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Wakasugi K, Yokosawa T. The high-affinity tryptophan uptake transport system in human cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1149-1158. [PMID: 38813870 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The L-tryptophan (Trp) transport system is highly selective for Trp with affinity in the nanomolar range. This transport system is augmented in human interferon (IFN)-γ-treated and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-expressing cells. Up-regulated cellular uptake of Trp causes a reduction in extracellular Trp and initiates immune suppression. Recent studies demonstrate that both IDO1 and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS), whose expression levels are up-regulated by IFN-γ, play a pivotal role in high-affinity Trp uptake into human cells. Furthermore, overexpression of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) elicits a similar effect as IDO1 on TrpRS-mediated high-affinity Trp uptake. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding this Trp uptake system and put forward a possible molecular mechanism based on Trp deficiency induced by IDO1 or TDO2 and tryptophanyl-AMP production by TrpRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wakasugi
- Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokosawa
- Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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2
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Ahn YH, Oh SC, Zhou S, Kim TD. Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094523. [PMID: 33926067 PMCID: PMC8123658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WRS) is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the ligation of tryptophan (Trp) to its cognate tRNAtrp during translation via aminoacylation. Interestingly, WRS also plays physiopathological roles in diseases including sepsis, cancer, and autoimmune and brain diseases and has potential as a pharmacological target and therapeutic. However, WRS is still generally regarded simply as an enzyme that produces Trp in polypeptides; therefore, studies of the pharmacological effects, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of action of WRS are still at an emerging stage. This review summarizes the involvement of WRS in human diseases. We hope that this will encourage further investigation into WRS as a potential target for drug development in various pathological states including infection, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ha Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, China;
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Se-Chan Oh
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, China;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (T.-D.K.)
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (T.-D.K.)
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3
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Miyanokoshi M, Yokosawa T, Wakasugi K. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase mediates high-affinity tryptophan uptake into human cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8428-8438. [PMID: 29666190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan (Trp) transport system has a high affinity and selectivity toward Trp, and has been reported to exist in both human and mouse macrophages. Although this system is highly expressed in interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated cells and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-expressing cells, its identity remains incompletely understood. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) is also highly expressed in IFN-γ-treated cells and also has high affinity and selectivity for Trp. Here, we investigated the effects of human TrpRS expression on Trp uptake into IFN-γ-treated human THP-1 monocytes or HeLa cells. Inhibition of human TrpRS expression by TrpRS-specific siRNAs decreased and overexpression of TrpRS increased Trp uptake into the cells. Of note, the TrpRS-mediated uptake system had more than hundred-fold higher affinity for Trp than the known System L amino acid transporter, promoted uptake of low Trp concentrations, and had very high Trp selectivity. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that Trp- and ATP-binding sites, but not tRNA-binding sites, in TrpRS are essential for TrpRS-mediated Trp uptake into the human cells. We further demonstrate that the addition of purified TrpRS to cell culture medium increases Trp uptake into cells. Taken together, our results reveal that TrpRS plays an important role in high-affinity Trp uptake into human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Miyanokoshi
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan and
| | - Takumi Yokosawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wakasugi
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan and .,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Paley EL, Perry G. Towards an Integrative Understanding of tRNA Aminoacylation-Diet-Host-Gut Microbiome Interactions in Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040410. [PMID: 29587458 PMCID: PMC5946195 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) preclinical experiments do not recapitulate the human disease. In our models, the dietary tryptophan metabolite tryptamine produced by human gut microbiome induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) deficiency with consequent neurodegeneration in cells and mice. Dietary supplements, antibiotics and certain drugs increase tryptamine content in vivo. TrpRS catalyzes tryptophan attachment to tRNAtrp at initial step of protein biosynthesis. Tryptamine that easily crosses the blood–brain barrier induces vasculopathies, neurodegeneration and cell death via TrpRS competitive inhibition. TrpRS inhibitor tryptophanol produced by gut microbiome also induces neurodegeneration. TrpRS inhibition by tryptamine and its metabolites preventing tryptophan incorporation into proteins lead to protein biosynthesis impairment. Tryptophan, a least amino acid in food and proteins that cannot be synthesized by humans competes with frequent amino acids for the transport from blood to brain. Tryptophan is a vulnerable amino acid, which can be easily lost to protein biosynthesis. Some proteins marking neurodegenerative pathology, such as tau lack tryptophan. TrpRS exists in cytoplasmic (WARS) and mitochondrial (WARS2) forms. Pathogenic gene variants of both forms cause TrpRS deficiency with consequent intellectual and motor disabilities in humans. The diminished tryptophan-dependent protein biosynthesis in AD patients is a proof of our model-based disease concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Paley
- Expert Biomed, Inc., 11933 SW 271st TER Homestead, Miami Dade, FL 33032-3305, USA.
- Stop Alzheimers Corp., Miami Dade, FL 33032, USA.
- Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
| | - George Perry
- Stop Alzheimers Corp., Miami Dade, FL 33032, USA.
