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Valappil SP, Abou Neel EA, Zakir Hossain KM, Paul W, Cherukaraveedu D, Wade B, Ansari TI, Hope CK, Higham SM, Sharma CP. Novel lactoferrin-conjugated gallium complex to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128838. [PMID: 38128798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of opportunistic infections such as chronic wound infection that could lead to multiple organ failure and death. Gallium (Ga3+) ions are known to inhibit P. aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation but require carrier for localized controlled delivery. Lactoferrin (LTf), a two-lobed protein, can deliver Ga3+ at sites of infection. This study aimed to develop a Ga-LTf complex for the treatment of wound infection. The characterisation of the Ga-LTf complex was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Infra-Red (FTIR) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The antibacterial activity was assessed by agar disc diffusion, liquid broth and biofilm inhibition assays using the colony forming units (CFUs). The healing capacity and biocompatibility were evaluated using a P.aeruginosa infected wound in a rat model. DSC analyses showed thermal transition consistent with apo-lactoferrin; FTIR confirmed the complexation of gallium to lactoferrin. ICP-OES confirmed the controlled local delivery of Ga3+. Ga-LTf showed a 0.57 log10 CFUs reduction at 24 h compared with untreated control in planktonic liquid broth assay. Ga-LTf showed the highest antibiofilm activity with a 2.24 log10 CFUs reduction at 24 h. Furthermore, Ga-LTf complex is biocompatible without any adverse effect on brain, kidney, liver and spleen of rats tested in this study. Ga-LTf can be potentially promising novel therapeutic agent to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeel P Valappil
- Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Bache Hall, Countess View, Chester CH2 1BR, United Kingdom; Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GN, United Kingdom.
| | - Ensanya A Abou Neel
- Preventive and Restorative Dentistry Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | | | - Willi Paul
- Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, India
| | - Durgadas Cherukaraveedu
- Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, India
| | - Benjamin Wade
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GN, United Kingdom
| | - Tahera I Ansari
- Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher K Hope
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GN, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Higham
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GN, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra P Sharma
- Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, India
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Pita-Grisanti V, Chasser K, Sobol T, Cruz-Monserrate Z. Understanding the Potential and Risk of Bacterial Siderophores in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:867271. [PMID: 35785195 PMCID: PMC9248441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.867271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are iron chelating molecules produced by nearly all organisms, most notably by bacteria, to efficiently sequester the limited iron that is available in the environment. Siderophores are an essential component of mammalian iron homeostasis and the ongoing interspecies competition for iron. Bacteria produce a broad repertoire of siderophores with a canonical role in iron chelation and the capacity to perform versatile functions such as interacting with other microbes and the host immune system. Siderophores are a vast area of untapped potential in the field of cancer research because cancer cells demand increased iron concentrations to sustain rapid proliferation. Studies investigating siderophores as therapeutics in cancer generally focused on the role of a few siderophores as iron chelators; however, these studies are limited and some show conflicting results. Moreover, siderophores are biologically conserved, structurally diverse molecules that perform additional functions related to iron chelation. Siderophores also have a role in inflammation due to their iron acquisition and chelation properties. These diverse functions may contribute to both risks and benefits as therapeutic agents in cancer. The potential of siderophore-mediated iron and bacterial modulation to be used in the treatment of cancer warrants further investigation. This review discusses the wide range of bacterial siderophore functions and their utilization in cancer treatment to further expand their functional relevance in cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pita-Grisanti
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kaylin Chasser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Trevor Sobol
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate,
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Vieyra-Reyes P, Oros-Pantoja R, Torres-García E, Gutiérrez-Ruiz A, Pérez-Honorato J. 67Ga as a biosensor of iron needs in different organs: Study performed on male and female rats subjected to iron deficiency and exercise. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:93-98. [PMID: 28965608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the iron needs in different organs and tissues using 67Ga as a biosensor in males and females rats subjected to iron deficiency (ID) and voluntary exercise (EX). 67Ga citrate was injected i.p. to female and male Wistar rats (n=5/sex/group). Groups: Control (sedentary conditions), Control+EX, ID and ID+EX. To determine the 67Ga uptake, samples from the following regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted 12h post-injection: blood, liver, gonads, bone marrow, heart, adrenal glands, skeletal muscle, stomach, kidney, eyeball, sciatic nerve, small intestine and peritoneum. The total 67Ga uptake was 412% higher in ID subjects than in control subjects, being 1011% higher in ID-males than ID-females. In ID-females, the ROIs with the greater 67Ga uptake were blood, kidney and bone marrow, while in ID-males they were sciatic nerve, eyeball and adrenals, which demonstrates that the biodistribution differed between sexes in sedentary conditions but when subjected to EX, the biodistribution was similar in each sex group although females had a greater 67Ga uptake. In ID+EX subjects, the ROIs that showed the highest uptake were sciatic nerve, eyeball and adrenal glands. Using 67Ga as a biosensor, it is possible to identify the needs of iron that each organ requires to perform their functions in normal physiological conditions. In addition, a higher or lower 67Ga uptake in a specific organ may indicate its malfunction or show damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vieyra-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Oros-Pantoja
