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Zhang J, Yan Y, Shi J. Modelling phytoplankton-virus interactions: phytoplankton blooms and lytic virus transmission. J Math Biol 2024; 88:77. [PMID: 38695878 PMCID: PMC11065791 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-024-02093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A dynamic reaction-diffusion model of four variables is proposed to describe the spread of lytic viruses among phytoplankton in a poorly mixed aquatic environment. The basic ecological reproductive index for phytoplankton invasion and the basic reproduction number for virus transmission are derived to characterize the phytoplankton growth and virus transmission dynamics. The theoretical and numerical results from the model show that the spread of lytic viruses effectively controls phytoplankton blooms. This validates the observations and experimental results of Emiliana huxleyi-lytic virus interactions. The studies also indicate that the lytic virus transmission cannot occur in a low-light or oligotrophic aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Zhang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Yan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Mathematics, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23187-8795, USA.
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2
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Yin J, Sun X, Zhao R, Qiu X, Eeswaran R. Application of uniform design to evaluate the different conditions on the growth of algae Prymnesium parvum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12672. [PMID: 34135441 PMCID: PMC8209096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum is an environmentally harmful algae and well known for its toxic effects to the fish culture. However, there is a dearth of studies on the growth behavior of P. parvum and information on how the availability of nutrients and environmental factors affect their growth rate. To address this knowledge gap, we used a uniform design approach to quantify the effects of major nutrients (N, P, Si and Fe) and environmental factors (water temperature, pH and salinity) on the biomass density of P. parvum. We also generated the growth model for P. parvum as affected by each of these nutrients and environmental factors to estimate optimum conditions of growth. Results showed that P. parvum can reach its maximum growth rate of 0.789, when the water temperature, pH and salinity is 18.11 °C, 8.39, and 1.23‰, respectively. Moreover, maximum growth rate (0.895-0.896) of P. parvum reached when the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon and iron reach 3.41, 1.05, 0.69 and 0.53 mg/l, respectively. The order of the effects of the environmental factors impacting the biomass density of P. parvum was pH > salinity > water temperature, while the order of the effects of nutrients impacting the biomass density of P. parvum was nitrogen > phosphorous > iron > silicon. These findings may assist to implement control measures of the population of P. parvum where this harmful alga threatens aquaculture industry in the waterbodies such as Ningxia region in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yin
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Xuyang Sun
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhao
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaocong Qiu
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China.
| | - Rasu Eeswaran
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University, Chenkalady, 30350, Sri Lanka
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3
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Chen X, Jiang Y, Yao Q, Ji J, Evans J, He S. Inelastic hyperspectral Scheimpflug lidar for microalgae classification and quantification. Appl Opt 2021; 60:4778-4786. [PMID: 34143042 DOI: 10.1364/ao.424900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An inelastic hyperspectral Scheimpflug lidar system was developed for microalgae classification and quantification. The correction for the refraction at the air-glass-water interface was established, making our system suitable for aquatic environments. The fluorescence spectrum of microalgae was extracted by principal component analysis, and seven species of microalgae from different phyla have been classified. It was verified that when the cell density of Phaeocystis globosa was in the range of ${{1}}{{{0}}^4}\sim{{1}}{{{0}}^6}\;{\rm{cell}}\;{\rm{m}}{{\rm{L}}^{- 1}}$, the cell density had a linear relationship with the fluorescence intensity. The experimental results show our system can identify and quantify microalgae, with application prospects for microalgae monitoring in the field environment and early warning of red tides or algal blooms.
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Kanamoto A, Kato Y, Yoshida E, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Development of a Method for Fucoxanthin Production Using the Haptophyte Marine Microalga Pavlova sp. OPMS 30543. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2021; 23:331-341. [PMID: 33713238 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The natural pigment fucoxanthin has attracted global attention because of its superior antioxidant properties. The haptophyte marine microalgae Pavlova spp. are assumed to be promising industrial fucoxanthin producers as their lack of a cell wall could facilitate the commercialization of cultured cells as a whole food. This study screened promising Pavlova strains with high fucoxanthin content to develop an outdoor cultivation method for fucoxanthin production. Initial laboratory investigations of P. pinguis NBRC 102807, P. lutheri NBRC 102808, and Pavlova sp. OPMS 30543 identified OPMS 30543 as having the highest fucoxanthin content. The culture conditions were optimized for OPMS 30543. Compared with f/2 and Walne's media, the use of Daigo's IMK medium led to the highest biomass production and highest fucoxanthin accumulation. The presence of seawater elements in Daigo's IMK medium was necessary for the growth of OPMS 30543. OPMS 30543 was then cultured outdoors using acrylic pipe photobioreactors, a plastic bag, an open tank, and a raceway pond. Acrylic pipe photobioreactors with small diameters enabled the highest biomass production. Using an acrylic pipe photobioreactor with 60-mm diameter, a fucoxanthin productivity of 4.88 mg/L/day was achieved in outdoor cultivation. Thus, this study demonstrated the usefulness of Pavlova sp. OPMS 30543 for fucoxanthin production in outdoor cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kanamoto
- Graduate School of Innovation, Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- OP Bio Factory Co., Ltd., 5-8 Aza-Suzaki, Uruma, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Erina Yoshida
- Graduate School of Innovation, Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Innovation, Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Innovation, Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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Zhang Y, Gao K. Photosynthesis and calcification of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi are more sensitive to changed levels of light and CO 2 under nutrient limitation. J Photochem Photobiol B 2021; 217:112145. [PMID: 33735745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photophysiological responses of phytoplankton to changing multiple environmental drivers are essential in understanding and predicting ecological consequences of ocean climate changes. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of two CO2 levels (410 and 925 μatm) and five light intensities (80 to 480 μmol photons m-2 s-1) on cellular pigments contents, photosynthesis and calcification of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi grown under nutrient replete and limited conditions, respectively. Our results showed that high light intensity, high CO2 level and nitrate limitation acted synergistically to reduce cellular chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents. Nitrate limitation predominantly enhanced calcification rate; phosphate limitation predominantly reduced photosynthetic carbon fixation rate, with larger extent of the reduction under higher levels of CO2 and light. Reduced availability of both nitrate and phosphate under the elevated CO2 concentration decreased saturating light levels for the cells to achieve the maximal relative electron transport rate (rETRmax). Light-saturating levels for rETRmax were lower than that for photosynthetic and calcification rates under the nutrient limitation. Regardless of the culture conditions, rETR under growth light levels correlated linearly and positively with measured photosynthetic and calcification rates. Our findings imply that E. huxleyi cells acclimated to macro-nutrient limitation and elevated CO2 concentration decreased their light requirement to achieve the maximal electron transport, photosynthetic and calcification rates, indicating a photophysiological strategy to cope with CO2 rise/pH drop in shoaled upper mixing layer above the thermocline where the microalgal cells are exposed to increased levels of light and decreased levels of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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6
