1
|
Modulation of Insulin Sensitivity by Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010086. [PMID: 33477364 PMCID: PMC7830943 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed metalloprotease that degrades insulin and several other intermediate-size peptides. For many decades, IDE had been assumed to be involved primarily in hepatic insulin clearance, a key process that regulates availability of circulating insulin levels for peripheral tissues. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that IDE has several other important physiological functions relevant to glucose and insulin homeostasis, including the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Investigation of mice with tissue-specific genetic deletion of Ide in the liver and pancreatic β-cells (L-IDE-KO and B-IDE-KO mice, respectively) has revealed additional roles for IDE in the regulation of hepatic insulin action and sensitivity. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about IDE’s function as a regulator of insulin secretion and hepatic insulin sensitivity, both evaluating the classical view of IDE as an insulin protease and also exploring evidence for several non-proteolytic functions. Insulin proteostasis and insulin sensitivity have both been highlighted as targets controlling blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes, so a clearer understanding the physiological functions of IDE in pancreas and liver could led to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
|
2
|
Segretain D, Gilleron J, Bacro JN, Di Marco M, Carette D, Pointis G. Ultrastructural localization and distribution of Nardilysin in mammalian male germ cells. Basic Clin Androl 2016; 26:5. [PMID: 27051521 PMCID: PMC4820967 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-016-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NRD convertase, also termed Nardilysin, is a Zn++ metalloendopeptidase that specifically cleaves the N-terminus of arginine and lysine residues into dibasic moieties. Although this enzyme was found located within the testis, its function in male reproduction is largely unknown. In addition, the precise distribution of this enzyme within germ cells remains to be determined. Methods To answer these questions, we developed an immuno-gold electron microscopy analysis to detect Nardilysin at ultrastructural level in mice. In addition, we performed a quantitative analysis of these gold particles to statistically estimate the distribution of Nardilysin in the different subcellular compartments of differentiating late spermatids/spermatozoa. Results Expression of Nardilysin in wild-type mice was restricted to germ cells and markedly increased during the last steps of spermiogenesis. In elongated spermatids, we found the enzyme mainly localized in the cytoplasm, more precisely associated with two microtubular structures, the manchette and the axoneme. No labelling was detected over the membranous organelles of the spermatids. To test whether this localization is dependent of the functional microtubules organization of the flagella, we analysed the localization into a specific mouse mutant ebo/ebo (ébouriffé) known to be sterile due to an impairment of the final organization of the flagellum. In the ebo/ebo, the enzyme was still localized over the microtubules of the axoneme and over the isolated cytoplasmic microtubules doublets. Quantification of gold particles in wild-type and mutant flagella revealed the specific association of the enzyme within the microtubular area of the axoneme. Conclusions The strong and specific accumulation of Nardilysin in the manchette and axoneme suggests that the enzyme probably contributes either to the establishment of these specific microtubular structures and/or to their functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Segretain
- UMR S 1147 Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Versailles, 78000 France
| | - J Gilleron
- INSERM U 1065, Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 151 route Saint-Antoine de Ginestière BP 2 3194, 06204, Nice, cedex 3 France
| | - J N Bacro
- Institut de Mathématiques et de Modélisation de Montpellier (I3M), UMR CNRS 5149 Université Montpellier, CC 51; 4 place Eugène Bataillon 34095, Montpellier, cedex 5 France
| | - M Di Marco
- UMR S 1147 Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Versailles, 78000 France
| | - D Carette
- UMR S 1147 Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Versailles, 78000 France
| | - G Pointis
