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Peperzak L, van Wezel R. Human fatalities related to a Phaeocystis harmful algal bloom in the North Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 130:102545. [PMID: 38061824 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
On May 11, 2020, five surfers drowned after asphyxiation in a massive foam bank near the Dutch coast. We present a detailed account of the event and an examination of factors that govern local foam events, that are traditionally caused by Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae). The data support the hypothesis that the foam originated from a Phaeocystis bloom which if correct would make this accident the first report of human fatalities due to a harmful algal bloom in The Netherlands, and the first globally due to a Phaeocystis bloom. The rarity of massive foam banks and the absence of local real-time plankton monitoring makes it difficult to accurately predict dangerous situations as in 2020. As a prevention, surfers and other water sportsmen need to apply good seamanship during stormy and foamy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Peperzak
- NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine & Delta Systems, PO Box 59, NL-1790 AB, Texel, the Netherlands.
| | - René van Wezel
- Rijkswaterstaat (RWS-CIV), Laboratory, Section Hydrobiology, Zuiderwagenplein 2, NL-8224 CE, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Wang X, Song H, Wang Y, Chen N. Research on the biology and ecology of the harmful algal bloom species Phaeocystis globosa in China: Progresses in the last 20 years. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102057. [PMID: 34456018 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chinese researchers have made substantial progresses in research on the harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Phaeocystis globosa since the first P. globosa bloom outbreak in the Chinese coastal waters in 1997. However, as many results, especially the earlier ones, were published in non-English literature, much of the research on P. globosa biology, ecology, and biogeochemistry made by Chinese researchers have been unknown to colleagues from other countries. We review current knowledge on taxonomy, morphology, genetics, physiology, survival strategies and mitigation of P. globosa gained by Chinese researchers from the past two decades. P. globosa is the only Phaeocystis species that causes blooms in the Chinese waters, although other Phaeocystis species including P. jahnii and P. cordata have been detected in Chinese coastal regions. P. globosa has a complex life history with at least two morphotypes including a haploid flagellate and a diploid colonial cell. Colonial P. globosa blooms typically occur in winter after a diatom bloom in coastal waters of the South China Sea. P. globosa in Chinese coastal waters usually has extremely large colonial sizes, up to 3 cm in diameter, an order of magnitude greater than that observed in European coastal waters. The development of giant colonies is associated with enhanced sinking rate, limited nutrient diffusion, as well as decreased stability of colonies. The Chinese P. globosa strains also showed strong genetic diversity and physiological plasticity, being able to grow and develop into colonies at higher temperature and irradiance relative to that in European waters. High genetic diversity of P. globosa was revealed by developing high-resolution and high-specificity molecular markers including Phaeocystis globosa chloroplast 1 (pgcp1). Due to the severe impact of P. globosa on ecology and economy, much effort has been made to mitigate P. globosa blooms including the application of modified clays. Overall, P. globosa in the Chinese waters demonstrate unique genetic, phenotypical and physiological features that differ from P. globosa in other ocean regions. Further studies are needed to explore how environmental factors trigger the occurrence of P. globosa blooms and ascertain the impact of P. globosa blooms on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huiyin Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Nansheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada.
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Trajectories of Changes in Phytoplankton Biomass, Phaeocystis globosa and Diatom (incl. Pseudo-nitzschia sp.) Abundances Related to Nutrient Pressures in the Eastern English Channel, Southern North Sea. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The phytoplankton compartment is particularly reactive to changes in nutrient concentration and is used as a quality indicator. Using a simple numerical approach, the response of emblematic harmful taxa from the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea to changes in nutrient inputs was studied. The method is based on a diachronic approach using averaged maxima over sliding periods of six years (1994–2018). This gave a final dataset containing pairs of points (number of years) for explained and explanatory variables. The temporal trajectory of the relationship between each pair of variables was then highlighted. Changes were represented as long-term trajectories that allowed a comparison to a reference/average situation. In addition, the relevance of the use of Phaeocystis globosa and the Pseudo-nitzchia complex as eutrophication species indicators was tested. Results showed a significant shift in the 2000s and different trajectories between diatoms and P. globosa abundances in response to changes in Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN). The contrasting ecosystems under study reacted differently depending on the initial pressure. While a return to good ecological status does not seem feasible in the short term, it seems that these ecosystems were in an unstable intermediate state requiring continued efforts to reduce nutrient inputs.
