive chylothorax after a tumor biopsy and with disseminated intravenous coagulation--lymphoscintigraphy, an alternative minimally invasive imaging technique: report of a case. Surg Today 2011; 41:978-82. [PMID: 21748615 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-010-4383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic lymphangiomatosis in childhood is a rare disorder that frequently has poor response to medical therapy as well as a poor prognosis. This disease is often misdiagnosed, and a definitive diagnosis is usually delayed because of the rarity and slow course of the disease. No previous reports have so far described the usefulness of lymphoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis, although some authors have reported the efficacy of lymphoscintigraphy for evaluating chylothorax. A 6-year-old boy presented with a diffuse mediastinal mass and received an open mediastinal biopsy for a definitive diagnosis, which led to the occurrence of massive chylothorax postoperatively. A diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis was finally made based on the lymphoscintigraphic findings demonstrating an obstruction of the thoracic duct. This report describes a rare case of thoracic lymphangiomatosis diagnosed at autopsy, and suggests that the minimally invasive technique of lymphoscintigraphy should be employed to obtain a definitive diagnosis at an early stage.
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31
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Jang EK, Kim CR, Choi CM, Oh YM, Shim TS, Lee SD, Kim WS, Kim DS, Song JW. A Case of Pulmonary Lymphangiomatosis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2011.70.5.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Jang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Rae Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Min Choi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Mok Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sun Shim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Do Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Sung Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soon Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Weissferdt A, Moran CA. Primary vascular tumors of the lungs: a review. Ann Diagn Pathol 2010; 14:296-308. [PMID: 20637438 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Unlike their counterparts in other organ systems, primary vascular neoplasms of the lung are rare. Most of these lesions have only been reported as isolated case studies or small series. When dealing with malignant lesions, metastasis from extrapulmonary sites will have to be excluded before a primary location in the lungs can be confirmed. In this review, the clinicopathologic, immunophenotypical, ultrastructural, and molecular biologic characteristics of primary vascular tumors of the lungs are discussed. The tumoral conditions that will be addressed include hemangioma, lymphangioma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma. Their respective differential diagnoses will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annikka Weissferdt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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33
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Harnisch E, Sukhai R, Oudesluys-Murphy AM. Serious complications of pulmonary biopsy in a boy with chylopericardium and suspected pulmonary lymphangiomatosis. BMJ Case Rep 2010; 2010:2010/may06_1/bcr0820092206. [PMID: 22736725 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.08.2009.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiomatosis is a rare disorder. It is commonly localised in the skeletal system and called Gorham's disease, and in thoracic or abdominal organs. Involvement of the pericardium is rare and has been described in less than 20 patients worldwide. The case of a 14-year-old boy presenting with asymptomatic chylopericardium and interstitial lung disease is presented. After lung biopsy, performed to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary lymphangiomatosis, he developed chylothorax and massive loss of chyle via chest drains. Thoracic duct ligation did not result in clinical improvement. Treatment with interferon α2b was given and because of clinical deterioration radiotherapy was added to the treatment. This resulted in a rapid decrease of chyle production in the patient.
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34
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Steinacher I, Lamprecht B, Lobendanz M, Zoller H, Dartevelle P, Fadel E, Studnicka M. Successful surgical treatment of thoracic multiorgan lymphangiomatosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009; 121:644-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-009-1249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Lymphangiomatoid pattern in diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: a report of six cases. Virchows Arch 2009; 455:143-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Kinnier CV, Eu JPC, Davis RD, Howell DN, Sheets J, Palmer SM. Successful bilateral lung transplantation for lymphangiomatosis. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1946-50. [PMID: 18671675 PMCID: PMC3732029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangiomatosis is a rare disease of lymphatic proliferation for which no adequate treatment is known. We report the first successful case of bilateral lung transplantation for the treatment of end-stage pulmonary lymphangiomatosis. A successful outcome was achieved with continued survival beyond 4 years posttransplant and stable lung function. The primary obstacles to significant gains in pulmonary function were thoracic, skeletal and abdominal lymphangiomatosis, which led to pulmonary restriction. Our report demonstrates that pulmonary lymphangiomatosis should be included among those diseases for which lung transplantation is considered potentially beneficial treatment but also emphasizes the importance of screening patients carefully for chest wall and abdominal lymphangiomas that may impede recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- CV Kinnier
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - JPC Eu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - RD Davis
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - DN Howell
- Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - J Sheets
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - SM Palmer
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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37
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38
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Unique diagnostic features and successful management of a patient with disseminated lymphangiomatosis and chylothorax. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 30:66-9. [PMID: 18176185 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e318159a55a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated lymphangiomatosis is a rare vascular tumor characterized by a proliferation of abnormal lymphatic channels that often involves multiple organ systems. One particularly morbid manifestation of this disorder is the presence of bony lytic lesions with associated chylothorax. Because of its unusual nature, this condition is often a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In this report, we present the diagnostic features, including a unique radiologic finding, and successful management of a 7-year-old girl with this condition using a combination of aggressive surgery and medical treatment with interferon and pamidronate.