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Gebühr C, Sheward RM, Herrle JO, Bollmann J. Strain-specific morphological response of the dominant calcifying phytoplankton species Emiliania huxleyi to salinity change. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246745. [PMID: 33571269 PMCID: PMC7877742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The future physiology of marine phytoplankton will be impacted by a range of changes in global ocean conditions, including salinity regimes that vary spatially and on a range of short- to geological timescales. Coccolithophores have global ecological and biogeochemical significance as the most important calcifying marine phytoplankton group. Previous research has shown that the morphology of their exoskeletal calcified plates (coccoliths) responds to changing salinity in the most abundant coccolithophore species, Emiliania huxleyi. However, the extent to which these responses may be strain-specific is not well established. Here we investigated the growth response of six strains of E. huxleyi under low (ca. 25) and high (ca. 45) salinity batch culture conditions and found substantial variability in the magnitude and direction of response to salinity change across strains. Growth rates declined under low and high salinity conditions in four of the six strains but increased under both low and high salinity in strain RCC1232 and were higher under low salinity and lower under high salinity in strain PLYB11. When detailed changes in coccolith and coccosphere size were quantified in two of these strains that were isolated from contrasting salinity regimes (coastal Norwegian low salinity of ca. 30 and Mediterranean high salinity of ca. 37), the Norwegian strain showed an average 26% larger mean coccolith size at high salinities compared to low salinities. In contrast, coccolith size in the Mediterranean strain showed a smaller size trend (11% increase) but severely impeded coccolith formation in the low salinity treatment. Coccosphere size similarly increased with salinity in the Norwegian strain but this trend was not observed in the Mediterranean strain. Coccolith size changes with salinity compiled for other strains also show variability, strongly suggesting that the effect of salinity change on coccolithophore morphology is likely to be strain specific. We propose that physiological adaptation to local conditions, in particular strategies for plasticity under stress, has an important role in determining ecotype responses to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gebühr
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rosie M. Sheward
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens O. Herrle
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Bollmann
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Taylor RB, Hill BN, Langan LM, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW. Sunlight concurrently reduces Prymnesium parvum elicited acute toxicity to fish and prymnesins. Chemosphere 2021; 263:127927. [PMID: 32814137 PMCID: PMC8117398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum continues to spread globally, producing harmful algal blooms that release toxins known to cause fish kills. While previous work has identified possible P. parvum toxin(s) (e.g., prymnesins, fatty acids, fatty acid amides) and investigated treatment strategies targeted at minimizing cell abundance, studies examining efficacy of treatment approaches to remove toxins are lacking. To understand influences of sunlight on toxins stability and toxicity to fish, acutely toxic P. parvum cultures were exposed to three light scenarios (lab dark control, field dark, and field light) and then evaluated for acute toxicity to fish and prymnesins abundance. Previous work showed acute toxicity to fathead minnow larvae was ameliorated after 2 h of sunlight exposure, and results observed herein found an identical trend. Acute toxicity disappeared in light exposed filtrate, but filtrate exposed to 35 °C without sunlight remained acutely toxic to fish. Additionally, six prymnesins were identified through high-resolution mass spectrometry and abundance corresponded to acute toxicity levels. Prymnesins were present at the highest level in filtrate that was acutely toxic but diminished in filtrate that was exposed to light and correspondingly ameliorated acute toxicity to fish. These findings suggest prymnesins are responsible for measured acute toxicity and are photo-labile, which represents an important implication for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegyn B Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Bridgett N Hill
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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Li H, Tan J, Sun T, Wang Y, Meng F. Acclimation of Isochrysis galbana Parke (Isochrysidaceae) for enhancing its tolerance and biodegradation to high-level phenol in seawater. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111571. [PMID: 33254419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine microalgae with high removal efficiency of phenol are needed for the remediation of polluted seawater in cases involving phenol spills. To achieve this purpose, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was performed by a microalga Isochrysis galbana Parke MACC/H59, which is capable of degrading phenol at concentrations of less than 100 mg L-1 in 4 d. Two acclimation conditions were used: (i) 90 d at 100 mg L-1 phenol, and (ii) 90 d at 100 mg L-1 phenol followed by another 90 d at 200 mg L-1 phenol. By doing so, two strains (PAS-1 and PAS-2) could be obtained respectively. They grew rapidly at phenol concentrations up to 200 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1, respectively, with a specific growth rate 2.52-3.40 times and 1.93-3.23 times that of the control (without phenol). Also, both strains had a higher removal capacity of phenol than the unacclimated alga. Phenol at an initial concentration of 200 mg L-1 was completely removed in 5 d thereby. For 300 mg L-1 phenol, a removal efficiency of 92% was achieved in 10 days by using PAS-2, with a removal rate constant of 30.01 d-1 (about twice that of PAS-1) and a half-life of 4.90 d (about half that of PAS-1), showing that a better strain may be obtained by extending the acclimation time. The enhancement of phenol biodegradation can be explained by the elevated activity of phenol hydroxylase (PH) in both strains. These results indicated that ALE could be an efficient tool used to enhance the tolerance and biodegradation of marine microalgae to phenol in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jun Tan
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Tianli Sun
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Yuejie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Orkney A, Platt T, Narayanaswamy BE, Kostakis I, Bouman HA. Bio-optical evidence for increasing Phaeocystis dominance in the Barents Sea. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190357. [PMID: 32862820 PMCID: PMC7481673 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing contributions of prymnesiophytes such as Phaeocystis pouchetii and Emiliania huxleyi to Barents Sea (BS) phytoplankton production have been suggested based on in situ observations of phytoplankton community composition, but the scattered and discontinuous nature of these records confounds simple inference of community change or its relationship to salient environmental variables. However, provided that meaningful assessments of phytoplankton community composition can be inferred based on their optical characteristics, ocean-colour records offer a potential means to develop a synthesis between sporadic in situ observations. Existing remote-sensing algorithms to retrieve phytoplankton functional types based on chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration or indices of pigment packaging may, however, fail to distinguish Phaeocystis from other blooms of phytoplankton with high pigment packaging, such as diatoms. We develop a novel algorithm to distinguish major phytoplankton functional types in the BS and apply it to the MODIS-Aqua ocean-colour record, to study changes in the composition of BS phytoplankton blooms in July, between 2002 and 2018, creating time series of the spatial distribution and intensity of coccolithophore, diatom and Phaeocystis blooms. We confirm a north-eastward expansion in coccolithophore bloom distribution, identified in previous studies, and suggest an inferred increase in chl-a concentrations, reported by previous researchers, may be partly explained by increasing frequencies of Phaeocystis blooms. This article is part of the theme issue 'The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Orkney
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, 3 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
- e-mail:
| | - T. Platt
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - B. E. Narayanaswamy
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
| | - I. Kostakis
- School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3HE, UK
- Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ONG, UK
| | - H. A. Bouman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, 3 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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Liang Y, Guo H, Liao Q, Zhang X, Huang K. Growth performance, phenotypic traits, and antioxidant responses of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under different proportions of Phaeocystis globosa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 202:110963. [PMID: 32800234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful Phaeocystis blooms disrupt seawater recreation and pose serious challenges to aquatic animals. The growth performance, phenotypic traits, and antioxidant responses of Brachionus plicatilis Müller to different proportions of Phaeocystis globosa were evaluated. B. plicatilis rotifers were exposed to cultures with Chlorella sp. and P. globosa alone and in mixtures of these two algae with proportions of 25%, 50%, and 75%. The total proportions of the two algae were maintained at 100%. Results showed that P. globosa inhibited the rotifer net reproduction rate, intrinsic growth rate, and finite rate of increase (P < 0.01). It induced the formation of defense phenotypic traits in terms of the increased posterolateral spine length and the reduced body length, swimming speed, and grazing rate of B. plicatilis (P < 0.001). Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities decreased, but the reactive oxygen species levels increased as the proportions of P. globosa increased (P < 0.01). The mixture of 50% Chlorella and 50% Phaeocystis positively affected the glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase activity, and generation time of rotifers (P < 0.01). Although P. globosa released toxicants with harmful effects on the growth performance of B. plicatilis, rotifers changed their antioxidant defense system and formed defense phenotypic traits in response to eutrophic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No.219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, PR China.