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Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in marine environments, however, despite its potential ecological implications, little is known about virus removal by ambient non-host organisms. Here, we examined the effects of a variety of non-host organisms on the removal of viruses. The marine algal virus PgV-07T (infective to Phaeocystis globosa) can be discriminated from bacteriophages using flow cytometry, facilitating its use as a representative model system. Of all the non-host organisms tested, anemones, polychaete larvae, sea squirts, crabs, cockles, oysters and sponges significantly reduced viral abundance. The latter four species reduced viral abundance the most, by 90, 43, 12 and 98% over 24 h, respectively. Breadcrumb sponges instantly removed viruses at high rates (176 mL h−1 g tissue dry wt−1) which continued over an extended period of time. The variety of non-host organisms capable of reducing viral abundance highlights that viral loss by ambient organisms is an overlooked avenue of viral ecology. Moreover, our finding that temperate sponges have the huge potential for constant and effective removal of viruses from the water column demonstrates that natural viral loss has, thus far, been underestimated.
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Peperzak L, Witte H. Abiotic drivers of interannual phytoplankton variability and a 1999-2000 regime shift in the North Sea examined by multivariate statistics. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:1274-1289. [PMID: 31206682 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Dutch coastal zone is a region of the North Sea with a marked interannual and long-term abiotic and phytoplankton variability. To investigate the relationship between abiotic variability and phytoplankton composition, two routine water monitoring data sets (1991-2005) were examined. Multivariate statistics revealed two significant partitions in the data. The first consisted of interannual abiotic fluctuations that were correlated to Rhine discharge that affected the abundance of summer and autumn diatom species. The second partition was caused by a shift in the abiotic data from 1998 to 1999 that was followed by a shift in phytoplankton composition from 1999 to 2000. Important factors in the abiotic shift were decreases in suspended matter (SPM) and phosphate (DIP) concentrations, as well as in pH. The decrease in SPM was caused by a reduction in wind speed. The increase in water column daily irradiance from the decrease in SPM led to increases in the abundance of winter-spring species, notably the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa. Because wind speed is related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index it was possible to correlate NAO index and P. globosa abundance. Only five abiotic variables representing interannual and long-term variability, including Rhine discharge and NAO index, were needed to model the observed partitions in phytoplankton composition. It was concluded that interannual variability in the coastal phytoplankton composition was related to year-to-year changes in river discharge while the long-term shift was caused by an alternating large-scale meteorological phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Peperzak
- Departments of Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS) and Marine Microbiology Systems (MMS), NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, PO Box 59, NL-1790, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Witte
- Departments of Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS) and Marine Microbiology Systems (MMS), NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, PO Box 59, NL-1790, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
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Karasiewicz S, Breton E, Lefebvre A, Hernández Fariñas T, Lefebvre S. Realized niche analysis of phytoplankton communities involving HAB: Phaeocystis spp. as a case study. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 72:1-13. [PMID: 29413380 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The link between harmful algal blooms, phytoplankton community dynamics and global environmental change is not well understood. To tackle this challenging question, a new method was used to reveal how phytoplankton communities responded to environmental change with the occurrence of an harmful algae, using the coastal waters of the eastern English Channel as a case study. The great interannual variability in the magnitude and intensity of Phaeocystis spp. blooms, along with diatoms, compared to the ongoing gradual decrease in anthropogenic nutrient concentration and rebalancing of nutrient ratios; suggests that other factors, such as competition for resources, may also play an important role. A realized niche approach was used with the Outlying Mean Index analysis and the dynamics of the species' realized subniches were estimated using the Within Outlying Mean Indexes calculations under low (L) and high (H) contrasting Phaeocystis spp. abundance. The Within Outlying Mean Indexes allows the decomposition of the realized niche into realized subniches, found within the subset of habitat conditions and constrained by a subset of a biotic factor. The two contrasting scenarios were characterized