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Macpherson JA, Theisen A, Masino L, Fets L, Driscoll PC, Encheva V, Snijders AP, Martin SR, Kleinjung J, Barran PE, Fraternali F, Anastasiou D. Functional cross-talk between allosteric effects of activating and inhibiting ligands underlies PKM2 regulation. eLife 2019; 8:e45068. [PMID: 31264961 PMCID: PMC6636998 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several enzymes can simultaneously interact with multiple intracellular metabolites, however, how the allosteric effects of distinct ligands are integrated to coordinately control enzymatic activity remains poorly understood. We addressed this question using, as a model system, the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). We show that the PKM2 activator fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) alone promotes tetramerisation and increases PKM2 activity, but addition of the inhibitor L-phenylalanine (Phe) prevents maximal activation of FBP-bound PKM2 tetramers. We developed a method, AlloHubMat, that uses eigenvalue decomposition of mutual information derived from molecular dynamics trajectories to identify residues that mediate FBP-induced allostery. Experimental mutagenesis of these residues identified PKM2 variants in which activation by FBP remains intact but cannot be attenuated by Phe. Our findings reveal residues involved in FBP-induced allostery that enable the integration of allosteric input from Phe and provide a paradigm for the coordinate regulation of enzymatic activity by simultaneous allosteric inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Macpherson
- Cancer Metabolism LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alina Theisen
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Masino
- Structural Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Louise Fets
- Cancer Metabolism LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul C Driscoll
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Vesela Encheva
- Proteomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Proteomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Martin
- Structural Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jens Kleinjung
- Computational Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Perdita E Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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A critical review of the role of M 2PYK in the Warburg effect. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:225-239. [PMID: 30708038 PMCID: PMC6525063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming generally accepted in recent literature that the Warburg effect in cancer depends on inhibition of M2PYK, the pyruvate kinase isozyme most commonly expressed in tumors. We remain skeptical. There continues to be a general lack of solid experimental evidence for the underlying idea that a bottle neck in aerobic glycolysis at the level of M2PYK results in an expanded pool of glycolytic intermediates (which are thought to serve as building blocks necessary for proliferation and growth of cancer cells). If a bottle neck at M2PYK exists, then the remarkable increase in lactate production by cancer cells is a paradox, particularly since a high percentage of the carbons of lactate originate from glucose. The finding that pyruvate kinase activity is invariantly increased rather than decreased in cancer undermines the logic of the M2PYK bottle neck, but is consistent with high lactate production. The "inactive" state of M2PYK in cancer is often described as a dimer (with reduced substrate affinity) that has dissociated from an active tetramer of M2PYK. Although M2PYK clearly dissociates easier than other isozymes of pyruvate kinase, it is not clear that dissociation of the tetramer occurs in vivo when ligands are present that promote tetramer formation. Furthermore, it is also not clear whether the dissociated dimer retains any activity at all. A number of non-canonical functions for M2PYK have been proposed, all of which can be challenged by the finding that not all cancer cell types are dependent on M2PYK expression. Additional in-depth studies of the Warburg effect and specifically of the possible regulatory role of M2PYK in the Warburg effect are needed.
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Drozdov-Tikhomirov LN, Skurida GI, Alexandrov AA. The enzyme activity allosteric regulation model based on the composite nature of catalytic and regulatory sites concept. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1999; 16:917-29. [PMID: 10217459 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1999.10508302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A new kinetic model of enzymatic catalysis is proposed, which postulates that enzyme solutions are equilibrium systems of oligomers differing in the number of subunits and in the mode of their assembly. It is suggested that the catalytic and regulatory sites of allosteric enzymes are of composite nature and appear as a result of subunits joining. Two possible joining modes are postulated at each oligomerization step. Catalytic site may arise on oligomer formed only by one of these modes. Effector acts by fastening together components of certain oligomeric form and increases the life time of this form. It leads to a shift of oligomer equilibrium and increases a proportion of effector-binding oligomers. Effectors-activators bind the oligomers carrying composite catalytic sites and effectors-inhibitors bind the oligomers, which do not carry active catalytic sites. Thus, catalytic activity control in such system is explained by effector-induced changes of a catalytic sites number, but not of a catalytic site activity caused by changes of subunit's tertiary structure. The postulates of the model do not contradict available experimental data and lead to a new type of general rate equation, which allows to describe and understand the specific kinetic behavior of allosteric enzymes as well as Michaelis type enzymes. All known rate equations of allosteric The equation was tested by modeling the kinetics of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. It enabled to reproduce quantitatively the 66 kinetic curves experimentally obtained for this enzyme under different reaction conditions.