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Agustín Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Pérez-Honorato
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Chitambar CR. The therapeutic potential of iron-targeting gallium compounds in human disease: From basic research to clinical application. Pharmacol Res 2016; 115:56-64. [PMID: 27856328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gallium, group IIIa metal, shares certain chemical characteristics with iron which enable it to function as an iron mimetic that can disrupt iron-dependent tumor cell growth. Gallium may also display antimicrobial activity by disrupting iron homeostasis in certain bacteria and fungi. Gallium's action on iron homeostasis leads to inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, mitochondrial function, and changes in proteins of iron transport and storage. In addition, gallium induces an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cells which triggers downstream upregulation of metallothionein and hemoxygenase-1. Early clinical trials evaluated the efficacy of the simple gallium salts, gallium nitrate and gallium chloride. However, newer gallium-ligands such as Tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III) (KP46) and gallium maltolate have been developed and are undergoing clinical evaluation. Additional gallium-ligands that demonstrate antitumor activity in preclinical studies have emerged. Their mechanisms of action and their spectrum of antitumor activity may extend beyond the earlier generations of gallium compounds and warrant further investigation. This review will focus on the evolution and potential of gallium-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Chitambar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Abstract
Aluminum is the most prevalent metal found in nature and represents the third most abundant element of the earth's crust. In light of man's wide exposure to aluminum compounds, a review of the literature was undertaken to determine the extent of the available literature concerning the absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of aluminum in man. In relative terms, the gastrointestinal tract is the major portal of entry for aluminum. The lungs play only a minor role, and there is no evidence to suggest that the dermal absorption of aluminum occurs. The gastrointestinal tract is only very slightly permeable to aluminum and provides a relatively effective barrier to its absorption. In the blood, aluminum is primarily bound to serum proteins (80%); however, a sufficient concentration of dialyziable or “free” (20%) aluminum exists to provide for its distribution. Aluminum can be found in every tissue and a normal body content of aluminum for reference man can now be calculated at 0.295 g. Present data suggest that bone may offer a major site of aluminum deposition. Urine provides at least one mechanism of aluminum excretion. However, aluminum's low renal clearance rate (2 ml/min) clearly suggests that other more efficient mechanisms for excretion exist. In fact, preliminary data indicate that bile may play some as yet undefined role in the removal process. The lack of a biologically convenient radiolabeled form of aluminum has severely handicapped the elucidation of aluminum metabolism. The chemical form of aluminum in blood, urine, or the tissues remains unknown. The liver is believed to play some role in aluminum metabolism, but no direct proof of this is available at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry L. Skalsky
- Reynolds Metals Company 6603 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23261
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Gallium and its competing roles with iron in biological systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2044-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ganguly BN, Verma V, Chatterjee D, Satpati B, Debnath S, Saha P. Study of Gallium Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugated with β-Cyclodextrin: An Application To Combat Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17127-37. [PMID: 27331869 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive nanomaterials, namely, gallium oxyhydroxide GaO(OH), also surface-conjugated GaO(OH) with a giant sugar molecule β-cyclodextrin (CD), have been prepared through a simple wet chemical route such that the same could be suitably used in biomedical diagnostics as well as therapeutic applications. Several physical methods were used for their characterization: powder X-ray diffraction pattern of GaO(OH) NPs for their grain size determination, optical spectroscopic absorption (UV-vis and FT-IR), and fluorescence properties of these NPs to ascertain surface conjugation and also their wide band-gap properties. Besides these, morphological properties of these NPs were studied by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigation, justifying the elemental constitution through energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Further, biological cellular uptake of these nanoparticles have been demonstrated on cancerous HeLa cells and reported with total fetal effect after 72 h, with CD templated GaO(OH) nanoparticles, a fact that has not been reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Verma
- IISER-Pune , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Biswarup Satpati
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Sushanta Debnath
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Partha Saha