by significantly different subsets of environmental conditions and diatom species (BV-step analysis), and different seasonality in salinity, turbidity, and nutrients. The subset L environmental conditions were potentially favorable for Phaeocystis spp. but it suffered from competitive exclusion by key diatom species such as Skeletonema spp., Thalassiosira gravida, Thalassionema nitzschioides and the Pseudo-nitzchia seriata complex. Accordingly, these diatoms species occupied 81% of Phaeocystis spp.'s existing fundamental subniche. In contrast, the greater number of diatoms, correlated with the community trend, within subset H exerted a weaker biological constraint and favored Phaeocystis spp. realized subniche expansion. In conclusion, the results strongly suggest that both abiotic and biotic interactions should be considered to understand Phaeocystis spp. blooms with greater consideration of the preceeding diatoms. HABs needs must therefore be studied as part of the total phytoplankton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Karasiewicz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, F 62930 Wimereux, France.
| | - Elsa Breton
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, F 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Alain Lefebvre
- Ifremer, laboratoire Environnement et ressources du centre Manche Mer du Nord, 150 quai Gambetta, BP 699, 62321 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Tania Hernández Fariñas
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP 32, 14520 Port en Bessin, France
| | - Sébastien Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, F 62930 Wimereux, France; Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, 150 Quai Gambetta BP 699, F-62321 Boulogne sur mer, France
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Keys M, Tilstone G, Findlay HS, Widdicombe CE, Lawson T. Effects of elevated CO 2 on phytoplankton community biomass and species composition during a spring Phaeocystis spp. bloom in the western English Channel. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 67:92-106. [PMID: 28755724 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 21-year time series of phytoplankton community structure was analysed in relation to Phaeocystis spp. to elucidate its contribution to the annual carbon budget at station L4 in the western English Channel (WEC). Between 1993-2014 Phaeocystis spp. contributed ∼4.6% of the annual phytoplankton carbon and during the March - May spring bloom, the mean Phaeocystis spp. biomass constituted 17% with a maximal contribution of 47% in 2001. Upper maximal weekly values above the time series mean ranged from 63 to 82% of the total phytoplankton carbon (∼42-137mg carbon (C)m-3) with significant inter-annual variability in Phaeocystis spp. Maximal biomass usually occurred by the end of April, although in some cases as early as mid-April (2007) and as late as late May (2013). The effects of elevated pCO2 on the Phaeocystis spp. spring bloom were investigated during a fifteen-day semi-continuous microcosm experiment. The phytoplankton community biomass was estimated at ∼160mgCm-3 and was dominated by nanophytoplankton (40%, excluding Phaeocystis spp.), Phaeocystis spp. (30%) and cryptophytes (12%). The smaller fraction of the community biomass comprised picophytoplankton (9%), coccolithophores (3%), Synechococcus (3%), dinoflagellates (1.5%), ciliates (1%) and diatoms (0.5%). Over the experimental period, total biomass increased significantly by 90% to ∼305mgCm-3 in the high CO2 treatment while the ambient pCO2 control showed no net gains. Phaeocystis spp. exhibited the greatest response to the high CO2 treatment, increasing by 330%, from ∼50mgCm-3 to over 200mgCm-3 and contributing ∼70% of the total biomass. Taken together, the results of our microcosm experiment and analysis of the time series suggest that a future high CO2 scenario may favour dominance of Phaeocystis spp. during the spring bloom. This has significant implications for the formation of hypoxic zones and the alteration of food web structure including inhibitory feeding effects and lowered fecundity in many copepod species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Keys
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK; University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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Choi DH, An SM, Chun S, Yang EC, Selph KE, Lee CM, Noh JH. Dynamic changes in the composition of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes in the northwestern Pacific Ocean revealed by high-throughput tag sequencing of plastid 16S rRNA genes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 92:fiv170. [PMID: 26712350 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) are major oceanic primary producers. However, the diversity of such communities remains poorly understood, especially in the northwestern (NW) Pacific. We investigated the abundance and diversity of PPEs, and recorded environmental variables, along a transect from the coast to the open Pacific Ocean. High-throughput tag sequencing (using the MiSeq system) revealed the diversity of plastid 16S rRNA genes. The dominant PPEs changed at the class level along the transect. Prymnesiophyceae were the only dominant PPEs in the warm pool of the NW Pacific, but Mamiellophyceae dominated in coastal waters of the East China Sea. Phylogenetically, most Prymnesiophyceae sequences could not be resolved at lower taxonomic levels because no close relatives have been cultured. Within the Mamiellophyceae, the genera Micromonas and Ostreococcus dominated in marginal coastal areas affected by open water, whereas Bathycoccus dominated in the lower euphotic depths of oligotrophic open waters. Cryptophyceae and Phaeocystis (of the Prymnesiophyceae) dominated in areas affected principally by coastal water. We also defined the biogeographical distributions of Chrysophyceae, prasinophytes, Bacillariophyceaea and Pelagophyceae. These distributions were influenced by temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong H Choi
- Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea Department of Marine Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung M An
- Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Chun
- Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea Department of Marine Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun C Yang
- Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea Department of Marine Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen E Selph
- Deparment of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Charity M Lee
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae H Noh
- Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 15627, Republic of Korea Department of Marine Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Davidson K, Gowen RJ, Harrison PJ, Fleming LE, Hoagland P, Moschonas G. Anthropogenic nutrients and harmful algae in coastal waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 146:206-216. [PMID: 25173729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are thought to be increasing in coastal waters worldwide. Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment has been proposed as a principal causative factor of this increase through elevated inorganic and/or organic nutrient concentrations and modified nutrient ratios. We assess: 1) the level of understanding of the link between the amount, form and ratio of anthropogenic nutrients and HABs; 2) the evidence for a link between anthropogenically generated HABs and negative impacts on human health; and 3) the economic implications of anthropogenic nutrient/HAB interactions. We demonstrate that an anthropogenic nutrient-HAB link is far from universal, and where it has been demonstrated, it is most frequently associated with high biomass rather than low biomass (biotoxin producing) HABs. While organic nutrients have been shown to support the growth of a range of HAB species, insufficient evidence exists to clearly establish if these nutrients specifically promote the growth of harmful species in preference to benign ones, or if/how they influence toxicity of harmful species. We conclude that the role of anthropogenic nutrients in promoting HABs is site-specific, with hydrodynamic processes often determining whether blooms occur. We also find a lack of evidence of widespread significant adverse health impacts from anthropogenic nutrient-generated HABs, although this may be partly due to a lack of human/animal health and HAB monitoring. Detailed economic evaluation and cost/benefit analysis of the impact of anthropogenically generated HABs, or nutrient reduction schemes to alleviate them, is also frequently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Richard J Gowen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agriculture Food and Environmental Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lora E Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, RCHT Knowledge Spa, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; Oceans and Human Health Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Porter Hoagland
- Marine Policy Center, MS#41, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Grigorios Moschonas
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
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Freitag TE, Klenke T, Krumbein WE, Gerdes G, Prosser JI. Effect of anoxia and high sulphide concentrations on heterotrophic microbial communities in reduced surface sediments (Black Spots) in sandy intertidal flats of the German Wadden Sea. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 44:291-301. [PMID: 19719610 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Black reduced sediment surfaces (Black Spots) in sandy intertidal flats of the German Wadden Sea (southern North Sea) are characterised by elevated sulphide concentrations (up to 20 mM) and low redox potentials. It is assumed that the appearance of Black Spots is linked to elevated levels of organic matter content within the sediments. In order to establish the effect of high substrate and sulphide concentrations on the heterotrophic microbial communities in Black Spot sediments, bacterial abundances and the potential C-source utilisation patterns of microbial communities were compared in natural and artificially induced Black Spots and unaffected control sites. Bacterial numbers were estimated by direct counts and the most probable number technique for different physiological groups, while patterns of C-substrate utilisation of entire aerobic microbial communities were assessed using the Biolog sole-carbon-source-catabolism assay. Bacterial abundances at Black Spot