- INSERM U 1065, Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 151 route Saint-Antoine de Ginestière BP 2 3194, 06204, Nice, cedex 3 France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patel YC, Galanopoulou A. Processing and intracellular targeting of prosomatostatin-derived peptides: the role of mammalian endoproteases. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 190:26-40; discussion 40-50. [PMID: 7587651 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514733.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prosomatostatin is cleaved at dibasic and monobasic sites to produce somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 respectively. The mammalian pro-protein convertases comprising furin, PACE4 and PC1-6 have recently been identified and are believed to mediate endoproteolysis of prohormone precursors such as prosomatostatin. Furin is membrane bound, localized to the Golgi and mediates constitutive processing. PC1 and PC2 are soluble and are expressed solely in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues suggesting a key role in prohormone processing. We have investigated the endogenous and heterologous synthesis and processing of rat prosomatostatin in 1027B2 rat islet somatostatinoma cells and in constitutive (COS-7, PC-12) and regulated (AtT-20, GH3/GH4C1) secretory cells. We have correlated processing efficiency with: secretion through the constitutive or regulated pathways; endogenous expression of furin, PC1 and PC2; and expression or overexpression of furin, PC1 and PC2. Pulse-chase studies showed that prosomatostatin is rapidly and independently processed to somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28. Furin is capable of monobasic processing of prosomatostatin and is a candidate somatostatin-28 convertase. PC1 and PC2 both effect dibasic processing of prosomatostatin and qualify as putative somatostatin-14 convertases. PC1 is active in constitutive and regulated secretory cells, has a broader specificity and is overall more potent than PC2. Efficient processing of prosomatostatin begins in a Golgi or pre Golgi compartment. It requires the milieu of the secretory cell but not the secretory granule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y C Patel
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dabonné S, Moallic C, Sine JP, Niamké S, Dion M, Colas B. Cloning, expression and characterization of a 46.5-kDa metallopeptidase from Bacillus halodurans H4 sharing properties with the pitrilysin family. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1725:136-43. [PMID: 15866516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 1242 base pair DNA fragment from Bacillus halodurans H4 isolated from alkaline sediments of Lake Bogoria (Kenya) coding for a potential protease was cloned and sequenced. The hexa-histidine-tagged enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and was purified in one step by immobilized-metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) on Ni-NTA resin. The protease (ppBH4) presents an inverted zincin motif, HXXEH, which defines the inverzincin family. It shares several biochemical and molecular properties with the clan ME family M16 metallopeptidases (pitrilysins), as well as with database hypothetical proteins that are potential M16 family enzymes. Thus, like insulysin and nardilysin, but contrary to bacterial pitrilysin, ppBH4 is inactivated by sulfhydryl alkylating agents. On the other hand, like bacterial pitrilysin, ppBH4 is sensitive to reducing agents. The enzymatic activity of ppBH4 is limited to substrates smaller than proteins. In contrast to insulin, dynorphin and insulin B-chain are very good substrates for ppBH4 and several cleavage sites are common with those observed with well-characterized pitrilysins. As deduced from amino acid sequence, as well as determined by gel-filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ppBH4 is an active monomer of 46.5 kDa. This feature distinguishes ppBH4 from all other enzymes of the pitrilysin family so far described whose molecular masses range from 100 to 140 kDa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumaila Dabonné
- Unité de Biotechnologie, Biocatalyse et Biorégulation, CNRS-UMR 6204, Laboratoire de Biochimie, F44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hospital V, Chesneau V, Balogh A, Joulie C, Seidah NG, Cohen P, Prat A. N-arginine dibasic convertase (nardilysin) isoforms are soluble dibasic-specific metalloendopeptidases that localize in the cytoplasm and at the cell surface. Biochem J 2000; 349:587-97. [PMID: 10880358 PMCID: PMC1221182 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3490587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