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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Bonchi C, Imperi F, Minandri F, Visca P, Frangipani E. Repurposing of gallium-based drugs for antibacterial therapy. Biofactors 2014; 40:303-12. [PMID: 24532037 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is vanishing current anti-infective therapies, the antibiotic discovery pipeline is drying up. In the last years, the repurposing of existing drugs for new clinical applications has become a major research area in drug discovery, also in the field of anti-infectives. This review discusses the potential of repurposing previously approved gallium formulations in antibacterial chemotherapy. Gallium has no proven function in biological systems, but it can act as an iron-mimetic in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The activity of gallium mostly relies on its ability to replace iron in redox enzymes, thus impairing their function and ultimately hampering cell growth. Cancer cells and bacteria are preferential gallium targets due to their active metabolism and fast growth. The wealth of knowledge on the pharmacological properties of gallium has opened the door to the repurposing of gallium-based drugs for the treatment of infections sustained by antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and for suppression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. The promising antibacterial activity of gallium both in vitro and in different animal models of infection raises the hope that gallium will confirm its efficacy in clinical trials, and will become a valuable therapeutic option to cure otherwise untreatable bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bonchi
- Department of Sciences, University "Roma Tre,", Rome, Italy
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Sampieri F, Allen AL, Alcorn J, Clark CR, Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Ball KR, Dowling PM, Thompson J, Bernstein LR, Gebhart CJ, Hamilton DL. Efficacy of gallium maltolate against Lawsonia intracellularis
infection in a rabbit model. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:571-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Sampieri
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - A. L. Allen
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - J. Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - C. R. Clark
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - F. A. Vannucci
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
| | - N. Pusterla
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - S. M. Mapes
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - K. R. Ball
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - P. M. Dowling
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | | | | | - C. J. Gebhart
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
| | - D. L. Hamilton
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
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Sampieri F, Alcorn J, Allen AL, Clark CR, Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes S, Ball KR, Dowling PM, Thompson J, Bernstein LR, Gebhart CJ, Hamilton DL. Pharmacokinetics of gallium maltolate in Lawsonia intracellularis-infected and uninfected rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:486-99. [PMID: 24628462 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral gallium maltolate (GaM) pharmacokinetics (PK) and intestinal tissue (IT) concentrations of elemental gallium ([Ga]) and iron ([Fe]) were investigated in a rabbit model of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). New Zealand white does (uninfected controls and EPE-infected, n = 6/group) were given a single oral GaM dose (50 mg/kg). Serial blood samples were collected from 0 to 216 h post-treatment (PT) and IT samples after euthanasia. Serology, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry confirmed, or excluded, EPE. Blood and IT [Ga] and [Fe] were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. PK parameters were estimated through noncompartmental approaches. For all statistical comparisons on [Ga] and [Fe] α = 5%. The Ga log-linear terminal phase rate constant was lower in EPE rabbits vs. uninfected controls [0.0116 ± 0.004 (SD) vs. 0.0171 ± 0.0028 per hour; P = 0.03]; but half-life (59.4 ± 24.0 vs. 39.4 ± 10.8 h; P = 0.12); Cmax (0.50 ± 0.21 vs. 0.59 ± 0.42 μg/mL; P = 0.45); tmax (1.75 ± 0.41 vs. 0.9 ± 0.37 h; P = 0.20); and oral clearance (6.743 ± 1.887 vs. 7.208 ± 2.565 L/h; P = 0.74) were not. IT's [Ga] and [Fe] were higher (P < 0.0001) in controls. In conclusion, although infection reduces IT [Ga] and [Fe], a 48 h GaM dosing interval is appropriate for multidose studies in EPE rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sampieri
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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García-Contreras R, Lira-Silva E, Jasso-Chávez R, Hernández-González IL, Maeda T, Hashimoto T, Boogerd FC, Sheng L, Wood TK, Moreno-Sánchez R. Isolation and characterization of gallium resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:574-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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POLLINA GF, ZAGOTTO G, MARITAN P, IACOPETTI I, BUSETTO R. Pharmacokinetics of gallium nitrate after oral administration in adult horses - pilot study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:489-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martens RJ, Cohen ND, Fajt VR, Nerren JR, Chaffin MK, Taylor RJ, Bernstein LR. Gallium maltolate: safety in neonatal foals following multiple enteral administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:208-12. [PMID: 20444048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Martens
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Abstract
PROPOSTA: Revisão de trabalhos científicos referentes à incorporação do gálio no tecido ósseo, ao mecanismo da atividade terapêutica desse elemento, bem como a formação, crescimento e solubilidade da hidroxiapatita na presença dos sais de gálio. JUSTIFICATIVA: Diferente de outras drogas que impedem a perda de cálcio, os sais de elemento traço gálio são eficazes em hipercalcemia severa. O gálio (geralmente na forma de nitrato) aumenta a concentração de cálcio e fósforo no osso, influindo nos osteoclastos de maneira direta não tóxica, em doses surpreendentemente baixas. Apesar de que os detalhes do mecanismo de ação do gálio não são bem esclarecidos, está comprovado que esse mecanismo envolve a inserção do gálio na matriz de hidroxiapatita, protegendo-a contra a reabsorção e melhorando as propriedades biomecânicas do sistema esquelético. Este fármaco age também nos componentes celulares do osso, impedindo sua absorção ao diminuir a secreção ácida dos osteoclastos. São necessárias mais publicações sobre o uso do gálio no tratamento de várias doenças onde prevalece esta patologia. CONCLUSÕES: Devido as suas características interessantes e promissoras, o gálio merece ser futuramente avaliado do ponto de vista experimental e clínico, como um agente antiabsortivo em ortopedia, traumatologia e doenças relacionadas com o câncer. Maior conhecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos pode fornecer as idéias para estratégia terapêutica, com o objetivo de diminuir hipercalcemia e perda óssea. Espera-se que novos compostos do gálio sejam desenvolvidos e avaliados clinicamente.
