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Pierce DR, Doma K, Raiff H, Golledge J, Leicht AS. Influence of Exercise Mode on Post-exercise Arterial Stiffness and Pressure Wave Measures in Healthy Adult Males. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1468. [PMID: 30459633 PMCID: PMC6232940 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise mode has been reported to be an important determinant of arterial stiffness and wave reflection changes following a brief bout of exercise with inconsistent results to date. This study examined the impact of exercise mode on arterial stiffness and pressure wave measures following acute aerobic exercise (AER), resistance exercise (RES), and a control (CON) condition with no exercise. Methods: In a randomized, cross-over, repeated measures design, 21 healthy adult males (26.7 ± 7.2 years) undertook three experimental intervention sessions: AER (30-min cycle ergometry at 70-75% maximum heart rate), RES (3 × 10 repetitions of six upper and lower body exercises at 80-90% of 10-repetition maximum) and CON (30-min seated rest). Measures of arterial stiffness and pressure waves, such as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), augmentation index (AIx), AIx corrected for heart rate of 75 (AIx75), and forward wave (Pf), backward wave (Pb) and reflection magnitude, were assessed at Rest and at 10-min intervals for 60 min after the intervention sessions. Comparisons between interventions and over time were assessed via repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's tests. Results: No significant differences in cf-PWV were noted between the three interventions at rest or post-intervention. However, RES led to significantly greater post-intervention AIx, AIx75, Pf, and Pb compared to AER and CON with AIx75 also remaining significantly elevated throughout the post-intervention period. In contrast, AER resulted in a brief, significant elevation of AIx75 and no change in cf-PWV, Pf, Pb, and reflection magnitude. Conclusions: Exercise mode, specifically RES and AER, significantly influenced the time course of pressure wave reflection responses following a brief bout of exercise in healthy adult males. Distinct adjustments during exercise including changes in blood pressure and vasomotor tone may be key modulators of post-exercise arterial function. Identification of modal differences may assist in understanding the impact of exercise on cardiovascular function and the mechanisms by which exercise benefits vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris R Pierce
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Hayleigh Raiff
- Department of Health and Sport Science, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony S Leicht
- Sport & Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Aging-Induced Biological Changes and Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7156435. [PMID: 29984246 PMCID: PMC6015721 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7156435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by functional decline in homeostatic regulation and vital cellular events. This process can be linked with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this review, we discussed aging-induced biological alterations that are associated with CVDs through the following aspects: (i) structural, biochemical, and functional modifications; (ii) autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation; (iii) epigenetic alterations; and (iv) atherosclerosis and stroke development. Aging-mediated structural and biochemical modifications coupled with gradual loss of ANS regulation, vascular stiffening, and deposition of collagen and calcium often disrupt cardiovascular system homeostasis. The structural and biochemical adjustments have been consistently implicated in the progressive increase in mechanical burden and functional breakdown of the heart and vessels. In addition, cardiomyocyte loss in this process often reduces adaptive capacity and cardiovascular function. The accumulation of epigenetic changes also plays important roles in the development of CVDs. In summary, the understanding of the aging-mediated changes remains promising towards effective diagnosis, discovery of new drug targets, and development of new therapies for the treatment of CVDs.