N-arginine (R) dibasic (NRD) convertase (nardilysin; EC 3.4.24.61), a metalloendopeptidase of the M16 family, specifically cleaves peptide substrates at the N-terminus of arginines in dibasic motifs in vitro. In rat testis, the enzyme localizes within the cytoplasm of spermatids and associates with microtubules of the manchette and axoneme. NRD1 and NRD2 convertases, two NRD convertase isoforms, differ by the absence (isoform 1) or presence (isoform 2) of a 68-amino acid insertion close to the active site. In this study, we overexpressed both isoforms, either by vaccinia virus infection of BSC40 cells or transfection of COS-7 cells. The partially purified enzymes exhibit very similar biochemical and enzymic properties. Microsequencing revealed that NRD convertase is N-terminally processed. Results of immunocytofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy and subcellular fractionation studies argue in favour of a primary cytosolic localization of both peptidases. Although the putative signal peptide did not direct NRD convertase into microsomes in an in vitro translation assay, biotinylation experiments clearly showed the presence of both isoforms at the cell surface. In conclusion, although most known processing events at pairs of basic residues are achieved by proprotein convertases within the secretory pathway, NRD convertase may fulfil a similar function in the cytoplasm and/or at the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Hospital
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Signaux Régulateurs Cellulaires et Moléculaires, UMR 7631 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 96 Bd Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chow KM, Csuhai E, Juliano MA, St Pyrek J, Juliano L, Hersh LB. Studies on the subsite specificity of rat nardilysin (N-arginine dibasic convertase). J Biol Chem 2000; 275:19545-51. [PMID: 10764809 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The subsite specificity of rat nardilysin was investigated using fluorogenic substrates of the type 2-aminobenzoyl-GGX(1)X(2)RKX(3)GQ-ethylenediamine-2,4- dinitrophenyl, where P(2), P(2)', and P(3) residues were varied. (The nomenclature of Schechter and Berger (Schechter, I., and Berger, A. (1967) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 27, 157-162) is used where cleavage of a peptide occurs between the P(1) and P(1)' residues, and adjacent residues are designated P(2), P(3), P(2)', P(3)', etc.) There was little effect on K(m) among different residues at any of these positions. In contrast, residues at each position affected k(cat), with P(2) residues having the greatest effect. The S(3), S(2), and S(2)' subsites differed in their amino acid preference. Tryptophan and serine, which produced poor substrates at the P(2) position, were among the best P(2)' residues. The specificity at P(3) was generally opposite that of P(2). Residues at P(2), and to a lesser extent at P(3), influenced the cleavage site. At the P(2) position, His, Phe, Tyr, Asn, or Trp produced cleavage at the amino side of the first basic residue. In contrast, a P(2) Ile or Val produced cleavage between the dibasic pair. Other residues produced intermediate effects. The pH dependence for substrate binding showed that the enzyme prefers to bind a protonated histidine. A comparison of the effect of arginine or lysine at the P(1)' or P(1) position showed that there is a tendency to cleave on the amino side of arginine and that this cleavage produces the highest k(cat) values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40563-0298, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mzhavia N, Berman YL, Qian Y, Yan L, Devi LA. Cloning, expression, and characterization of human metalloprotease 1: a novel member of the pitrilysin family of metalloendoproteases. DNA Cell Biol 1999; 18:369-80. [PMID: 10360838 DOI: 10.1089/104454999315268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cDNA, designated human metalloendoprotease 1 (hMP1), was identified on the basis of homology to known metalloendoproteases of the pitrilysin family. The full-length MP1 codes for a protein with an open reading frame of 1038 amino acids. The N-terminal region contains the HXXEH(X)76E catalytic domain that is conserved in the members of pitrilysin family, namely insulin-degrading enzyme and NRD convertase. The hMP1 mRNA is expressed in a number of cell lines and tissues as a single species of about 3.4 kb. The expression of hMP1 mRNA is higher in muscle and heart than in brain, pancreas, liver, lung, and placenta. The full-length hMP1 was expressed in the baculovirus system and purified to homogeneity using isoelectrofocusing and ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme exhibited a neutral pH optimum and high sensitivity to thiol reagents. HMP1 was inactivated by 1,10-phenanthroline, a specific inhibitor of Zn(+2)-dependent metalloproteases. The enzyme was not inhibited by agents that inhibit neutral metalloendoproteases of