- University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Voronkov MG, Nurbekov MK, Bobkova SN, Karaulova LK, Susova MI, Rasulov MM. Antisclerotic effect of Trekrezan and its possible mechanisms. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010; 431:73-5. [PMID: 20514866 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672910020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Voronkov
- Favorskii Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Favorskogo 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
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6
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Paley EL, Denisova G, Sokolova O, Posternak N, Wang X, Brownell AL. Tryptamine induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase-mediated neurodegeneration with neurofibrillary tangles in human cell and mouse models. Neuromolecular Med 2008; 9:55-82. [PMID: 17114825 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:9:1:55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other taupathies include neurofibrillary tangles and plaques. Despite the fact that only 2-10% of AD cases are associated with genetic mutations, no nontransgenic or metabolic models have been generated to date. The findings of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) in plaques of the AD brain were reported recently by the authors. Here it is shown that expression of cytoplasmic-TrpRS is inversely correlated with neurofibrillary degeneration, whereas a nonionic detergent-insoluble presumably aggregated TrpRS is simultaneously accumulated in human cells treated by tryptamine, a metabolic tryptophan analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor of TrpRS. TrpRSN- terminal peptide self-assembles in double-helical fibrils in vitro. Herein, tryptamine causes neuropathy characterized by motor and behavioral deficits, hippocampal neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloidosis, and glucose decrease in mice. Tryptamine induced the formation of helical fibrillary tangles in both hippocampal neurons and glia. Taken together with the authors' previous findings of tryptamine-induced nephrotoxicity and filamentous tangle formation in kidney cells, the authors' data indicates a general role of tryptamine in cell degeneration and loss. It is concluded that tryptamine as a component of a normal diet can induce neurodegeneration at the concentrations, which might be consumed along with food. Tryptophan-dependent tRNAtrp aminoacylation catalyzed by TrpRS can be inhibited by its substrate tryptophan at physiological concentrations was demonstrated. These findings indicate that the dietary supplementation with tryptophan as a tryptamine competitor may not counteract the deleterious influence of tryptamine. The pivotal role of TrpRS in protecting against neurodegeneration is suggested, providing an insight into the pathogenesis and a possible treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Paley
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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7
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The life in science. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Bogdanov AA, Karpov VL. RNA-protein interactions at the initial and terminal stages of protein biosynthesis as investigated by Lev Kisselev (on the occasion of his 70th anniversary). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:915-24. [PMID: 16978156 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906080141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights studies by Lev L. Kisselev and his colleagues on the initial and terminal stages of protein biosynthesis, which cover the period of the last 45 years (1961-2006). They investigated spatial structure of tRNAs, structure and functions of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases of higher organisms, and the final step of protein synthesis, termination of translation. L. Kisselev and his team have made three major contributions to these fields of molecular biology; (i) they proposed the hypothesis on the role of anticodon triplet of tRNA in recognition by cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, which has been experimentally confirmed and is now included in textbooks; (ii) identified primary structures and functions of two eukaryotic protein factors (eRF1 and eRF3) playing a pivotal role in translation termination; (iii) characterized a structural basis for stop codon recognition by eRF1 within the ribosome and discovered the negative structural elements of eRF1, limiting its recognition of one or two stop-codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bogdanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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9
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Carnicelli D, Brigotti M, Rizzi S, Keith G, Montanaro L, Sperti S. Nucleotides U28-A42 and A37 in unmodified yeast tRNA(Trp) as negative identity elements for bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. FEBS Lett 2001; 492:238-41. [PMID: 11257501 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type bovine and yeast tRNA(Trp) are efficiently aminoacylated by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase both from beef and from yeast. Upon loss of modified bases in the synthetic transcripts, mammalian tRNA(Trp) retains the double recognition by the two synthetases, while yeast tRNA(Trp) loses its substrate properties for the bovine enzyme and is recognised only by the cognate synthetase. By testing chimeric bovine-yeast transcripts with tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase purified from beef pancreas, the nucleotides responsible for the loss of charging of the synthetic yeast transcript have been localised in the anticodon arm. A complete loss of charging akin to that observed with the yeast transcript requires substitution in the bovine backbone of G37 in the anticodon loop with yeast A37 and of C28-G42 in the anticodon stem with yeast U28-A42. Since A37 does not prevent aminoacylation of the wild-type yeast tRNA(Trp) by the beef enzyme, a negative combination apparently emerges in the synthetic transcript after unmasking of U28 by loss of pseudourydilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carnicelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale dell'Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy
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10
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Jorgensen R, Søgaard TM, Rossing AB, Martensen PM, Justesen J. Identification and characterization of human mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:16820-6. [PMID: 10828066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.22.16820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-length cDNA clone encoding the human mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (h(mt)TrpRS) has been identified. The deduced amino acid sequence shows high homology to both the mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase ((mt)TrpRS) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to different eubacterial forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS). Using the baculovirus expression system, we have expressed and purified the protein with a carboxyl-terminal histidine tag. The purified His-tagged h(mt)TrpRS catalyzes Trp-dependent exchange of PP(i) in the PP(i)-ATP exchange assay. Expression of h(mt)TrpRS in both human and insect cells leads to high levels of h(mt)TrpRS localizing to the mitochondria, and in insect cells the first 18 amino acids constitute the mitochondrial localization signal sequence. Until now the human cytoplasmic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (hTrpRS) was thought to function as the h(mt)TrpRS, possibly in the form of a splice variant. However, no mitochondrial localization signal sequence was ever detected and the present identification of a different (mt)TrpRS almost certainly rules out that possibility. The h(mt)TrpRS shows kinetic properties similar to human mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (h(mt)PheRS), and h(mt)TrpRS is not induced by interferon-gamma as is hTrpRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jorgensen