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Tamura H, Takasaki A, Taketani T, Tanabe M, Lee L, Tamura I, Maekawa R, Aasada H, Yamagata Y, Sugino N. Melatonin and female reproduction. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 40:1-11. [PMID: 24118696 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is secreted during the dark hours at night by the pineal gland. After entering the circulation, melatonin acts as an endocrine factor and a chemical messenger of light and darkness. It regulates a variety of important central and peripheral actions related to circadian rhythms and reproduction. It also affects the brain, immune, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal, bone and endocrine functions and acts as an oncostatic and anti-aging molecule. Many of melatonin's actions are mediated through interactions with specific membrane-bound receptors expressed not only in the central nervous system, but also in peripheral tissues. Melatonin also acts through non-receptor-mediated mechanisms, for example serving as a scavenger for reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. At both physiological and pharmacological concentrations, melatonin attenuates and counteracts oxidative stress and regulates cellular metabolism. Growing scientific evidence of reproductive physiology supports the role of melatonin in human reproduction. This review was conducted to investigate the effects of melatonin on female reproduction and to summarize our findings in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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Wong PG, Armstrong DWJ, Tse MY, Brander EPA, Pang SC. Sex-specific differences in natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide synthase expression in ANP gene-disrupted mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23180242 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sex-specific differences in hormone-mediated gene regulation may influence susceptibility to cardiac hypertrophy, a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Under hormonal influence, natriuretic peptide (NP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) systems modulate cardio-protective gene programs through common downstream production of cyclic guanosine 3'-5' monophosphate (cGMP). Ablation of either system can adversely affect cardiac adaptation to stresses and insults. This study elucidates sex-specific differences in cardiac NP and NOS system gene expression and assesses the impact of the estrous cycle on these systems using the atrial natriuretic peptide gene-disrupted (ANP(-/-)) mouse model. Left ventricular expression of the NP and NOS systems was analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 13- to 16-week-old male, proestrous and estrous female ANP(+/+) and ANP(-/-) mice. Left ventricular and plasma cGMP levels were measured to assess the convergent downstream effects of the NP and NOS systems. Regardless of genotype, males had higher expression of the NP system while females had higher expression of the NOS system. In females, transition from proestrus to estrus lowered NOS system expression in ANP(+/+) mice while the opposite was observed in ANP(-/-) mice. No significant changes in left ventricular cGMP levels across gender and genotype were observed. Significantly lower plasma cGMP levels were observed in ANP(-/-) mice compared to ANP(+/+) mice. Regardless of genotype, sex-specific differences in cardiac NP and NOS system expression exist, each sex enlisting a predominant system to conserve downstream cGMP. Estrous cycle-mediated alterations in NOS system expression suggests additional hormone-mediated gene regulation in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Wong
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Room 850, Botterell Hall, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Jahangard T, Torkaman G, Ghoosheh B, Hedayati M, Dibaj A. The effect of short-term aerobic training on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in sedentary healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2009; 64:223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Callejon DR, Franceschini SA, Montes MBA, Toloi MRT. Hormone replacement therapy and hemostasis: Effects in Brazilian postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2005; 52:249-55. [PMID: 16257613 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact that administration of transdermal estradiol gel combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) has on hemostasis. METHODS In this open prospective longitudinal study, thirty postmenopausal women received transdermal estradiol gel (1 mg/day) continuously combined with oral MPA (5 mg/day) for 12 days/month. The following parameters were determined: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), factors VII, X, and XII activity, fibrinogen levels, thrombin-antithrombin complex levels, protein C and S antigen, antithrombin activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) antigen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, plasminogen activity and fibrin degradation products (FbDP) antigen. They were evaluated before and after 6 months of treatment. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in factor VII activity (P=0.001), factor X activity (P=0.016), protein C antigen (P=0.022), antithrombin activity (P=0.025), plasminogen activity (P=0.023), t-PA antigen (P=0.043) and FbDP antigen (P=0.048) compared with baseline values. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the treatment with transdermal estradiol gel combined with MPA avoids any major activation of coagulation and does not produce any overall effect on fibrinolysis. Therefore, this treatment might provide interesting effects on hemostasis in postmenopausal Brazilian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Callejon