| | - Heyang Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No.219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, PR China
| | - Qizhi Liao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No.219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No.219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, PR China
| | - Kaibo Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No.219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, PR China
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11
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Niu C, Du G, Li R, Wang C. Interactive effects of increased temperature, elevated pCO2 and different nitrogen sources on the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsaoceanica. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235755. [PMID: 32649709 PMCID: PMC7351219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a widespread phytoplankton species, the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsaoceanica has a significant impact on the global biogeochemical cycle through calcium carbonate precipitation and photosynthesis. As global change continues, marine phytoplankton will experience alterations in multiple parameters, including temperature, pH, CO2, and nitrogen sources, and the interactive effects of these variables should be examined to understand how marine organisms will respond to global change. Here, we show that the specific growth rate of G. oceanica is reduced by elevated CO2 (1000 μatm) in NO3−-grown cells, while it is increased by high CO2 in NH4+-grown ones. This difference was related to intracellular metabolic regulation, with decreased cellular particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) content in the NO3− and high CO2 condition compared to the low CO2 condition. In contrast, no significant difference was found between the high and low CO2 levels in NH4+ cultures (p > 0.05). The temperature increase from 20°C to 25°C increased the PON production rate, and the enhancement was more prominent in NH4+ cultures. Enhanced or inhibited particulate inorganic carbon production rate in cells supplied with NH4+ relative to NO3− was observed, depending on the temperature and CO2 condition. These results suggest that a greater disruption of the organic carbon pump can be expected in response to the combined effects of increased NH4+/ NO3− ratio, temperature, and CO2 level in the oceans of the future. Additional experiments conducted under nutrient limitation conditions are needed before we can extrapolate our findings to the global oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citong Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Guicai Du
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ronggui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Balakrishnan J, Dhavamani S, Sadasivam SG, Arumugam M, Vellaikumar S, Ramalingam J, Shanmugam K. Omega-3-rich Isochrysis sp. biomass enhances brain docosahexaenoic acid levels and improves serum lipid profile and antioxidant status in Wistar rats. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:6066-6075. [PMID: 31228262 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isochrysis sp. is a marine microalga, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The potential use of its biomass as an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has not been studied in animal models. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups and treated for 28 days. The rats were fed with (1) standard chow (control group), (2) microalgal biomass rich in EPA and DHA along with standard chow (microalga group), and (3) fish oil that contains equivalent amounts of EPA and DHA along with standard chow (fish oil group). After intervention, biochemical indices, histopathological indices, relative mRNA expression of PUFA genes, antioxidant genes, inflammatory markers, and the fatty acid profile of major tissues were studied. RESULTS Animals treated with microalgal biomass showed significantly increased serum HDL levels (P < 0.05) and reduced oxidative stress markers with a concomitant decrease in urea and creatinine levels. Oral supplementation of microalgal biomass did not show any toxicity or damage in any major organs. The mRNA expression of PUFA genes was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) and antioxidant genes were upregulated. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) and anti-inflammatory markers were upregulated. Oral supplementation of microalgal biomass improved DHA status in brain and liver. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that Isochrysis sp. can be used as a safe, alternative food supplement for ω-3 fatty acids. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyakumar Balakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sugasini Dhavamani
- Division of Lipidomics and Endocrinology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Selvam Govindan Sadasivam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Arumugam
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, India
| | - Sampathrajan Vellaikumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Agriculture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jagadeesan Ramalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agriculture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathiresan Shanmugam
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhu J, Yang Y, Duan S, Sun D. The Antialgal Mechanism of Luteolin-7-O-Glucuronide on Phaeocystis globosa by Metabolomics Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E3222. [PMID: 31484378 PMCID: PMC6747131 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antialgal compounds from plants have been identified as promising candidates for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs). In our previous study, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide was used as a promising algistatic agent to control Phaeocystis globosa (P. globose) blooms; however, its antialgal mechanism on P. globosa have not yet been elaborated in detail. In this study, a liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based untargeted metabolomic approach was used to investigate changes in intracellular and extracellular metabolites of P. globosa after exposure to luteolin-7-O-glucuronide. Significant differences in intracellular metabolites profiles were observed between treated and untreated groups; nevertheless, metabolic statuses for extracellular metabolites were similar among these two groups. For intracellular metabolites, 20 identified metabolites showed significant difference. The contents of luteolin, gallic acid, betaine and three fatty acids were increased, while the contents of α-Ketoglutarate and acetyl-CoA involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle, glutamate, and 11 organic acids were decreased. Changes in those metabolites may be induced by the antialgal compound in response to stress. The results revealed that luteolin played a vital role in the antialgal mechanism of luteolin-7-O-glucuronide on P. globosa, because luteolin increased the most in the treatment groups and had strong antialgal activity on P. globosa. α-Ketoglutarate and acetyl-CoA were the most inhibited metabolites, indicating that the antialgal compound inhibited the growth through disturbed the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of algal cells. To summarize, our data provides insights into the antialgal mechanism of luteolin-7-O-glucuronide on P. globosa, which can be used to further control P. globosa blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yeyin Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shunshan Duan
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Koppel DJ, Adams MS, King CK, Jolley DF. Preliminary study of cellular metal accumulation in two Antarctic marine microalgae - implications for mixture interactivity and dietary risk. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:1582-1592. [PMID: 31279252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Localised sites in Antarctica are contaminated with mixtures of metals, yet the risk this contamination poses to the marine ecosystem is not well characterised. Recent research showed that two Antarctic marine microalgae have antagonistic responses to a mixture of five common metals (Koppel et al., 2018a). However, the metal accumulating potential and risk to secondary consumers through dietary exposure are still unknown. This study investigates cellular accumulation following exposure to a mixture of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc for the Antarctic marine microalgae, Phaeocystis antarctica and Cryothecomonas armigera. In both microalgae, cellular cadmium, copper, and lead concentrations increased with increasing exposures while cellular nickel and zinc did not. For both microalgae, copper in the metal mixture drives inhibition of growth rate with R2 values > -0.84 for all cellular fractions in both species and the observed antagonism was likely caused by zinc competition, having significantly positive partial regressions. Metal accumulation to P. antarctica and C. armigera is likely to be toxic to consumer organisms, with low exposure concentrations resulting in cellular concentrations of 500 and 1400 × 10-18 mol Zn cell-1 and 160 and 320 × 10-18 mol Cu cell-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Koppel