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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11
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Brigotti M, Keith G, Pallanca A, Carnicelli D, Alvergna P, Dirheimer G, Montanaro L, Sperti S. Identification of the tRNAs which up-regulate agrostin, barley RIP and PAP-S, three ribosome-inactivating proteins of plant origin. FEBS Lett 1998; 431:259-62. [PMID: 9708915 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) are RNA-N-glycosidases widely diffused in plants which depurinate ribosomal RNA at a specific universally conserved position, A4324 in rat ribosomes. A small group of RIPs (cofactor-dependent RIPs) require ATP and tRNA to reach maximal activity on isolated ribosomes. The tRNA which stimulates gelonin was identified as tRNA(Trp). The present paper reports the identification of three other tRNAs which stimulate agrostin (tRNA(Ala)), barley RIP (tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Val)) and PAP-S (tRNA(Gly)), while for tritin-S no particular stimulating tRNA emerged. The sequences of tRNA(Val) and tRNA(Gly) correspond to the already known ones (rabbit and man, respectively). The tRNA(Ala) (anticodon IGC) identifies a new isoacceptor. Only the stimulating activity of the tRNA(Ala) for agrostin approaches the specificity previously observed for the couple gelonin-tRNA(Trp).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brigotti
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale dell'Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy
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12
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Paley EL. A mammalian tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is associated with protein kinase activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 244:780-8. [PMID: 9108248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Trp-tRNA synthetase is a dimer with subunit molecular mass of 60 kDa (p60) which catalyzes ATP-dependent formation of tryptophanyl-tRNA. Evidence is presented that Trp-tRNA synthetase whose homogeneity had been proven by SDS/PAGE and silver staining of the gel is autophosphorylated in vitro. Anti-(Trp-tRNA synthetase) antibodies, whose specificity was verified by using a combination of different approaches, were able to effectively inhibit and immunoprecipitate the Trp-tRNA-synthetase-associated kinase activity. The two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide map of autophosphorylated p60 Trp-tRNA synthetase was found to be similar to that of its major 40-kDa degradation fragment bearing resemblance to previously demonstrated unlabeled peptide patterns of the Trp-tRNA synthetase forms. Trp-tRNA synthetase which had undergone denaturation during SDS/PAGE, regained serine/threonine specific protein kinase activity (PK 60) after guanidine treatment. Trp-tRNA synthetase induced phosphorylation of specific substrate such as 100-kDa protein in non-immune but not in anti-(Trp-tRNA synthetase) sera which distinguishes Trp-tRNA-synthetase-associated kinase from other protein kinases. Sequence analysis permitted the identification of regions of bovine Trp-tRNA synthetase sharing similarity with the catalytic domains of known protein kinases. These findings suggest that PK 60 and Trp-tRNA synthetase (p60) are either closely related or identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Paley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Vartanian A, Narovlyansky A, Amchenkova A, Turpaev K, Kisselev L. Interferons induce accumulation of diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A) in human cultured cells. FEBS Lett 1996; 381:32-4. [PMID: 8641433 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
After incubation of human monocytes J96 and human myeloid leukemia HL60 cells with interferons (IFN) alpha or gamma, the Ap3A concentration considerably increases in parallel with accumulation of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS, EC 6.1.1.2). The Ap3A formation in response to IFNs is catalysed by an excessive amount of TrpRS. Although the Ap3A function still remains unknown, its accumulation may imply the Ap3A involvement in the IFN-signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vartanian
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Abstract
Autoantibodies to highly purified tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, consisting of two approximately 60-kDa subunits (6.1.1.2, TrpRS), were detected in some sera of donors and patients with various diagnosis using the newly developed 125I-TrpRS-radiodot, 125I-TrpRS-radioblot, ELISA and Western immunoblotting. The percentage of positive sera appears to be dependent upon the method of sera testing. The autoimmune sera recognized both the native and denatured TrpRS forms. The binding of the human serum to the 60-kDa band of tissue extract was demonstrable by the 125I-TrpRS-blot as well as Western blot techniques. The possible role of infections in the induction of anti-TrpRS antibodies and maintenance of the autoimmune response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Paley
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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15
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Merkulova T, Kovaleva G, Kisselev L. P1,P3-bis(5'-adenosyl)triphosphate (Ap3A) as a substrate and a product of mammalian tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. FEBS Lett 1994; 350:287-90. [PMID: 8070580 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS, E.C.6.1.1.2) is unable to catalyze in vitro formation of Ap4A in contrast to some other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. However, in the presence of L-tryptophan, ATP-Mg2+ and ADP the enzyme catalyzes the Ap3A synthesis via adenylate intermediate. Ap3A (not Ap4A) may serve as a substrate for TrpRS in the reaction of E.(Trp approximately AMP) formation and in the tRNA(Trp) charging. The Km value for Ap3A was higher than the Km for ATP (approx. 1.00 vs. 0.22 mM) and Vmax was 3 times lower than for ATP. The Zn(2+)-deficient enzyme catalyzes Ap3A synthesis in the absence of exogenous ADP due to ATPase activity of Zn(2+)-deprived TrpRS. The inability of mammalian TrpRS to synthesize Ap4A, might be considered as a molecular tool preventing the removal of Zn2+ due to chelation by Ap4A and therefore preserving the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Merkulova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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16