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Abstract
After almost two decades of research, evidence suggests that transferrin receptors are rate-limiting in 67Ga uptake, 67Ga imaging is an in vivo detector of transferring receptors and an indicator of tumor cell proliferation. Moreover, 67Ga can be incorporated into tumor cells by a transferrin receptor-independent process. This pathway could be important in patients with saturated transferrin. Data that appear to support the concept that transferrin receptor-independent transporters are rate-limiting can be resolved by considering the presence of the gallate ion, [67Ga (OH)4]-.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Weiner
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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16
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Pullen RG, Candy JM, Morris CM, Taylor G, Keith AB, Edwardson JA. Gallium-67 as a potential marker for aluminium transport in rat brain: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1990; 55:251-9. [PMID: 2355220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of a link between aluminium and Alzheimer's disease, parkinsonism-dementia of Guam, and dialysis encephalopathy raises questions regarding the role of this element in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Therefore, we have investigated the use of gallium-67 (67Ga) as a marker for brain uptake of aluminium. The binding of 67Ga to plasma proteins has been studied, and the blood-brain barrier permeability and autoradiographic distribution of this isotope in rat brain determined in vivo. The autoradiographic distribution of 125I-Fe-transferrin receptors in rat brain has also been determined in vitro. Results show that 67Ga was bound to plasma transferrin, entered the brain with a blood-brain barrier permeability of 2.48 x 10(-6) ml/min/g, and showed a marked regional distribution that was very similar to that of 125I-Fe-transferrin receptors. Our data suggest that the vulnerability of the hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex in conditions such as those mentioned above may be partly due to an increased uptake and deposition of aluminium in these regions by the iron transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Pullen
- M.R.C. Neurochemical Pathology Unit, General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
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17
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Weiner R. The role of transferrin and other receptors in the mechanism of 67Ga localization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART B, NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 17:141-9. [PMID: 2155189 DOI: 10.1016/0883-2897(90)90016-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Weiner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032
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18
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Sun Y, Martell AE. Synthesis and characterization of a new macrobicyclic (Cryptand) siderophore containing three endocyclic hydroxamate donor groups. Tetrahedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brunetti A, Blasberg RG, Finn RD, Larson SM. Gallium-transferrin as a macromolecular tracer of vascular permeability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART B, NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 15:665-72. [PMID: 3266964 DOI: 10.1016/0883-2897(88)90059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Labeling of plasma transferrin with gallium was investigated to determine whether the gallium-transferrin complex could be effectively used as a macromolecular tracer in studies of capillary permeability using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Three gallium-plasma preparations were tested and 2 h biodistribution studies were performed in rats. The three preparations gave similar blood clearance and tissue distribution data, but the methods used for evaluating gallium-transferrin binding were found to be suboptimal. Gallium clearance from blood was biexpoential with both components faster than that of 125I-albumin. Gallium distribution spaces in all tissues including intracerebral Walker-256 tumors were larger than those of albumin. These results indicate a relative instability of the gallium-transferrin complex in vivo, which appears to preclude its use as an acceptable radiolabeled protein for vascular permeability studies using PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brunetti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, N.I.H., Bethesda, MD 20892
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Logan KJ, Ng PK, Turner CJ, Schmidt PR, Terner UK, Scott JR, Lentle BC, Noujaim AA. Comparative pharmacokinetics of 67 Ga and 59 Fe in humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1981; 8:271-6. [PMID: 6948783 DOI: 10.1016/0047-0740(81)90033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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