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Traut TW, Jones ME. Uracil metabolism--UMP synthesis from orotic acid or uridine and conversion of uracil to beta-alanine: enzymes and cDNAs. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 53:1-78. [PMID: 8650301 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T W Traut
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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5
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Abstract
Most enzymes exist as oligomers or polymers, and a significant subset of these (perhaps 15% of all enzymes) can reversibly dissociate and reassociate in response to an effector ligand. Such a change in subunit assembly usually is accompanied by a change in enzyme activity, providing a mechanism for regulation. Two models are described for a physical mechanism, leading to a change in activity: (1) catalytic activity depends on subunit conformation, which is modulated by subunit dissociation; and (2) catalytic or regulatory sites are located at subunit interfaces and are disrupted by subunit dissociation. Examples of such enzymes show that both catalytic sites and regulatory sites occur at the junction of 2 subunits. In addition, for 9 enzymes, kinetic studies supported the existence of a separate regulatory site with significantly different affinity for the binding of either a substrate or a product of that enzyme. Over 40 dissociating enzymes are described from 3 major metabolic areas: carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Important variables that influence enzyme dissociation include: enzyme concentration, ligand concentration, other cellular proteins, pH, and temperature. All these variables can be readily manipulated in vitro, but normally only the first two are physiological variables. Seven of these enzymes are most active as the dissociated monomer, the others as oligomers, emphasizing the importance of a regulated equilibrium between 2 or more conformational states. Experiments to test whether enzyme dissociation occurs in vivo showed this to be the case in 6 out of 7 studies, with 4 different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Traut
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7260
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Weernink PA, Rijksen G, Mascini EM, Staal GE. Phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase type K is restricted to the dimeric form. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1121:61-8. [PMID: 1599952 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90337-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of glycolytic intermediate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, pyruvate kinase type K exists in the dimeric form and is readily phosphorylated, whereas in the same sample and the same conditions pyruvate kinase type M is present as a tetramer and is not phosphorylated. Addition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate results in the association of dimeric K2 molecules to a tetrameric K4 enzyme as determined by gel filtration and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, with concomitant loss of the capacity of the K isozyme to become phosphorylated. Phosphorylated K2 dimers can also tetramerize, but with a low recovery of the radiolabel, suggesting a fructose-1,6-bisphosphate induced dephosphorylation or selective degradation. The dimeric K isozyme is enzymatically active; inactive K-type monomers can be detected by immunoblot analysis in the absence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, but no phosphorylated pyruvate kinase is present in this fraction. The formation of K4 tetramers can not be accomplished by the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is an allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase type K and induces hyperbolic saturation curves for phosphoenolpyruvate. In contrast, in the absence of effectors, pyruvate kinase type M exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but sigmoidal curves can be induced by the amino acid phenylalanine. However, even in the presence of phenylalanine, the M-type maintained its tetrameric configuration and did not serve as a substrate in the phosphorylation reaction. These findings argue for the importance of subunit interaction in the regulation of phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Weernink
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Espinet C, Bartrons R, Carreras J. Effects of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate on phosphofructokinase from chicken erythrocytes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 90:453-7. [PMID: 2970364 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) from chicken erythrocytes is activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and AMP, and it is inhibited by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and inositol hexaphosphate. 2. The stimulatory effects produced by the two bisphosphorylated hexoses are additive and the effects produced by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and by AMP are synergistic. 3. The activatory effect produced by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is counteracted by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 4. The inhibition produced by both 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and inositol hexaphosphate is released by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. 5. It is concluded that, like phosphofructokinase from mammalian tissues, the enzyme from chicken erythrocytes can be modulated by the relative concentrations of those metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espinet
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Department de Ciències Fisiològiques Humanes i de la Nutrició, Spain
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Vas M, Lakatos S, Hajdu J, Friedrich P. Kinetic behaviour and oligomeric state of 3-phosphoglyceroyl-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochimie 1981; 63:89-96. [PMID: 7225461 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(81)80170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The specific activity of pig muscle D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to be constant in the reverse reaction, with NADH and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate as substrates, over the enzyme concentration range 10(-8) to 10(-4) M. The molecular weight of the covalent intermediate of the enzyme, 3-phosphoglyceroyl-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, as measured by sedimentation techniques, proved constant (145 000 +/- 6 000) between 3 x 10(-5) M enzyme concentration. Likewise, no change in the apparent molecular weight was observed by gel-chromatography even at 2 x 10(-8) M enzyme concentration. The data indicate that the enzyme functions in its tetrameric form.