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Kovaleva G, Nikitushkina T, Kisselev L. Nucleoside triphosphatase activity associated with the N-terminal domain of mammalian tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. FEBS Lett 1993; 335:198-202. [PMID: 8253196 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80729-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.2) deprived of Zn2+ by chelation with the phosphonate analog of Ap4A hydrolyzed ATP(GTP) to ADP(GDP) although its ability to form tryptophanyl adenylate was impaired. This hydrolytic activity is stimulated by Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions and inhibited by Zn2+. Monoclonal antibody Am1 against the N-terminal domain of the enzyme completely abolished ATP(GTP)ase activity. The core peptide generated after proteolytic splitting of the N-domain lacks this activity. We suggest that the nucleotide binding site(s) different from ATP sites involved in aminoacylation reaction reside(s) at the N-terminal domain(s) of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kovaleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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17
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Kisselev L, Frolova L, Haenni AL. Interferon inducibility of mammalian tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: new perspectives. Trends Biochem Sci 1993; 18:263-7. [PMID: 7692626 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(93)90178-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are indispensible components of the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery. Surprisingly, recent experiments have demonstrated that synthesis of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WRS) is markedly enhanced after incubation of human cells with interferons. Why is this housekeeping enzyme interferon-inducible? Several hypotheses have been suggested. One hypothesis, that premature termination of protein synthesis was involved, was boosted by the discovery that the deduced amino acid sequence of the mammalian peptide chain release factor (RF) closely resembled that of WRS. Further investigation, however, suggests that the DNA encoding RF was wrongly identified and in fact encodes a rabbit WRS subunit. Other hypotheses on the interferon-inducibility of WRS, including the possibility that the protein performs other, regulatory functions in addition to its core enzymic activity, remain to be explored.
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Frolova LY, Grigorieva AY, Sudomoina MA, Kisselev LL. The human gene encoding tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: interferon-response elements and exon-intron organization. Gene X 1993; 128:237-45. [PMID: 7685728 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90568-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (hWRS) [Frolova et al., Gene 109 (1991) 291-296]. Independently, it has been shown that this protein is induced by interferons (IFN) gamma and alpha [Fleckner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 11520-11524; Rubin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 24245-24248]. This unusual feature of a housekeeping enzyme raises the problem of how the gene is regulated. Since at present the genomic structure of hWRS is unknown, this issue remains unsolved. Here, the exon-intron organization of hWRS has been deciphered. This gene consists of at least 12 exons that span more than 35 kb of DNA. At least two alternative noncoding exons precede ten coding exons. Upstream from the first exon, two GGAAAN(N/-)GAAA sequences, which are considered to be IFN-stimulating response elements (ISRE), have been revealed. The same consensus was also found in the intron region in close vicinity to the 5' end of the second exon. Thus, the IFN-stimulated synthesis of hWRS is presumably due to gene activation at the transcriptional level. Alignment of hWRS amino acid sequences has shown that exons V to XI of hWRS encode regions of structural similarity with bacterial WRS, whereas the N-terminal portion of the protein encoded by exons II to IV exhibits no homology with bacterial WRS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Frolova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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19
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Fleckner J, Justesen J, Timms KM, Tate WP, Kisselev LL, Haenni AL. Are the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and the peptide-chain-release factor from higher eukaryotes one and the same protein? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 212:457-66. [PMID: 8444184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, cDNA clones encoding the bovine (b) [M. Garret, B. Pajot, V. Trézéguet, J. Labouesse, M. Merle, J.-C. Gandar, J.-P. Benedetto, M.-L. Sallafranque, J. Alterio, M. Gueguen, C. Sarger, B. Labouesse and J. Bonnet (1991) Biochemistry 30, 7809-7817] and human (h) [L. Yu. Frolova, M. A. Sudomoina, A. Yu. Grigorieva, O. L. Zinovieva and L. L. Kisselev (1991) Gene 109, 291-296] tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases (TrpRS) were sequenced; the deduced amino acid sequences exhibit typical structural features of class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases [G. Eriani, M. Delarue, O. Poch, J. Gangloff and D. Moras (1990) Nature 237, 203-206] and limited, although significant, similarity with bacterial TrpRS. Independently, it was shown that a major protein whose synthesis is stimulated in human cell cultures by interferon gamma [J. Fleckner, H. H. Rasmussen and J. Justesen (1991) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11,520-11,524], and interferons gamma or alpha [B. Y. Rubins, S. L. Anderson, L. Xing, R. J. Powell and W. P. Tate (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 226, 24,245-24,248], exhibits TrpRS activity and an amino acid sequence identical to that of hTrpRS. The amino acid sequences of bTrpRS and hTrpRS are highly similar and are surprisingly very similar to the amino acid sequence deduced from a cloned and sequenced cDNA reported to encode rabbit (r) peptide-chain-release factor (RF) [C. C. Lee, W. J. Craigen, D. M. Muzny, E. Harlow and C. T. Caskey (1990) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3508-3512]. This close similarity between mammalian TrpRS and cloned RF is unexpected given the distinct functional properties of these proteins. Consequently, the question arises as to whether the mammalian TrpRS and RF activities reside on identical or very similar polypeptides. Alternatively, one may assume that the cloned rabbit cDNA encodes a protein other than rRF. Several properties (immunochemical, biochemical and physico-chemical) of mammalian TrpRS and RF have been compared. rTrpRS and rRF have distinct thermostability behaviours, and dissimilar chromatographic profiles on phosphocellulose. Both the anti-bTrpRS polyclonal antibodies and the monoclonal antibody Am2 strongly inhibit the bTrpRS and hTrpRS aminoacylation activities, but not the rRF activity. In addition, neither bTrpRS nor hTrpRS exhibit RF activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of higher organisms are far less studied compared to their prokaryotic and unicellular eukaryotic counterparts. However, many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from multi-cellular organisms exhibit certain features not yet described for the same enzymes of bacteria or yeast. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases (TrpRS) are among the most thoroughly studied mammalian enzymes of this group. TrpRS are Zn(2+)-dependent, dimeric, class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases with known amino acid sequence for four different mammalian orders. TrpRS is not associated in a stable multi-synthetase complex, although it exhibits a long N-terminal extension absent from bacterial TrpRS. The human gene encoding TrpRS belongs to the interferon-responsive gene family and TrpRS activity drastically increases after interferon gamma induction. For unknown reasons TrpRS is overproduced in pancreas of Ruminantia. Other data on TrpRS available so far are summarized and briefly discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Kisselev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Kovaleva GK, Zheltova AO, Nikitushkina TV, Egorov TA, Musoljamov AC, Kisselev LL. Carbohydrates in mammalian tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. FEBS Lett 1992; 309:337-9. [PMID: 1516707 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80802-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous preparations of bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.2) contain monosaccharides (mannose, fucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine) as revealed by liquid chromatography. Their content comprises 2.5-3.0% (w/w) of the enzyme composed of two subunits (60 kDa x 2). The same set of sugars was detected in elastase and CNBr-generated fragments (with molecular masses of approx. 40 kDa and 30 kDa, respectively). It is concluded that bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, in addition to being a metallo- and phosphoprotein, is also a glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Kovaleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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22
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Fleckner J, Rasmussen HH, Justesen J. Human interferon gamma potently induces the synthesis of a 55-kDa protein (gamma 2) highly homologous to rabbit peptide chain release factor and bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:11520-4. [PMID: 1763065 PMCID: PMC53167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein, gamma 2, was identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of transformed human amnion (AMA) cell proteins. cDNA clones coding for this protein have been isolated and characterized as encoding a polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 53,165 and a pI of 6.16. Both values are in good agreement with those observed in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The gamma 2 protein is found to be highly induced by IFN-gamma, whereas no induction was seen after addition of IFN-alpha to AMA cells. A gamma 2-specific 2.7-kilobase mRNA was likewise seen to accumulate selectively in response to IFN-gamma in these cells. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of gamma 2 to proteins in GenBank data bases revealed that gamma 2 is highly homologous to rabbit peptide chain release factor [Lee, C. C., Craigen, W. J., Muzny, D. M., Harlow, E. & Caskey, C. T. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3508-3512] and bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase [M. Garret, V. Trezeguet, B. Pajot, J. C. Gandar, M. Merle, M. Guegiev, J. P. Benedetto, C. Sarger, J. Alteriot, J. La Bouessec, J. Labouesse, and J. Bonnet (1990), GenBank accession no. X52113]. Amino acid sequence similarities of 94% and 97%, respectively, are found, which in general would indicate that gamma 2 represents the human equivalent to either of these two mammalian genes. Based on these sequence similarities, the current data raise the possibility that tryptophanyl-tRNA charging and peptide chain release are carried out by the same enzyme. The gamma 2 protein is shown to possess tryptophan-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity and thus constitutes an enzymatic activity involved in the biological activity of IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fleckner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Rubin B, Anderson S, Xing L, Powell R, Tate W. Interferon induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase expression in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Favorova OO, Zargarova TA, Rukosuyev VS, Beresten SF, Kisselev LL. Molecular and cellular studies of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases using monoclonal antibodies. Remarkable variations in the content of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in the pancreas of different mammals. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 184:583-8. [PMID: 2806241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The content of Trp-tRNA synthetase in pancreas and liver of cattle, sheep, swine, rat, rabbit and man was assayed by direct radioimmunoblotting with a 125I-labelled monoclonal antibody Am1, specifically interacting with any eukaryotic Trp-tRNA synthetase. Its content in the organs studied, with the exception of bovine and sheep pancreas, was found to be 0.002-0.012% of total proteins. The enzyme content in bovine pancreas was about 0.2% of total proteins, i.e. 70 times higher than in bovine liver; similar correlations were found for sheep. The Trp-tRNA synthetase levels in each organ varied from animal to animal of the same species by not more than a factor of four; these individual variations cannot affect the conclusion about the profound differences in the levels of the enzyme in pancreases of Ruminantia and of the other mammalians. As shown by indirect immunofluorescence technique, bovine Trp-tRNA synthetase is mainly located in the exocrine part of the pancreas. Moreover, the immunoreactive material is detectable also in bovine (not human) pancreatic juice. The abnormally high Trp-tRNA synthetase content in the ruminant pancreas may be connected with unknown function(s) of this protein somehow related to the peculiarities of digestion of these mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Favorova
- V. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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25
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Beresten SF, Zargarova TA, Favorova OO, Rubikaite BI, Ryazanov AG, Kisselev LL. Molecular and cellular studies of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase using monoclonal antibodies. Evaluation of a common antigenic determinant in eukaryotic, prokaryotic and archaebacterial enzymes which maps outside the catalytic domain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 184:575-81. [PMID: 2478363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies referred to as Am1, Am2 and Am3 against highly purified bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase were prepared. Am2 antibodies inhibit the Trp-tRNA synthetase activity and interact with the active truncated enzyme forms (dimers of either 40-kDa or 51-kDa fragments) produced by limited proteolysis. Am1 and Am3 antibodies exert no effect on the Trp-tRNA synthetase activity; epitopes recognized by them are mapped close to one another and reside at the dispensable part of the Trp-tRNA synthetase molecule. Am1 cross-reacts with Trp-tRNA synthetases of eukaryotic, prokaryotic and archaebacterial species, as revealed by immunoblot analysis. A rapid two-step technique was developed for isolating electrophoretically homogeneous Trp-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme interacted with Am1, but not with Am2 and Am3 antibodies taken at the same concentrations. As in the case of eukaryotic Trp-tRNA synthetase, Am1 did not influence the activity of Trp-tRNA synthetase from E. coli. From the aforementioned results it follows that: (a) the conservation of part of the Trp-tRNA synthetase structure which is not directly involved in the formation of the catalytic centre of prokaryotic and eukaryotic Trp-tRNA synthetases suggests that the dispensable part of the molecule might be involved in some additional biological function(s) of Trp-tRNA synthetase besides tRNA(Trp) charging; (b) the common antigenic determinant in Trp-tRNA synthetase of eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaebacteria indicates that this enzyme was presumably present in the common ancestor of the above organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Beresten