sites were increased, with increases in mean cell numbers, more disperse data distributions and more extreme values. Substrate utilisation patterns of aerobic microbial communities were significantly different in Black Spot sediment slurries, showing diminished richness (number of C-sources catabolised) and substrate diversity (Shannon diversity index) in comparison to unaffected sites. Principal component analysis clearly discriminated Black Spot utilisation patterns from controls and indicated that microbial communities in individual Black Spot sites are functionally diverse and differ from communities in oxidised surface sediments and reduced subsurface sediments at control sites. This work suggests that potentially negative effects on microbial communities in Black Spot sediments, through anoxia and high sulphide concentrations, are balanced by the stimulating influence of substrate availability, leading to comparable or higher bacterial numbers, but lower functional microbial diversity of aerobic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Freitag
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
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11
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Fehling J, Davidson K, Bolch CJS, Brand TD, Narayanaswamy BE. The relationship between phytoplankton distribution and water column characteristics in North West European shelf sea waters. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34098. [PMID: 22479533 PMCID: PMC3313960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton underpin the marine food web in shelf seas, with some species having properties that are harmful to human health and coastal aquaculture. Pressures such as climate change and anthropogenic nutrient input are hypothesized to influence phytoplankton community composition and distribution. Yet the primary environmental drivers in shelf seas are poorly understood. To begin to address this in North Western European waters, the phytoplankton community composition was assessed in light of measured physical and chemical drivers during the "Ellett Line" cruise of autumn 2001 across the Scottish Continental shelf and into adjacent open Atlantic waters. Spatial variability existed in both phytoplankton and environmental conditions, with clear differences not only between on and off shelf stations but also between different on shelf locations. Temperature/salinity plots demonstrated different water masses existed in the region. In turn, principal component analysis (PCA), of the measured environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, water density and inorganic nutrient concentrations) clearly discriminated between shelf and oceanic stations on the basis of DIN:DSi ratio that was correlated with both salinity and temperature. Discrimination between shelf stations was also related to this ratio, but also the concentration of DIN and DSi. The phytoplankton community was diatom dominated, with multidimensional scaling (MDS) demonstrating spatial variability in its composition. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to investigate the link between environment and the phytoplankton community. This demonstrated a significant relationship between community composition and water mass as indexed by salinity (whole community), and both salinity and DIN:DSi (diatoms alone). Diatoms of the Pseudo-nitzschia seriata group occurred at densities potentially harmful to shellfish aquaculture, with the potential for toxicity being elevated by the likelihood of DSi limitation of growth at most stations and depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Fehling
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Systematic Biology, Department of Evolution Genomics and Systematics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher J. S. Bolch
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tim D. Brand
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom
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12
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Egge JK, Heimdal BR. Blooms of phytoplankton includingEmiliania huxleyi(Haptophyta). Effects of nutrient supply in different N : P ratios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.1994.10413565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Tett P, Gowen R, Mills D, Fernandes T, Gilpin L, Huxham M, Kennington K, Read P, Service M, Wilkinson M, Malcolm S. Defining and detecting undesirable disturbance in the context of marine eutrophication. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 55:282-97. [PMID: 17011591 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms is needed to diagnose marine eutrophication as defined by EU Directives and OSPAR. This review summarizes the findings of the UK Defra-funded Undesirable Disturbance Study Team, which concluded that 'an undesirable disturbance is a perturbation of a marine ecosystem that appreciably degrades the health or threatens the sustainable human use of that ecosystem'. A methodology is proposed for detecting disturbance of temperate salt-water communities dominated by phytoplanktonic or phytobenthic primary producers. It relies on monitoring indicators of ecosystem structure and vigour, which are components of health. Undesirable disturbance can be diagnosed by accumulating evidence of ecohydrodynamic