the thermolysin family such as thimet endo-oligopeptidase, enkephalinase, or angiotensin-converting enzyme. HMP1 cleaved a prodynorphin-derived peptide, leumorphin, N-terminal to Arg in the monobasic processing site, as evidenced by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. However, the enzyme did not exhibit strict monobasic cleavage specificity, as peptide substrates with amino acid substitutions around the monobasic site was cleaved efficiently by hMP1. Taken together, these results suggest that hMP1 is a novel member of the metalloendoprotease superfamily with ubiquitous distribution that could play a broad role in general cellular regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Mzhavia
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Csuhai E, Juliano MA, Pyrek JS, Harms AC, Juliano L, Hersh LB. New fluorogenic substrates for N-arginine dibasic convertase. Anal Biochem 1999; 269:149-54. [PMID: 10094786 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Arginine dibasic (NRD) convertase is a recently described peptidase capable of selectively cleaving peptides between paired basic residues. The characterization of this unique peptidase has been hindered by the fact that no facile assay procedure has been available. Here we report the development of a rapid and sensitive assay for NRD convertase, based on the utilization of two new internally quenched fluorogenic peptides: Abz-GGFLRRVGQ-EDDnp and Abz-GGFLRRIQ-EDDnp. These peptides contain the fluorescent 2-aminobenzoyl moiety that is quenched in the intact peptide by a 2, 4-dinitrophenyl moiety. Cleavage by NRD convertase at the Arg-Arg sequence results in an increase of fluorescence. NRD convertase cleaves these peptides efficiently and with high specificity as observed by both HPLC and fluorescence spectroscopy. The rate of hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrates is proportional to enzyme concentration, and obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The kinetic parameters for the fluorescent peptides (Km values of approximately 1.0 microM, and Vmax values of approximately 1 microM/(min. mg) are similar to those obtained with peptide hormones as substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Csuhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hospital V, Prat A, Joulie C, Chérif D, Day R, Cohen P. Human and rat testis express two mRNA species encoding variants of NRD convertase, a metalloendopeptidase of the insulinase family. Biochem J 1997; 327 ( Pt 3):773-9. [PMID: 9581555 PMCID: PMC1218856 DOI: 10.1042/bj3270773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rat testis NRD convertase (EC 3.4.24.61) is a Zn2+-dependent endopeptidase that cleaves, in vitro, peptide substrates at the N-terminus of Arg residues in dibasic sites. This putative processing enzyme of the insulinase family of metallopeptidases exhibits a significant degree of similarity to insulinase and two yeast processing enzymes, Axl1 and Ste23. We report the cloning of two human testis cDNA species encoding isoforms of NRD convertase, hNRD1 and hNRD2. Whereas the hNRD1 transcript (3.7 kb) is equivalent to the previously characterized rat cDNA (rNRD1), hNRD2 and rNRD2 are 3.9 kb novel forms containing a nucleotide insertion encoding a 68-residue segment. This motif, which is inserted N-terminal of the Zn2+-binding site, HXXEH, is contained within the most conserved region among the insulinase family members. Analysis of the deduced primary sequences revealed 92% identity between rat and human orthologues. The human gene encoding NRD convertase was localized to chromosome 1p32.1-p32.2. Whereas NRD convertase is mostly expressed in testis and in 24 cell lines, low mRNA levels were detected in most of the 27 other tissues tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Hospital
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Signaux Régulateurs Cellulaires et Moléculaires, Unité de Recherche Associée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1682, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 96 Bd Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Foulon T, Cadel S, Chesneau V, Draoui M, Prat A, Cohen P. Two novel metallopeptidases with a specificity for basic residues: functional properties, structure and cellular distribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 780:106-20. [PMID: 8602724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb15115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Foulon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Signaux Régulateurs Cellulaires et Moléculaires, Unité de Recherche Associée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1682, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|