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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26
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Filonenko VV, Beresten SF, Rubikaite BI, Kisselev LL. Bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase form a complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161:481-8. [PMID: 2735904 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is able to form a complex with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The complex formation (i) does not influence the tryptophan-dependent PPi-ATP exchange reaction and (ii) involves predominantly the N-terminal dispensable domain of the synthetase. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was shown to be capable of interacting simultaneously with tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and with ribosomal RNA to form a ternary complex. It is proposed that compartmentation of some aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in certain cases might be achieved via 'adapter' molecules which can bind at once to ribonucleic acids and to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Filonenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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27
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Laske R, Meindl W, Holler E, Schönenberger H. [The mode of action of antimycobacterial benzylamines]. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1989; 322:297-9. [PMID: 2502972 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19893220513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The antimycobacterial effects of benzylamines are not related to an inhibition of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
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28
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Airas RK. On the non-linear Eadie plots of the tRNA kinetics and non-linear Dixon plots of the PPi inhibition kinetics of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. An analysis of the aminoacylation of tRNA in a model reaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 179:95-100. [PMID: 2537203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A model of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase reaction was analyzed by deriving a rate equation, and by calculating the aminoacylation rates at various values of the rate and equilibrium constants. The model specially contained the possibilities that (1) the activation of the amino acid occurs either with bound or non-bound tRNA, and that (2) the transfer of the aminoacyl moiety from the aminoacyl adenylate to tRNA occurs either with bound or non-bound PPi. The analysis showed that the Eadie plots (tRNA as the variable substrate) are straight lines only if the rates of the activation reactions with bound and non-bound tRNA are equal. Otherwise the Eadie plots can be either curved upwards or downwards. The Dixon plots of the PPi inhibition are straight lines only if PPi must be dissociated from the enzyme before the transfer reaction. The conditions under which the Kiapp values are much lower than the dissociation constants for PPi are met if the transfer reaction is relatively slow and the reverse reaction of the activation (pyrophosphorolysis) is fast, and if the tRNA concentration is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Airas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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29
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Beresten SF, Rubikaite BI, Kisselev LL. A general approach to the localization of antigenic determinants of a linear type in proteins of unknown primary structure. J Immunol Methods 1988; 113:247-54. [PMID: 2459255 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A method is proposed which permits the localization of antigenic determinants of a linear type on the polypeptide chain of a protein molecule of unknown primary structure. An antigen modified with maleic anhydride at the amino-terminal groups and at the epsilon-NH2 groups of lysine residues was subjected to partial enzymic digestion, so that the antigenic protein had, on average, less than one cleavage site per polypeptide chain. The resultant ends were labeled with 125I-labeled Bolton and Hunter reagent and the maleic group removed. The detection of the two larger labeled fragments (a longer one which still could bind to a monoclonal antibody and a shorter one which was incapable of binding) made it possible to determine the distance from the antigenic determinant to the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain. The position of the antigenic determinant could be established in more detail using partial chemical degradation of the original antigen using information about the maximal length of a fragment which has lost its ability to interact with the monoclonal antibody. The method has been applied to bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Beresten
- Institute of Molecular Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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30
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Nakajima H, Kitabatake S, Tsurutani R, Yamamoto K, Tomioka I, Imahori K. Dipeptide synthesis catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from Bacillus stearothermophilus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1986; 28:179-85. [PMID: 3771102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1986.tb03245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new approach to enzymatic peptide synthesis by using aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) as a catalyst has been investigated. Four ARSs (AspRS, HisRS, LeuRS and TyrRS) have been purified from a thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus. By using TyrRS as a catalyst, tyrosine and leucinamide were shown to be condensed in the presence of ATP to give tyrosylleucinamide. In this manner, all of the ARSs investigated catalyzed the peptide synthesis reactions. TyrRS did not have strict specificity for the amino acid derivatives used as substrates and even D-amino acids were incorporated into peptides fairly easily in this enzymatic reaction. Preparative scale synthesis of L-Tyr-L-LeuNH2 was carried out and from this the scope and limitation of this new enzymatic reaction as a tool to the peptide synthesis has been described.