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | - Dianne F Jolley
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Heidenreich E, Wördenweber R, Kirschhöfer F, Nusser M, Friedrich F, Fahl K, Kruse O, Rost B, Franzreb M, Brenner-Weiß G, Rokitta S. Ocean acidification has little effect on the biochemical composition of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218564. [PMID: 31291290 PMCID: PMC6619986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the hierarchical organization of biology, from genomes over transcriptomes and proteomes down to metabolomes, there is continuous debate about the extent to which data and interpretations derived from one level, e.g. the transcriptome, are in agreement with other levels, e.g. the metabolome. Here, we tested the effect of ocean acidification (OA; 400 vs. 1000 μatm CO2) and its modulation by light intensity (50 vs. 300 μmol photons m-2 s-1) on the biomass composition (represented by 75 key metabolites) of diploid and haploid life-cycle stages of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (RCC1216 and RCC1217) and compared these data with interpretations from previous physiological and gene expression screenings. The metabolite patterns showed minor responses to OA in both life-cycle stages. Whereas previous gene expression analyses suggested that the observed increased biomass buildup derived from lipid and carbohydrate storage, this dataset suggests that OA slightly increases overall biomass of cells, but does not significantly alter their metabolite composition. Generally, light was shown to be a more dominant driver of metabolite composition than OA, increasing the relative abundances of amino acids, mannitol and storage lipids, and shifting pigment contents to accommodate increased irradiance levels. The diploid stage was shown to contain vastly more osmolytes and mannitol than the haploid stage, which in turn had a higher relative content of amino acids, especially aromatic ones. Besides the differences between the investigated cell types and the general effects on biomass buildup, our analyses indicate that OA imposes only negligible effects on E. huxleyi´s biomass composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heidenreich
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- * E-mail: (EH); (SR)
| | - Robin Wördenweber
- Algae Biotechnology & Bioenergy, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Nusser
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Competence Center for Material Moisture (CMM), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Fahl
- Marine Geology and Paleontology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Algae Biotechnology & Bioenergy, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Björn Rost
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiß
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rokitta
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- * E-mail: (EH); (SR)
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Garrido S, Linares M, Campillo JA, Albentosa M. Effect of microplastics on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the microalgae Isochrysis galbana, clone t-ISO. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 173:103-109. [PMID: 30769202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is highly likely that phytoplanktonic organisms will interact with MPs in the ocean, and consequently with the pollutants sorbed onto their surfaces. Microalgae play an essential role in maintaining the balance of the marine ecosystem due to the fact that they are a primary producer and the base of marine trophic chains. Therefore, their fitness represents an important index in the assessment of water quality. The objectives of this study were i) to assess the toxicity of MPs and the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) to the microalgae, Isochrysis galbana, clone t-ISO and ii) to ascertain whether the presence of MPs affects the toxicity of CPF. Microalgae growth rate was selected as the endpoint and a commercial virgin PE micronized powder was chosen as a micro-plastic model, with mean size ranging from 2 to 6 µm, assayed until 25 mg L-1. CPF was tested at concentrations ranging from 0 to 4 mg L-1. A constant concentration of MPs (5 mg L-1) was loaded with increasing doses of CPF (0-3 mg L-1) with a 2 h incubation period. Bioassays were performed at 20 °C, in glass tubes of 50 ml, with air and constant light and an exposure time of 72 h. Cell counts were performed using a Coulter Counter Multisizer III and HPLC was used to quantify the partition of this pollutant among MPs and water. Although microalgae growth was not impacted by MPs, growth was clearly affected by exposure to CPF from 2 mg L-1 and above, with a total growth inhibition at concentrations over 3 mg L-1. Subsequent to incubation, 80% of CPF was sorbed onto MP surfaces. Two different dose-response curves resulted from CPF bioassays depending on the presence of MP, with lower percentages of inhibition when CPF was presented through MP. Thus, the adsorption of CPF onto MP surfaces modulates the toxicity of CPF on I. galbana growth through a reduction in its toxicity, as CPF is adsorbed onto MP surfaces which are less bio-available to the algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Garrido
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO, Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Linares
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO, Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Campillo
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO, Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Albentosa
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO, Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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Krachler R, Krachler R, Valda A, Keppler BK. Natural iron fertilization of the coastal ocean by "blackwater rivers". Sci Total Environ 2019; 656:952-958. [PMID: 30625681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study elucidates the role of natural iron fertilization of the coastal ocean by so-called "blackwater rivers". Areas of marsh, fen, peatland, boreal forest etc. are characterized by organic-rich soils. From those soils, humic substances (humic and fulvic acids) are leached to the aquatic system resulting in river water that is low in pH and dark-brown in color. The point is that "blackwater rivers" tend to be rich in dissolved iron due to the unique chelating properties of humic and fulvic acids which bind Fe(III) and keep it in solution. We performed algal physiological (growth rate) experiments under conditions of iron deficiency with the marine unicellular phytoplankton algae Chlorella salina and Diacronema lutheri in 0.2 μm cut-off filtered mixtures of natural "blackwater river" water and synthetic seawater. Our results demonstrate that the iron naturally present in "blackwater rivers" is readily bioavailable to both marine algal species. Furthermore, the humic and fulvic acids exert an additional stimulatory effect on the marine algae. Both algae thrive much better in the presence of natural humic and fulvic acids as compared to a medium where EDTA is used as an iron-chelating agent. Our results indicate that "blackwater rivers", in sharp contrast to other types of rivers, are excellent sources of bioavailable iron to marine phytoplankton. This natural iron fertilization may give rise to photosynthesis-driven sequestration of CO2 from the atmosphere to the sea, as can be seen from the visualization of CO2 surface concentrations by NASA (NASA GEOS-5 model) which shows the global sources and sinks of CO2 localized in time and space. The results by NASA suggest that strong marine CO2 sinks in coastal waters tend to occur close to "blackwater river" estuaries. It is thus evident that "blackwater rivers" act as important sources of a limiting nutrient (iron) to the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Krachler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krachler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Valda