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Schellenberger W, Eschrich K, Hofmann E. Selforganization of a glycolytic reconstituted enzyme system: alternate stable stationary states, hysteretic transitions and stabilization of the energy charge. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1981; 19:257-84. [PMID: 6461225 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(81)90019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Vora S, Seaman C, Durham S, Piomelli S. Isozymes of human phosphofructokinase: identification and subunit structural characterization of a new system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:62-6. [PMID: 6444721 PMCID: PMC348208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of a five-membered isozyme system for human phosphofructokinase (PFK; ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) has been demonstrated. These multimolecular forms result from the random polymerization of two distinct subunits, M (muscle type) and L (liver type), to form all possible tetrameters-i.e., M(4), M(3)L, M(2)L(2), ML(3), and L(4). Partially purified muscle and liver PFKs were hybridized by dissociation at low pH and then recombination at neutrality. Three hybrid species were generated in addition to the two parental isozymes, to yield an entire five-membered set. The various species could be consistently and reproducibly separated from one another by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography at pH 8.0 with a concave elution gradient of salt. Under similar experimental conditions, erythrocyte PFK from hemolysates was also resolved into five species chromatographically indistinguishable from those produced in the above experiment. Immunological and kinetic studies of the isozymes provided corroborative evidence to support the proposed subunit structures. Erythrocyte PFK was found to have kinetic properties intermediate between those of muscle and liver PFK and was neutralized only 50% by an antiserum against muscle PFK that completely neutralized muscle PFK. These data demonstrate that muscle and liver PFKs are distinct homotetramers-i.e., M(4) and L(4), respectively-whereas erythrocyte PFK is a heterogeneous mixture of all five isozymes. The structural heterogeneity of erythrocyte PFK provides a molecular genetic basis for the differential organ involvement observed in some inherited PFK deficiency states in which myopathy or hemolysis or both can occur.
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Pilkis SJ, Park CR, Claus TH. Hormonal control of hepatic gluconeogenesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1979; 36:383-460. [PMID: 217173 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wenzel KW, Kurganov BI, Zimmermann G, Yakovlev VA, Schellenberger W, Hofmann E. Self-association of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. Kinetic behaviour in dependence on enzyme concentration and mode of association. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 61:181-90. [PMID: 128461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic behaviour of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase has been analyzed over a relative wide range of enzyme concentration (0.01 -- 1.7 mug/ml). The kinetic cooperativity which becomes apparent when the enzymic reaction rate is plotted versus the fructose 6-phosphate concentration decreases with increasing enzyme concentration. Simultaneously, a decrease of the half-saturation concentration for fructose 6-phosphate [S]0.5 is observed. Maximum velocity passes through a maximum at increasing enzyme concentrations. Sets of curves representing specific enzymic activity of phosphofructokinase versus enzyme concentration obtained at various fixed concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP are analyzed. The shapes of these curves are interpreted in terms of an association model of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase, in which an inactive dimer (Mr 190000) and active multimers of the dimeric form are involved. The conclusion is drawn that the sigmoidal shape of the plots of the enzymic reaction rate versus fructose 6-phosphate concentration is partially caused by a displacement of the equilibrium between different states of association of phosphofructokinase to multimers by this substrate. On the other hand, the inhibition of the enzyme by high concentrations of ATP may be partially caused by a shift of this equilibrium to the state of the inactive dimer.
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13
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Hess B, Bornmann L. Control of enzyme activity through regulation of three-dimensional structure of proteins: studies on pyruvate kinase. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1975; 13:235-45. [PMID: 1211287 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(75)90018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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