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31
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Merkulova TI, Nurbekov MK, Tarusova NB, Kovaleva GK. Phosphonate analogs of P1, P4-bis(5'-adenosyl)tetraphosphate (Ap4A) as inhibitors of bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.0001b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. I. Merkulova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
| | - M. K. Nurbekov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
| | - N. B. Tarusova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
| | - G. K. Kovaleva
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
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32
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Cirakoglu B, Waller JP. Leucyl-tRNA and lysyl-tRNA synthetases, derived from the high-Mr complex of sheep liver, are hydrophobic proteins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 151:101-10. [PMID: 3896782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The leucyl-tRNA and lysyl-tRNA synthetase components of the multienzyme complex from sheep liver were selectively dissociated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on hexyl-agarose and purified to homogeneity. Conservation of activities during the purification required the presence of Triton X-100. The homogeneous enzymes corresponded to a monomer of Mr 129000 and a dimer of Mr 2 X 79000, respectively. Both were strongly adsorbed to the hydrophobic support phenyl-Sepharose, in conditions where the corresponding purified enzymes from yeast and Escherichia coli were not bound. Moreover, like the corresponding enzymes from yeast but unlike those of prokaryotic origin, the purified leucyl-tRNA and lysyl-tRNA synthetases derived from the complex displayed affinity for polyanionic supports. It is shown that proteolytic conversion of lysyl-tRNA synthetase to a fully active dimer of Mr 2 X 64000, leads to loss of both the hydrophobic and the polyanion-binding properties. These results support the view that each subunit of lysyl-tRNA synthetase is composed of a major catalytic domain, similar in size to the subunit of the prokaryotic enzyme, contiguous to a chain extension which carries both cationic charges and hydrophobic residues. The implications of these findings on the structural organization of the complex are discussed in relation to its other known properties.
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33
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Paley EL, Baranov VN, Zinoviev NE, Kisselev LL. Immunomorphological and biochemical studies on intracellular distribution of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from higher eukaryotes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Paley
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
| | - V. N. Baranov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
| | - N. E. Zinoviev
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, All-Union Cancer Research Centre, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR
| | - L. L. Kisselev
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
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34
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Kisselev LL. The role of the anticodon in recognition of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1985; 32:237-66. [PMID: 3911276 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Lowe G, Tansley G. An investigation of the mechanism of activation of tryptophan by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 138:597-602. [PMID: 6692836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb07956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine (S)-5'-[alpha-17O, 18O2]triphosphate has been synthesized and used to investigate the stereochemical course of activation of tryptophan by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. It is shown that the reaction proceeds by displacement of Mg pyrophosphate from MgATP with inversion of configuration at P alpha. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase catalyses positional isotope exchange in adenosine 5'-[beta-18O2]triphosphate in the presence of tryptophan but not in its absence or in the presence of the competitive inhibitors tryptamine and tryptophanol. These observations eliminate a multi-adenylyl transfer or dissociative mechanism and in combination with the sterochemical study leave a direct associative 'in line' displacement at P alpha of MgATP as the only tenable mechanism for the activation of tryptophan by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase.
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36
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Degtyarev SK. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: inter-site interaction as a possible proofreading mechanism. FEBS Lett 1983; 154:293-6. [PMID: 6832372 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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37
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Kovaleva GK, Holmuratov EG, Kisselev LL. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: pyrophosphorylation of the enzyme in the course of adenylate formation? FEBS Lett 1983; 151:79-82. [PMID: 6297993 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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38
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Mazat JP, Merle M, Graves PV, Merault G, Gandar JC, Labouesse B. Kinetic anticooperativity in pre-steady-state formation of tryptophanyl adenylate by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. A consequence of the tryptophan anticooperative binding. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 128:389-98. [PMID: 7151786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of formation of tryptophanyl adenylate by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas has been followed by stopped-flow, using the quenching of fluorescence of the enzyme linked to the amino acid activation reaction. Both subunits of this alpha 2 enzyme catalyze the adenylate formation. At saturation with substrates the rate constant of the activation reaction is the same for both subunits. The same behaviour is observed for the pyrophosphorolysis reaction. Both subunits exhibit the same affinity for ATP-Mg in the forward reaction and the same affinity for magnesium pyrophosphate in the backward reaction. On the contrary the formation of tryptophanyl adenylate follows biphasic kinetics when tryptophan concentration is much below saturation. This is independent of ATP-Mg concentration and is the consequence of different affinities of the two subunits for tryptophan as already observed by Graves et al. (1979, Eur. J. Biochem. 96, 509-518) in equilibrium dialysis experiments. A monoadenylate-enzyme complex on one subunit has been prepared. This complex made possible the study of the formation of the second adenylate on the other subunit. The formation of this second adenylate followed first-order kinetics at all ATP-Mg and tryptophan concentrations. The tryptophan concentration dependence of the rate of formation of this second adenylate leads to a Michaelis constant close to the dissociation constant of the low affinity tryptophan site of the enzyme. No isomerization step could be evidenced. The experiments were carried out under two conditions corresponding to those used by Merault et al. (1978. Eur. J. Biochem. 87, 541-550) in the steady state of the tRNATrp aminoacylation reaction (10 mM total magnesium in 100 mM KCl and 1 mM free magnesium ions, both at pH 8.0.25 C). No great difference either in the mechanism or in the dissociation and rate constants was observed but an inhibitory effect of KCl. It is concluded that the enzyme is symmetrical as far as the ATP-Mg and the magnesium pyrophosphate sites are concerned and that the rate of the activation reaction reflects the anticooperative occupancy of the tryptophan sites carried by the two subunits.