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fenga C, Micali E, Cacciola A, Trimarchi G, Germanò D. Stressful life events and fibrinogen level in middle-aged teachers. Psychopathology 2004; 37:64-8. [PMID: 15057029 DOI: 10.1159/000077580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong evidence has been reported that a high plasmatic level of fibrinogen plays a central role in the development of coronary heart disease. Many researches showed that stressful life events lead to an increase in plasmatic fibrinogen. The present investigation examined the relationship between plasmatic fibrinogen level and stressful life events. SAMPLING AND METHODS A sample of 40 middle-aged women employed as teachers underwent a general objective examination, a venous puncture for plasma fibrinogen level evaluation, and completed a questionnaire regarding health behaviours, at baseline and 1-year follow-up. The stressful life events were recorded using the Paykel's interview for recent life events. RESULTS At the baseline assessment, the distribution of teachers in the two stress exposure groups was 16 women for the non-exposed group of teachers, and 24 for the exposed teachers, while at the 1-year follow-up assessment, it was 10 for the non-exposed and 30 for the exposed group. The number of teachers exposed to stress was significantly higher at the 1-year follow-up than at the baseline assessment (30 and 24, respectively; p < 0.05). Average levels of plasmatic fibrinogen were significantly higher in stress-exposed women than in non-exposed women both at baseline assessment (p < 0.01) and at 1-year follow-up (p < 0.002). Moreover, the mean value of fibrinogen at the follow-up assessment showed a higher increase in stressed women compared with non-stressed women with an annual increase of 10.71 and 5.40%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Stress may trigger the hypercoagulable state evidenced by an increased plasmatic fibrinogen level. This mechanism may help explain the adverse impact of stress on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fenga
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Madsen JS, Kristensen SR, Gram J, Bladbjerg EM, Henriksen FL, Gram J, Christensen K, Jespersen J. Positive impact of hormone replacement therapy on the fibrinolytic system: a long-term randomized controlled study in healthy postmenopausal women. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1984-91. [PMID: 12941041 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may influence risk of cardiovascular disease are still unclear. Impaired fibrinolytic function is associated with an enhanced risk of cardiovascular disease and therefore the effect of HRT on fibrinolysis may be of importance. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prolonged effect of HRT on the fibrinolytic system and to determine whether two common polymorphisms in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) genes modulate this effect. METHODS Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 248) were randomized to HRT (n = 122) or no substitution (n = 126) 5 years prior to investigation. RESULTS Significantly higher values of t-PA activity and lower values of PAI-1 activity and PAI-1 antigen were found in the HRT group compared with the control group. This effect was independent of smoking and without influence from the two common polymorphisms PAI-1 -675(4G/5G) and t-PA intron8ins311. Furthermore, no difference between opposed estrogen (with norethisterone acetate as the gestagen component) and unopposed estrogen therapy was found. Both an intention-to-treat and a per-protocol analysis were performed and similar results were obtained. CONCLUSIONS Long-term treatment with HRT in healthy postmenopausal women was found to be associated with a beneficial fibrinolytic profile. This effect was found independent of smoking status, opposed and unopposed estrogen therapy had equal effect, and no influence of the two common polymorphisms PAI-1-675(4G/5G) and t-PA intron8ins311 was found. This effect of HRT on fibrinolytic capacity may be one of the beneficial effects of HRT in relation to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Madsen
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Somekawa Y, Fujimura M, Tomura S, Arinami T, Hamaguchi H. Relation of the -514C/T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene to serum HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women under hormone replacement therapy. Atherosclerosis 2002; 162:17-21. [PMID: 11947893 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic lipase (HL) is a lipolytic enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids in all major classes of lipoproteins. Recently, a -514C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of the HL gene was found to be associated with variations in hepatic lipase activity and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has known favorable effects on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. In this study, we examined the relation between the -514C/T polymorphism and serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal women prior to and after 3 months of HRT. Significant associations between the -514 C/T polymorphism and HDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) levels were observed before and/or after 3 months of HRT. With HRT, serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C and apolipoprotein B (apo B) levels were reduced significantly (P=0.0001), and HDL-C and apo A-I levels were increased significantly (P=0.0001). However, the degrees of change in lipid and lipoprotein levels due to HRT did not differ significantly between the HL genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamakawa-Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan.