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Kim SJ, Kim JG, Lee SH, Park SJ, Gwak JH, Jung MY, Chung WH, Yang EJ, Park J, Jung J, Hahn Y, Cho JC, Madsen EL, Rodriguez-Valera F, Hyun JH, Rhee SK. Genomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of carbon remineralization in an Antarctic polynya. Microbiome 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 30786927 PMCID: PMC6383258 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polynyas in the Southern Ocean are regions of intense primary production, mainly by Phaeocystis antarctica. Carbon fixed by phytoplankton in the water column is transferred to higher trophic levels, and finally, to the deep ocean. However, in the Amundsen Sea, most of this organic carbon does not reach the sediment but is degraded in the water column due to high bacterial heterotrophic activity. RESULTS We reconstructed 12 key bacterial genomes from different phases of bloom and analyzed the expression of genes involved in organic carbon remineralization. A high correlation of gene expression between the peak and decline phases was observed in an individual genome bin-based pairwise comparison of gene expression. Polaribacter belonging to Bacteroidetes was found to be dominant in the peak phase, and its transcriptional activity was high (48.9% of the total mRNA reads). Two dominant Polaribacter bins had the potential to utilize major polymers in P. antarctica, chrysolaminarin and xylan, with a distinct set of glycosyl hydrolases. In the decline phase, Gammaproteobacteria (Ant4D3, SUP05, and SAR92), with the potential to utilize low molecular weight-dissolved organic matter (LMW-DOM) including compatible solutes, was increased. The versatility of Gammaproteobacteria may contribute to their abundance in organic carbon-rich polynya waters, while the SAR11 clade was found to be predominant in the sea ice-covered oligotrophic ocean. SAR92 clade showed transcriptional activity for utilization of both polysaccharides and LMW-DOM; this may account for their abundance both in the peak and decline phases. Ant4D3 clade was dominant in all phases of the polynya bloom, implicating the crucial roles of this clade in LMW-DOM remineralization in the Antarctic polynyas. CONCLUSIONS Genomic reconstruction and in situ gene expression analyses revealed the unique metabolic potential of dominant bacteria of the Antarctic polynya at a finer taxonomic level. The information can be used to predict temporal community succession linked to the availability of substrates derived from the P. antarctica bloom. Global warming has resulted in compositional changes in phytoplankton from P. antarctica to diatoms, and thus, repeated parallel studies in various polynyas are required to predict global warming-related changes in carbon remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jeong Kim
- Geologic Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Geol Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Je Park
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Han Gwak
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Young Jung
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Won-Hyung Chung
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Hahn
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Cheon Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene L Madsen
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-8101, USA
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Valera
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, División de Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Apartado 18, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jung-Ho Hyun
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Keun Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Thamatrakoln K, Talmy D, Haramaty L, Maniscalco C, Latham JR, Knowles B, Natale F, Coolen MJL, Follows MJ, Bidle KD. Light regulation of coccolithophore host-virus interactions. New Phytol 2019; 221:1289-1302. [PMID: 30368816 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses that infect photoautotrophs have a fundamental relationship with light, given the need for host resources. We investigated the role of light on Coccolithovirus (EhV) infection of the globally distributed coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. Light was required for EhV adsorption, and viral production was highest when host cultures were maintained in continuous light or at irradiance levels of 150-300 μmol m-2 s-1 . During the early stages of infection, photosynthetic electron transport remained high, while RuBisCO expression decreased concomitant with an induction of the pentose phosphate pathway, the primary source of de novo nucleotides. A mathematical model developed and fitted to the laboratory data supported the hypothesis that EhV replication was controlled by a trade-off between host nucleotide recycling and de novo synthesis, and that photoperiod and photon flux could toggle this switch. Laboratory results supported field observations that light was the most robust driver of EhV replication within E. huxleyi populations collected across a 2000 nautical mile transect in the North Atlantic. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that light can drive host-virus interactions through a mechanistic interplay between host metabolic processes, which serve to structure infection and phytoplankton mortality in the upper ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlee Thamatrakoln
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - David Talmy
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg, 1311 Cumberland Ave #307, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Liti Haramaty
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Christopher Maniscalco
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jason R Latham
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ben Knowles
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Frank Natale
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Marco J L Coolen
- WA Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Michael J Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kay D Bidle
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Dabney BL, Patiño R. Low-dose stimulation of growth of the harmful alga, Prymnesium parvum, by glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides. Harmful Algae 2018; 80:130-139. [PMID: 30502805 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are widely used around the globe. While generally toxic to phototrophs, organic phosphorus in glyphosate can become available to glyphosate-resistant phytoplankton and contribute to algal bloom development. Few studies have examined the effects of GBH on growth of eukaryotic microalgae and information for the toxic bloom-forming haptophyte, Prymnesium parvum, is limited. Using a batch-culture system, this study examined the effects on P. parvum growth of a single application of Roundup Weed and Grass Killer Super Concentrate Plus® (Roundup SC), Roundup Weed and Grass Killer Ready-to-Use III® (Roundup RtU), and technical-grade glyphosate at low concentrations [0-1000 μg glyphosate acid equivalent (ae) l-1]. Roundup formulations differ in the percent of glyphosate as active ingredient (Roundup SC, ∼50%; Roundup RtU, 2%), allowing indirect evaluation of the influence of inactive ingredients. Roundup SC enhanced exponential growth rate at 10-1000 μg glyphosate ae l-1, and a positive monotonic association was noted between Roundup SC concentration and early (pre-exponential growth) but not maximum cell density. Glyphosate and both Roundup formulations enhanced growth rate at 100 μg glyphosate l-1, but only Roundup SC and glyphosate significantly stimulated early and maximum density. This observation suggests the higher concentration of inactive ingredients and other compounds in Roundup RtU partially counteracts glyphosate-dependent growth stimulation. When phosphate concentration was varied while maintaining other conditions constant, addition of Roundup SC and glyphosate at 100 μg l-1 influenced growth more strongly than equivalent changes in phosphate-associated phosphorus. It appears, therefore, that low doses of glyphosate stimulate growth by mechanisms unrelated to the associated small increases in total phosphorus. In conclusion, glyphosate and GBH stimulate P. parvum growth at low, environmentally relevant concentrations. This finding raises concerns about the potential contribution to P. parvum blooms by glyphosate-contaminated runoff or by direct application of GBH to aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittanie L Dabney
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA
| | - Reynaldo Patiño
- U.S. Geological Survey, Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Departments of Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-2120, USA.