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Degtyarev SK, Beresten SF, Lavrik OI, Kisselev LL. Negative cooperativity in adenylate formation catalysed by beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: influence of tRNATrp. FEBS Lett 1982; 137:95-9. [PMID: 6917787 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kisselev LL, Favorova OO, Nurbekov MK, Dmitriyenko SG, Engelhardt WA. Bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. A zinc metalloenzyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 120:511-7. [PMID: 7333276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As is found by atomic absorption spectroscopy, the highly purified bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase contains up to 0.9 mol Zn2+/mol enzyme while some other bivalent metal ions are absent. The enzyme is inactivated either upon treatment with 1,10-phenanthroline (a zinc-chelating agent) or upon prolonged dialysis (which eliminates bound Zn2+ ions); addition of zinc reactivates the enzyme. Exposed histidine residue(s) and carboxylic group(s) of the enzyme are involved in the Zn2+ binding, as is shown using chemical modification. Circular dichroism spectra suggest that elimination of Zn2+ ions affects the tertiary rather than the secondary structure of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. The kinetics of inhibition with 1,10-phenanthroline toward ATP, tryptophan and tRNATrp indicates that removal of zinc prevents the ATP binding to the enzyme.
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Kovaleva GK, Degtyarev SC, Kisselev LL. 32P-labeling of bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase with [32P] Pyrophosphate. Mol Biol Rep 1981; 8:17-20. [PMID: 6276718 DOI: 10.1007/bf00798379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Scheinker VS, Beresten SF, Mashkova TD, Mazo AM, Kisselev LL. Role of exposed cytosine residues in aminoacylation activity of tRNATrp. FEBS Lett 1981; 132:349-52. [PMID: 6913497 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)81195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rapaport E, Zamecnik PC, Baril EF. HeLa cell DNA polymerase alpha is tightly associated with tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate binding activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:838-42. [PMID: 6940151 PMCID: PMC319898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purified high molecular weight form of HeLa cell DNA polymerase alpha (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) was shown to associate tightly with several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. Fractionation of the high molecular weight enzyme on hexylagarose followed by gel filtration, chromatography on phosphocellulose, or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions demonstrated copurification of only tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase [L-tryptophan:tRNATrp ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.2] along with DNA polymerase alpha. The high molecular weight (660,000) and low molecular weight (145,000) forms of DNA polymerase alpha were shown to possess a highly specific, noncovalent, diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) binding activity. The dissociation constants were determined to be 16 and 22 microM, respectively, by utilization of a charcoal adsorption procedure. No high-affinity binding of ATP could be detected. These findings suggest a link between the amino acid activation process and DNA replication in mammalian cells.
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Merault G, Labouesse J, Graves PV, Labouesse B. Kinetics of formation of tryptophanyl-adenylate by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. FEBS Lett 1981; 123:165-8. [PMID: 6112162 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Favorova OO, Madoyan IA, Drutsa VL. "Half-site" affinity modification of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase leads to "freezing" of the free subunit. FEBS Lett 1981; 123:161-4. [PMID: 6262106 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Madoyan IA, Favorova OO, Kovaleva GK, Sokolova NI, Shabarova ZA, Kisselev LL. Affinity labelling of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase with mesitoyl-AMP. FEBS Lett 1981; 123:156-60. [PMID: 7227507 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Graves PV, de Bony J, Mazat JP, Labouesse B. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. Spectroscopic analysis of the stoichiometry of formation of the enzyme-tryptophanyl-adenylate complex. Biochimie 1980; 62:33-41. [PMID: 7362841 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(80)80368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The dimeric enzyme tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas catalyses the stoichiometric formation of one mole of tryptophanyl-adenylate per subunit. This formation is associated with optical changes (absorbance, fluorescence, optical rotation) and is confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation. An equal amplitude of the change is observed for each adenylation site at pH 8.0, 25 degrees C, regardless of the optical method used. The formation of two tryptophanyl adenylates per dimer corresponds to a molar absorbance change delta epsilon 291 = 12000 +/- 500 cm-1 M-1, to a fluorescence quenching of 24 per cent at 340 nm and to a variation in optical rotation of 6 per cent at 313 nm. The circular dichroic band of the adenosine moiety of ATP is strongly increased. The addition of sodium pyrophosphate to the tryptophanyl-adenylate-enzyme complex restores the absorbance and fluorescence amplitude observed prior to the addition of ATP to the enzyme. Magnesium ions are necessary to the reaction. A pertubation of the environment of both the protein and the substrates (tryptophan and ATP) have to be taken into account to explain the magnitude of the observed changes.
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