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Mammen EF. Oral contraceptive pills and hormonal replacement therapy and thromboembolic disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2000; 14:1045-59, vii-viii. [PMID: 11005033 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The risk of thromboembolic complications with the use of second and third generation oral contraceptives is minimal and probably related to underlying congenital or acquired thrombophilic states. Estrogen dose-dependency leads to increased thrombin generation and increased plasmin generation. There is no convincing evidence that the balance between clotting and fibrinolysis is disturbed. The risk of venous thromboembolism with pregnancy is greater than with oral contraceptives. Hormone replacement therapy is safe for healthy women, and the benefits far outweigh the potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Mammen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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DeSouza CA, Jones PP, Seals DR. Physical activity status and adverse age-related differences in coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:362-8. [PMID: 9514404 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.3.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse changes in coagulation and fibrinolytic factors are thought to contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and atherothrombosis with age. We tested the hypothesis that such age-related changes in specific coagulation and fibrinolytic factors are absent in physically active women. Resting levels of plasma fibrinogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen and activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen and activity, and fibrin D-dimer were measured in 24 healthy premenopausal women: 11 sedentary (aged 28+/-1 years; Pre-S) and 13 physically active (aged 30+/-1 years; Pre-PA) and in 27 healthy postmenopausal women: 14 sedentary (aged 61+/-1 years; Post-S) and 13 physically active (aged 58+/-1 years; Post-PA). Post-S had higher (P<.05) fibrinogen, t-PA antigen, PAI-1 antigen, PAI-1 activity, and fibrin D-dimer levels and lower t-PA activity than Pre-S. Post-PA demonstrated lower (P<.01) plasma fibrinogen, t-PA antigen, PAI-1 antigen, and PAI-1 activity and higher (P<.01) t-PA activity levels than Post-S. In addition, plasma fibrin D-dimer levels tended (P=.06) to be lower in Post-PA than in Post-S. Although plasma levels of fibrinogen and fibrin D-dimer in Post-PA were lower than in Post-S, they were higher (P<.05) than in Pre-PA. Importantly, however, the fibrinolytic profile of Post-PA did not differ from that of Pre-PA. The results of the present study demonstrate that the adverse age-associated differences in plasma fibrinogen concentrations and the endogenous fibrinolytic system in sedentary healthy women are either attenuated or absent in highly physically active women. The smaller or absent age-related differences in coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in women who habitually exercise may represent an important mechanism contributing to their lower age-related increase in both cardiovascular disease and atherothrombotic events. Future studies need to determine whether women who are moderately active would demonstrate the same favorable hemostatic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A DeSouza
- Center for Physical Activity, Disease Prevention, and Aging, Department of Kinesiology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA.
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Cheung LP, Pang MW, Lam CW, Tomlinson B, Chung TK, Haines CJ. Acute effects of a surgical menopause on serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a). Climacteric 1998; 1:33-41. [PMID: 11907924 DOI: 10.3109/13697139809080679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate acute changes in serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a) and other atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins after a surgical menopause. METHODS A total of 100 premenopausal Chinese women who were booked for hysterectomy for benign gynecological disorders were recruited. They study group comprised 40 subjects undergoing hysterectomy as well as bilateral oophorectomy. The control group consisted of 60 subjects undergoing hysterectomy with conservation of the ovaries. Complete data were available from 30 of the 40 subjects in the study group and from 44 of the 60 controls. Serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a) and other atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins were measured before surgery and these measurements were repeated 3 days, 8 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. Those study patients who received hormone replacement therapy and control patients who became menopausal, according to biochemical criteria, during the study period were excluded from analysis. RESULTS Three days after surgery, there was a significant increase in the mean lipoprotein(a) concentration in the control group from 19.1 to 23.0 mg/dl (p < 0.01), but there was no significant change in the study group. There were no significant changes from baseline in the mean lipoprotein(a) concentration in either group 8 weeks or 6 months after surgery. There was a significant increase in the mean concentration of total cholesterol in the study group 8 weeks after surgery from 5.08 to 5.45 mmol/l (p < 0.01), in low density lipoprotein cholesterol from 3.22 to 3.49 mmol/l (p < 0.01), and in apolipoprotein B from 95.6 to 103.0 mg/dl (p < 0.05). However, the mean concentrations 6 months after surgery were not significantly different from baseline levels. The mean concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-1 and triglycerides also did not differ significantly from baseline in the study group, either 8 weeks or 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that any increase in concentrations of lipoprotein(a), and other atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins which occur after the menopause, develops relatively slowly. The changes in concentrations which occurred within 8 weeks of surgery were probably an acute-phase reaction after surgery rather than a response to a decreasing estradiol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Cheung
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Mayo DJ. Thrombosis and Hemostasis in Women Throughout the Life Span. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0899-5885(18)30246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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