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Walker CE, Taylor AR, Langer G, Durak GM, Heath S, Probert I, Tyrrell T, Brownlee C, Wheeler GL. The requirement for calcification differs between ecologically important coccolithophore species. New Phytol 2018; 220:147-162. [PMID: 29916209 PMCID: PMC6175242 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores are globally distributed unicellular marine algae that are characterized by their covering of calcite coccoliths. Calcification by coccolithophores contributes significantly to global biogeochemical cycles. However, the physiological requirement for calcification remains poorly understood as non-calcifying strains of some commonly used model species, such as Emiliania huxleyi, grow normally in laboratory culture. To determine whether the requirement for calcification differs between coccolithophore species, we utilized multiple independent methodologies to disrupt calcification in two important species of coccolithophore: E. huxleyi and Coccolithus braarudii. We investigated their physiological response and used time-lapse imaging to visualize the processes of calcification and cell division in individual cells. Disruption of calcification resulted in major growth defects in C. braarudii, but not in E. huxleyi. We found no evidence that calcification supports photosynthesis in C. braarudii, but showed that an inability to maintain an intact coccosphere results in cell cycle arrest. We found that C. braarudii is very different from E. huxleyi as it exhibits an obligate requirement for calcification. The identification of a growth defect in C. braarudii resulting from disruption of the coccosphere may be important in considering their response to future changes in ocean carbonate chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Walker
- Marine Biological AssociationPlymouthPL1 2PBUK
- School of Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO14 3ZHUK
| | - Alison R. Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNC28403‐591USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Heath
- Marine Biological AssociationPlymouthPL1 2PBUK
| | - Ian Probert
- Station Biologique de RoscoffPlace Georges Teisser29680RoscoffFrance
| | - Toby Tyrrell
- School of Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO14 3ZHUK
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological AssociationPlymouthPL1 2PBUK
- School of Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO14 3ZHUK
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22
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Ziegler G, Tamburri MN, Fisher DJ. Long-term algal toxicity of oxidant treated ballast water. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 133:18-29. [PMID: 30041305 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
National and international regulations require that ships' ballast water is treated to minimize the risk of introducing potentially invasive species. A common approach employed by commercial ballast water management systems is chlorination. This study presents the algal toxicity findings for three chlorination-based BWMS and their implications to environmental safety of port waters receiving treated ballast water from ships. Discharged treated ballast water from all three BWMS was toxic to algae with IC25s (25% growth inhibition) ranging from 9.9% to 17.9%, despite having total residual oxidant concentrations below 0.02 mg/l, based on Whole Effluent Toxicity assays. When held at 4 °C, some of the ballast water samples continued to exhibit toxic effects with no observed effect concentrations as low as 18% after a 134 day holding time. Thirteen individual disinfection by-products were measured above the detected limit at the time of discharge. No correlation between DBPs and algal toxicity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Ziegler
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA.
| | - Mario N Tamburri
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Fisher
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA; University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College Park, MD, USA
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23
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Triantaphyllou MV, Baumann KH, Karatsolis BT, Dimiza MD, Psarra S, Skampa E, Patoucheas P, Vollmar NM, Koukousioura O, Katsigera A, Krasakopoulou E, Nomikou P. Coccolithophore community response along a natural CO2 gradient off Methana (SW Saronikos Gulf, Greece, NE Mediterranean). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200012. [PMID: 29966023 PMCID: PMC6028119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural pH gradient caused by marine CO2 seeps off the Methana peninsula (Saronikos Gulf, eastern Peloponnese peninsula) was used as a natural laboratory to assess potential effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores. Coccolithophore communities were therefore investigated in plankton samples collected during September 2011, September 2016 and March 2017. The recorded cell concentrations were up to ~50 x103 cells/l, with a high Shannon index of up to 2.8, along a pH gradient from 7.61 to 8.18, with values being occasionally <7. Numerous holococcolithophore species represented 60-90% of the surface water assemblages in most samples during September samplings. Emiliania huxleyi was present only in low relative abundances in September samples, but it dominated in March assemblages. Neither malformed nor corroded coccolithophores were documented. Changes in the community structure can possibly be related to increased temperatures, while the overall trend associates low pH values with high cell densities. Our preliminary results indicate that in long-termed acidified, warm and stratified conditions, the study of the total coccolithophore assemblage may prove useful to recognize the intercommunity variability, which favors the increment of lightly calcified species such as holococcolithophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Triantaphyllou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Boris-Theofanis Karatsolis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita D. Dimiza
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Stella Psarra
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Geology, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Elisavet Skampa
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Pierros Patoucheas
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Nele M. Vollmar
- University of Bremen, Geosciences Department, Bremen, Germany
| | - Olga Koukousioura
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Anna Katsigera
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Paraskevi Nomikou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
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Tong S, Gao K, Hutchins DA. Adaptive evolution in the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica following 1,000 generations of selection under elevated CO 2. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:3055-3064. [PMID: 29356310 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores are important oceanic primary producers not only in terms of photosynthesis but also because they produce calcite plates called coccoliths. Ongoing ocean acidification associated with changing seawater carbonate chemistry may impair calcification and other metabolic functions in coccolithophores. While short-term ocean acidification effects on calcification and other properties have been examined in a variety of coccolithophore species, long-term adaptive responses have scarcely been documented, other than for the single species Emiliania huxleyi. Here, we investigated the effects of ocean acidification on another ecologically important coccolithophore species, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, following 1,000 generations of growth under elevated CO2 conditions (1,000 μatm). High CO2 -selected populations exhibited reduced growth rates and enhanced particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) production, relative to populations selected under ambient CO2 (400 μatm). Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and PIC/POC ratios decreased progressively throughout the selection period in high CO2 -selected cell lines. All of these trait changes persisted when high CO2 -grown populations were moved back to ambient CO2 conditions for about 10 generations. The results suggest that the calcification of some coccolithophores may be more heavily impaired by ocean acidification than previously predicted based on short-term studies, with potentially large implications for the ocean's carbon cycle under accelerating anthropogenic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanying Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rachik S, Christaki U, Li LL, Genitsaris S, Breton E, Monchy S. Diversity and potential activity patterns of planktonic eukaryotic microbes in a mesoeutrophic coastal area (eastern English Channel). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196987. [PMID: 29746519 PMCID: PMC5944946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of planktonic eukaryotic microbes was studied at a coastal station of the eastern English Channel (EEC) from March 2011 to July 2015 (77 samples) using high throughput sequencing (454-pyrosequencing and Illumina) of the V2-V3 hypervariable region of the 18S SSU rDNA gene. Similar estimations of OTU relative abundance and taxonomic distribution for the dominant higher taxonomic groups (contributing >1% of the total number of OTUs) were observed with the two methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov p-value = 0.22). Eight super-groups were identified throughout all samples: Alveolata, Stramenopiles, Opisthokonta, Hacrobia, Archeaplastida, Apusozoa, Rhizaria, and Amoebozoa (ordered by decreasing OTU richness). To gain further insight into microbial activity in the EEC, ribosomal RNA was extracted for samples from 2013–2015 (30 samples). Analysis of 18S rDNA and rRNA sequences led to the detection of 696 and 700 OTUs, respectively. Cluster analysis based on OTUs’ abundance indicated three major seasonal groups that were associated to spring, winter/autumn, and summer conditions. The clusters inferred from rRNA data showed a clearer seasonal representation of the community succession than the one based on rDNA. The rRNA/rDNA ratio was used as a proxy for relative cell activity. When all OTUs were considered, the average rRNA:rDNA ratio showed a linear trend around the 1:1 line, suggesting a linear relation between OTU abundance (rDNA) and activity (rRNA). However, this ratio was highly variable over time when considering individual OTUs. Interestingly, the OTU affiliated with P. globosa displayed rRNA:rDNA ratio that allowed to delimit high vs low abundance and high vs low activity periods. It unveiled quite well the Phaeocystis bloom dynamic regarding cell proliferation and activity, and could even be used as early indicator of an upcoming bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rachik
- Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Lille, France
| | - Urania Christaki
- Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Lille, France
| | - Luen Luen Li
- Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Lille, France
| | - Savvas Genitsaris
- International Hellenic University, School of Economics, Business Administration & Legal Studies, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elsa Breton
- Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Monchy
- Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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Flood SL, Burkholder JM. Imbalanced nutrient regimes increase Prymnesium parvum resilience to herbicide exposure. Harmful Algae 2018; 75:57-74. [PMID: 29778226 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The toxigenic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum is a mixotrophic phytoplankter with an extensive historic record of forming nearly monospecific, high-biomass, ecosystem-disrupting blooms, and it has been responsible for major fish kills in brackish waters and aquaculture facilities in many regions of the world. Little is known about how this species responds to commonly occurring environmental contaminants, or how nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus) pollution may interact with environmentally relevant pesticide exposures to affect this harmful algal species. Here, standard algal toxicity bioassays from pesticide hazard assessments were used along with modified erythrocyte lysis assays to evaluate how atrazine exposures, imbalanced nutrient supplies, and salinity interact to influence the growth and toxicity in P. parvum isolates from three different regions. In nutrient-replete media, P. parvum 96 h IC50s ranged from 73.0 to 88.3 μg atrazine L-1 at salinity 10 and from 118 to >200 μg atrazine μg L-1 at salinity 20, and the response depended on the strain and the test duration. Relative hemolytic activity, used as an indication of toxicity, was a function of herbicide exposure, nutrient availability, salinity, geographic origin, and interactions among these factors. Highest levels of hemolytic activity were measured from a South Carolina strain in low-nitrogen media with high atrazine concentrations. Herbicide concentration was related to relative hemolytic activity, although a consistent relationship between growth phase and toxicity was not observed. Overall, these findings suggest that increasing chemical contamination is helping to promote ecosystem-disruptive, strongly mixotrophic algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L Flood
- Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA.
| | - JoAnn M Burkholder
- Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA
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Karasiewicz S, Breton E, Lefebvre A, Hernández Fariñas T, Lefebvre S. Realized niche analysis of phytoplankton communities involving HAB: Phaeocystis spp. as a case study. Harmful Algae 2018; 72:1-13. [PMID: 29413380 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The link between harmful algal blooms, phytoplankton community dynamics and global environmental change is not well understood. To tackle this challenging question, a new method was used to reveal how phytoplankton communities responded to environmental change with the occurrence of an harmful algae, using the coastal waters of the eastern English Channel as a case study. The great interannual variability in the magnitude and intensity of Phaeocystis spp. blooms, along with diatoms, compared to the ongoing gradual decrease in anthropogenic nutrient concentration and rebalancing of nutrient ratios; suggests that other factors, such as competition for resources, may also play an important role. A realized niche approach was used with the Outlying Mean Index analysis and the dynamics of the species' realized subniches were estimated using the Within Outlying Mean Indexes calculations under low (L) and high (H) contrasting Phaeocystis spp. abundance. The Within Outlying Mean Indexes allows the decomposition of the realized niche into realized subniches, found within the subset of habitat conditions and constrained by a subset of a biotic factor. The two contrasting scenarios were characterized by significantly different subsets of environmental conditions and diatom species (BV-step analysis), and different seasonality in salinity, turbidity, and nutrients. The subset L environmental conditions were potentially favorable for Phaeocystis spp. but it suffered from competitive exclusion by key diatom species such as Skeletonema spp., Thalassiosira gravida, Thalassionema nitzschioides and the Pseudo-nitzchia seriata complex. Accordingly, these diatoms species occupied 81% of Phaeocystis spp.'s existing fundamental subniche. In contrast, the greater number of diatoms, correlated with the community trend, within subset H exerted a weaker biological constraint and favored Phaeocystis spp. realized subniche expansion. In conclusion, the results strongly suggest that both abiotic and biotic interactions should be considered to understand Phaeocystis spp. blooms with greater consideration of the preceeding diatoms. HABs needs must therefore be studied as part of the total phytoplankton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Karasiewicz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, F 62930 Wimereux, France.