type-specific changes in: (i) bulk indicators; (ii) frequency statistics; (iii) flux measurements; (iv) structural indicators; and (v) indicator species. These are exemplified by (i) chlorophyll, transparency, dissolved oxygen, and opportunistic seaweed cover; (ii) HABs frequency; (iii) primary production; (iv) benthic and planktonic 'trophic indices'; (v) seagrasses and Nephrops norvegicus. Ecological Quality Objectives are proposed for some of these. Linking the diagnosis to eutrophication requires correlation of changes with nutrient enrichment. The methodology, which requires the development of a plankton community index and emphasizes the importance of primary production as an indicator of vigour, can be harmonized with the EU Water Framework Directive and OSPAR's Strategy to Combat Eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Tett
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, United Kingdom.
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Brussaard CPD, Short SM, Frederickson CM, Suttle CA. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of novel viruses infecting the phytoplankton Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae). Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3700-5. [PMID: 15184176 PMCID: PMC427783 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3700-3705.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses infecting the harmful bloom-causing alga Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) were readily isolated from Dutch coastal waters (southern North Sea) in 2000 and 2001. Our data show a large increase in the abundance of putative P. globosa viruses during blooms of P. globosa, suggesting that viruses are an important source of mortality for this alga. In order to examine genetic relatedness among viruses infecting P. globosa and other phytoplankton, DNA polymerase gene (pol) fragments were amplified and the inferred amino acid sequences were phylogenetically analyzed. The results demonstrated that viruses infecting P. globosa formed a closely related monophyletic group within the family Phycodnaviridae, with at least 96.9% similarity to each other. The sequences grouped most closely with others from viruses that infect the prymnesiophyte algae Chrysochromulina brevifilum and Chrysochromulina strobilus. Whether the P. globosa viruses belong to the genus Prymnesiovirus or form a separate group needs further study. Our data suggest that, like their phytoplankton hosts, the Chrysochromulina and Phaeocystis viruses share a common ancestor and that these prymnesioviruses and their algal host have coevolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P D Brussaard
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands.
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Climate change and harmful algal blooms in the North Sea. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1146-609x(03)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02804901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1289] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bot PVM, Raaphorst W, Batten S, Laane RWPM, Philippart K, Radach G, Frohse A, Schultz H, Eynde D, Colijn F. Comparison of changes in the annual variability of the seasonal cycles of chlorophyll, nutrients and zooplankton at eight locations on the northwest european continental shelf (1960–1994). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02799378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Richardson K, Jørgensen BB. Eutrophication: Definition, history and effects. EUTROPHICATION IN COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/ce052p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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20
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Escaravage V, Peperzak L, Prins TC, Peeters JCH, Joordens JCA. The development of aPhaeocystisbloom in a mesocosm experiment in relation to nutrients, irradiance and coexisting algae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00785326.1995.10431497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Phaeocystis globosa and the phytoplankton succession in the East Frisian coastal waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02368365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Hochman HT, Walsh JJ, Carder KL, Sournia A, Muller-Karger FE. Analysis of ocean color components within stratified and well-mixed waters of the western English Channel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jc00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Mills DK, Tett PB, Novarino G. The spring bloom in the south western North Sea in 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(94)90052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Kamermans P. Nutritional value of solitary cells and colonies of Phaeocystis sp. for the bivalveMacoma Balthica(L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/00785326.1994.10429900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Fransz H, Gonzalez S, Cadée G, Hansen F. Long-term change of Temora longicornis (copepoda, Calanoida) abundance in a dutch tidal inlet (marsdiep) in relation to eutrophication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(92)90042-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Van Duyl F, Kop A, Kok A, Sandee A. The impact of organic