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Ozeki M, Funato M, Kanda K, Ito M, Teramoto T, Kaneko H, Fukao T, Kondo N. Clinical improvement of diffuse lymphangiomatosis with pegylated interferon alfa-2b therapy: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007; 24:513-24. [PMID: 17786787 DOI: 10.1080/08880010701533603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse lymphangiomatosis is a very rare congenital disease, characterized by diffuse or multifocal lymphangioma in the skeletal tissue, spleen, liver, mediastinum, and/or lung. The prognosis is usually poor, especially for children with thoracic lesion, and treatments for the disease are controversial. The authors report a 9-year-old boy with diffuse lymphangiomatosis involving the thorax with pleural effusions, the spleen, and systemic bone. The patient was treated with pegylated interferon alfa-2b, and achieved good clinical and radiological improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Ozeki
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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40
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Eom M, Choi YD, Kim YS, Cho MY, Jung SH, Lee HY. Clinico-pathological characteristics of congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis: report of two cases. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22:740-5. [PMID: 17728521 PMCID: PMC2693831 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.4.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis (CPL) is a rare, poorly documented disease, characterized by abnormal dilatation of pulmonary lymphatics without lymphatic proliferation. This disease is seen almost exclusively in infancy and early childhood. It can usually be divided into primary (congenital) and secondary forms. The primary form presents in neonates, and the patients mostly die due to the respiratory distress, shortly after birth. The authors experienced two cases of primary CPL in a 13-day-old male neonate and a one-day-old male neonate, showing prominent lymphatic dilatation in the septal, subpleural, and peri-bronchial tissue throughout both lungs. The latter case was associated with congenital cardiac anomaly including single ventricle. These are unique cases of CPL in Korea of which the diagnosis was established through post-mortem examination. Therefore, the authors report these two cases with primary CPL with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseob Eom
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Western District Office, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Jangseong, Korea
| | - Yoo Duk Choi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Western District Office, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Jangseong, Korea
| | - Youn Shin Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Western District Office, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Jangseong, Korea
| | - Mee-Yon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon-Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Han Young Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Western District Office, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Jangseong, Korea
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41
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Lima ASD, Martynychen MG, Florêncio RT, Rabello LM, Barros JAD, Escuissato DL. Linfangiomatose pulmonar: relato de dois casos. J Bras Pneumol 2007; 33:229-33. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132007000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A linfangiomatose, doença rara e de origem controversa, ocorre em indivíduos de todas as faixas etárias, predominando entre os mais jovens, sem predileção por sexo. Comumente cursa com envolvimento torácico, porém órgãos como ossos, baço e fígado podem ser acometidos. Histologicamente, o envolvimento pulmonar cursa com proliferação, anastomoses complexas e dilatação secundária do sistema linfático. Clinicamente, a apresentação é variável. Os achados radiográficos podem ser sugestivos e o diagnóstico é definido pela histologia. Relatamos dois casos da doença; uma das pacientes era oligossintomática e encontra-se em tratamento; na outra, a doença foi mais agressiva e o diagnóstico muito tardio, culminando em óbito.
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42
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Chen YL, Lee CC, Yeh ML, Lee JS, Sung TC. Generalized Lymphangiomatosis Presenting as Cardiomegaly. J Formos Med Assoc 2007; 106:S10-4. [PMID: 17493902 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioma refers to the local proliferation of well-differentiated lymphatic tissue. Generalized lymphangiomatosis is rare. We report a previously healthy 8-month-old infant who suffered from tachypnea with mild fever for 2 weeks. Imaging studies revealed a well-defined, large mass occupying the mediastinum, which presented as cardiomegaly. The disseminated mass extended to the thymus, lung, and spleen. Lymphangiomatosis was diagnosed by biopsy. Drainage of the pericardial fluid and total parenteral nutrition did not result in improvement of chylopericardium. Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia and septic shock developed sequentially. Surgical removal of the mediastinal mass and spleen were performed. Daily subcutaneous injection of interferon (IFN) alpha-2b was then given for 3 months. No recurrence was noted during 2 years of follow-up. IFN alpha-2b may be considered as an alternative for the treatment of generalized lymphangiomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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43
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Timke C, Krause MF, Oppermann HC, Leuschner I, Claviez A. Interferon alpha 2b treatment in an eleven-year-old boy with disseminated lymphangiomatosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 48:108-11. [PMID: 16007599 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated lymphangiomatosis is a rare disease mostly observed in children and young adults. If no surgical removal can be achieved, the prognosis is poor, especially for patients with thoracic localization and pleural effusions. Next to pleural drainage, therapeutic options include radiotherapy, local, and systemic pharmacotherapy. An 11-year-old boy presented with disseminated lymphangiomatosis involving thorax with massive pleural effusions, retroperitoneum, and bones. In immunohistochemical analysis, the tissue biopsy stained positive for vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). The patient has been treated with interferon alpha 2b for 2 years, and achieved a good clinical and radiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Timke
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, Kiel, Germany.
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Tamay Z, Saribeyoglu E, Ones U, Anak S, Güler N, Bilgic B, Yilmazbayhan D, Gun F. Diffuse thoracic lymphangiomatosis with disseminated intravascular coagulation in a child. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005; 27:685-7. [PMID: 16344679 DOI: 10.1097/01.mph.0000193476.14493.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An 8.5-year-old girl who presented with chronic cough and hemoptysis underwent a CT scan of the chest showing diffuse mediastinal and parenchymal infiltration and pleural effusion, and laboratory findings showed disseminated intravascular coagulation. Disseminated lymphangiomatosis was diagnosed after an open-lung biopsy. She was treated by systemic steroids, interferon, tamoxifen, chemotherapy, and radiation but died of respiratory failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation 2 years after the diagnosis. This patient represents a rare presentation of diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis together with disseminated intravascular coagulation, involving both the mediastinum and pulmonary parenchyma, in a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Tamay
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Chest Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, Turkey.
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45
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El Hajj L, Mazières J, Rouquette I, Mittaine M, Bolduc JP, Didier A, Dahan M, Joffre F, Chabbert VC. Diagnostic value of bronchoscopy, CT and transbronchial biopsies in diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis: case report and review of the literature. Clin Radiol 2005; 60:921-5. [PMID: 16039928 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The authors present the case of a 48-year-old man with diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis. This rare lymphatic disorder is characterized by proliferation of anastomosing lymphatic vessels varying in size. Clinical presentation and imaging findings are highly suggestive. Bronchoscopic examination of this patient showed, for the first time to our knowledge, vesicles disseminated throughout the bronchial tree. Histopathological examinations are necessary to differentiate lymphangiomatosis from lymphangiectasis. The diagnosis can be made by transbronchial biopsy without performing open lung biopsy which was, until now, considered necessary for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L El Hajj
- Department of Radiology, University of Toulouse, Avenue Jean Poulhes, 31403 Toulouse, France
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46
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Abstract
Thoracic complications of lymphatic disorders can culminate in respiratory failure and death and should be considered in any patient with a lymphatic disease and clinical or radiographic evidence of chest disease. Congenital lymphatic disorders are being increasingly recognized in the adult population. The spectrum of thoracic manifestations of lymphatic disorders ranges from incidental radiographic findings to diffuse lymphatic disease with respiratory failure. This article serves to review some recent advances that allow improved diagnosis and management of thoracic lymphatic disorders. Herein, we describe their anatomical and physiologic effects, the time course of their progression, and the therapies that are currently available. The management of malignant (cancerous) lymphatic disorders of the thorax is beyond the scope of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala K Davis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5236, USA
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47
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Schultz K, Rosenberg AE, Ebb DH, Mankin HJ. Lower-extremity lymphangiomatosis. A case report with a seventeen-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87:162-7. [PMID: 15634828 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.d.01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Schultz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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48
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Andreu J, Hidalgo A, Pallisa E, Majó J, Martinez-Rodriguez M, Cáceres J. Septal thickening: HRCT findings and differential diagnosis. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2004; 33:226-37. [PMID: 15459632 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thickening of the interlobular septa is a common and easily recognized high-resolution computed tomography feature of many diffuse lung diseases. In some cases, it is the predominant radiological finding. This article reviews the spectrum of entities that commonly present with thickening of the interlobular septa as the main radiological feature and establishes a practical approach for the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andreu
- Department of Radiology, HGU Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Abstract
Lymphangioma is an abnormal collection of lymphatics that are developmentally isolated from the normal lymphatic system. Lymphangioma rarely presents as a solitary pulmonary lesion. We report a rare case of intrapulmonary cystic lymphangioma involving the upper lobe of the right lung, which presented with dyspnea in a 2-month-old infant. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest demonstrated a well-circumscribed, multiseptate, cystic lesion in the upper lobe of the right lung, mimicking the feature of type I congenital cystic adenomatoid mal-formation. The tumor was removed by bilobectomy of the upper and middle lobes of the right lung, and its pathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of an intra-pulmonary cystic lymphangioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hun Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
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50
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Abstract
An 8-year-old boy who presented with a mediastinal mass, pulmonary infiltrates, and disseminated intravascular coagulation was diagnosed with lymphangiomatosis. Despite medical management, he developed multiple organ failure and died. The authors discuss the diagnostic findings, medical management, and pathology and review 52 additional cases of thoracic lymphangiomatosis from the literature. Patients presented with chylothorax (49%), a mass (47%), pulmonary infiltrates (45%), bone lesions (39%), splenic lesions (19%), cervical involvement (15%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (9%), and skin involvement (7%). Children (<16 years) had a worse prognosis than older patients (39% vs. 0% mortality). All patients who died had either parenchymal lung involvement or pleural effusion. Thoracic lymphangiomatosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of a mediastinal mass with pulmonary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia A Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101,USA.
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