matter and macrozoobenthos on bacterial and oxygen variables in marine sediment boxcosms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(92)90074-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Van Raaphorst W, Kloosterhuis HT, Berghuis EM, Gieles AJ, Malschaert JF, Van Noort GJ. Nitrogen cycling in two types of sediments of the Southern North sea (Frisian front, broad fourteens): field data and mesocosm results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(92)90033-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Hoppema J. The seasonal behaviour of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the coastal North Sea along The Netherlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(91)90015-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Impact of eutrophication on the silicate cycle of man-made basins in the Rhine delta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02256746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Giesen W, Van Katwijk M, Den Hartog C. Temperature, salinity, insolation and wasting disease of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea in the 1930's. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(90)90047-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Colijn F, Villerius L, Rademaker M, Hammer K, Eberlein K. Changes in spatial distribution of primary production, photosynthetic pigments and phytoplankton species composition during two surveys in the German bight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(90)90016-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Beukema JJ. Long-term changes in macrozoobenthic abundance on the tidal flats of the western part of the Dutch Wadden Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02365900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Peeters JC, Dubelaar GB, Ringelberg J, Visser JW. Optical plankton analyser: a flow cytometer for plankton analysis, I: Design considerations. CYTOMETRY 1989; 10:522-8. [PMID: 2776568 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The design criteria for a flow cytometer (FCM) for the analysis of field samples of phytoplankton are described. The criteria are based on the occurrence of a wide variety of particle sizes in field samples, normally at low concentrations. The instrument should be able to analyse cells and colonies from 0.5 to 500 microns diameter and of over 2,000 microns length. A minimum flow rate of 4 microliters.s-1 was calculated from natural plankton concentrations. Commercially available FCMs are not suited to measure this range of sizes at this rate. Further limitations of standard FCMs are uneven illumination or incomplete processing of long signals. In addition, long filamentous colonies can break into small fragments caused by too high acceleration in the standard flow cuvette. Recognition of these limitations is of importance for the flow cytometry of phytoplankton. The new design was developed to avoid these limitations. A dynamic range 5 to 6 decades could be accomplished by a combination of logarithmic amplifiers, a slit-shaped focal spot, and a pulse integration system that can process long pulses. Multilaser capability to identify different phytoplankton species, a low fluid shear cuvette, and a trigger gate-extension for inhomogeneously fluorescent algal filaments were included in the design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Peeters
- Tidal Waters Division, Rijkswaterstaat, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Veer HW, Raaphorst W, Bergman MJN. Eutrophication of the Dutch Wadden Sea: External nutrient loadings of the Marsdiep and Vliestroom basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02365907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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The light and temperature dependence of growth rate and elemental composition of Phaeocystis globosa scherffel and P. Pouchetii (HAR.) Lagerh. in batch cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(89)90038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Primary production and the global epidemic of phytoplankton blooms in the sea: A linkage? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce035p0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Bjørnland T, Guillard RR, Liaaen-Jensen S. Phaeocystis sp. clone 677-3—a tropical marine planktonic prymnesiophyte with fucoxanthin and 19′-acyloxyfucoxanthins as chemosystematic carotenoid markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(88)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Densities of protozoan nanoplankton populations in intertidal mesocosms: influence of oil pollution and a self-igniting cleaning agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(87)90005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Veldhuis M, Venekamp L, Ietswaart T. Availability of phosphorus sources for blooms of phaeocystis pouchetii (haptophyceae) in the north sea: Impact of the river rhine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(87)90014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cadée G. Increased phytoplankton primary production in the Marsdiep area (Western Dutch Wadden Sea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(86)90050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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