| | - Elsa Breton
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, F 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Alain Lefebvre
- Ifremer, laboratoire Environnement et ressources du centre Manche Mer du Nord, 150 quai Gambetta, BP 699, 62321 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Tania Hernández Fariñas
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP 32, 14520 Port en Bessin, France
| | - Sébastien Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, F 62930 Wimereux, France; Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, 150 Quai Gambetta BP 699, F-62321 Boulogne sur mer, France
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28
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Frada MJ, Rosenwasser S, Ben-Dor S, Shemi A, Sabanay H, Vardi A. Morphological switch to a resistant subpopulation in response to viral infection in the bloom-forming coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006775. [PMID: 29244854 PMCID: PMC5756048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognizing the life cycle of an organism is key to understanding its biology and ecological impact. Emiliania huxleyi is a cosmopolitan marine microalga, which displays a poorly understood biphasic sexual life cycle comprised of a calcified diploid phase and a morphologically distinct biflagellate haploid phase. Diploid cells (2N) form large-scale blooms in the oceans, which are routinely terminated by specific lytic viruses (EhV). In contrast, haploid cells (1N) are resistant to EhV. Further evidence indicates that 1N cells may be produced during viral infection. A shift in morphology, driven by meiosis, could therefore constitute a mechanism for E. huxleyi cells to escape from EhV during blooms. This process has been metaphorically coined the 'Cheshire Cat' (CC) strategy. We tested this model in two E. huxleyi strains using a detailed assessment of morphological and ploidy-level variations as well as expression of gene markers for meiosis and the flagellate phenotype. We showed that following the CC model, production of resistant cells was triggered during infection. This led to the rise of a new subpopulation of cells in the two strains that morphologically resembled haploid cells and were resistant to EhV. However, ploidy-level analyses indicated that the new resistant cells were diploid or aneuploid. Thus, the CC strategy in E. huxleyi appears to be a life-phase switch mechanism involving morphological remodeling that is decoupled from meiosis. Our results highlight the adaptive significance of morphological plasticity mediating complex host-virus interactions in marine phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel José Frada
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Bioinformatics and Biological Computing Unit–Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adva Shemi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helena Sabanay
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Hermoso M, Lefeuvre B, Minoletti F, de Rafélis M. Extreme strontium concentrations reveal specific biomineralization pathways in certain coccolithophores with implications for the Sr/Ca paleoproductivity proxy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185655. [PMID: 29036179 PMCID: PMC5642888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the coccolith biominerals by a group of marine algae (the Coccolithophores) offers fascinating research avenues both from the biological and geological sides. It is surprising how biomineralisation by a key phytoplanktonic group remains underconstrained, yet is influential on ocean alkalinity and responsible for the built up of our paleoclimatic archive over the last 200 Myrs. Here, we report two close relative coccolith taxa exhibiting substantial bioaccumulation of strontium: Scyphosphaera and Pontosphaera grown in the laboratory or retrieved from Pliocene sediments. This strontium enrichment relative to calcium is one order of magnitude greater than reported in other coccoliths of the orders Isochrysidales and Coccolithales, and extends well beyond established controls on Sr/Ca ratios by temperature and growth rate. We discuss this prominent vital effect in relation with possible specific uptake of strontium relative to calcium from the extracellular environment to the coccolith vesicle in coccolithophores excreting very large scale coccoliths. The report of Sr-rich biominerals challenges our current understanding of the cellular acquisition and intracellular trafficking of alkaline earth cations in phytoplanktonic calcifying eukaryotic algae. The presence of Sr-rich coccolith species in the geological record has to be quantitatively considered in future Sr/Ca-based palaeoceanographic reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Hermoso
- Institut de Sciences de la Terre de Paris (UMR 7193), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lefeuvre
- Institut de Sciences de la Terre de Paris (UMR 7193), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Minoletti
- Institut de Sciences de la Terre de Paris (UMR 7193), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marc de Rafélis
- Géosciences Environnements Toulouse (UMR 5563 GET), Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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30
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Rashel RH, Patiño R. Influence of genetic background, salinity, and inoculum size on growth of the ichthyotoxic golden alga (Prymnesium parvum). Harmful Algae 2017; 66:97-104. [PMID: 28602258 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Salinity (5-30) effects on golden alga growth were determined at a standard laboratory temperature (22°C) and one associated with natural blooms (13°C). Inoculum-size effects were determined over a wide size range (100-100,000cellsml-1). A strain widely distributed in the USA, UTEX-2797 was the primary study subject but another of limited distribution, UTEX-995 was used to evaluate growth responses in relation to genetic background. Variables examined were exponential growth rate (r), maximum cell density (max-D) and, when inoculum size was held constant (100cellsml-1), density at onset of exponential growth (early-D). In UTEX-2797, max-D increased as salinity increased from 5 to ∼10-15 and declined thereafter regardless of temperature but r remained generally stable and only declined at salinity of 25-30. In addition, max-D correlated positively with r and early-D, the latter also being numerically highest at salinity of 15. In UTEX-995, max-D and r responded similarly to changes in salinity - they remained stable at salinity of 5-10 and 5-15, respectively, and declined at higher salinity. Also, max-D correlated with r but not early-D. Inoculum size positively and negatively influenced max-D and r, respectively, in both strains and these effects were significant even when the absolute size difference was small (100 versus 1000 cells ml-1). When cultured under similar conditions, UTEX-2797 grew faster and to much higher density than UTEX-995. In conclusion, (1) UTEX-2797's superior growth performance may explain its relatively wide distribution in the USA, (2) the biphasic growth response of UTEX-2797 to salinity variation, with peak abundance at salinity of 10-15, generally mirrors golden alga abundance-salinity associations in US inland waters, and (3) early cell density - whether artificially manipulated or naturally attained - can influence UTEX-2797 bloom potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakib H Rashel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2120, USA
| | - Reynaldo Patiño
- U.S. Geological Survey, Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Departments of Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2120, USA.
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Orlowska E, Roller A, Pignitter M, Jirsa F, Krachler R, Kandioller W, Keppler BK. Synthetic iron complexes as models for natural iron-humic compounds: Synthesis, characterization and algal growth experiments. Sci Total Environ 2017; 577:94-104. [PMID: 27810305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of monomeric and dimeric FeIII complexes with O,O-; O,N-; O,S-coordination motifs has been prepared and characterized by standard analytical methods in order to elucidate their potential to act as model compounds for aquatic humic acids. Due to the postulated reduction of iron in humic acids and following uptake by microorganisms, the redox behavior of the models was investigated with cyclic voltammetry. Most of the investigated compounds showed iron reduction potentials accessible to biological reducing agents. Additionally, observed reduction processes were predominantly irreversible, suggesting that subsequent reactions can take place after reduction of the iron center. Also the stability of the synthesized complexes in pure water and artificial seawater was monitored from 24h up to 21days by means of UV-Vis spectrometry. Several complexes remained stable even after 21days, showing only partially precipitation but some of them showed changes in UV-Vis spectra already after 24h which were connected to protonation/deprotonation processes as well as redox processes and degradation of the complexes. The ability to act as an iron source for primary producers was tested in algal growth experiments with two marine algae species Chlorella salina and Prymnesium parvum. Some of the compounds showed effects on the algal cultures, which are comparable with natural humic acids and better as for the samples kept under ideal conditions. Those findings help to understand which functional groups of humic acids could be responsible for the reversible iron binding and transport in aquatic humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Orlowska
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14/UZA II, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Jirsa
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Regina Krachler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Fernandes T, Fernandes I, Andrade CAP, Cordeiro N. Marine microalgae growth and carbon partitioning as a function of nutrient availability. Bioresour Technol 2016; 214:541-547. [PMID: 27179298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand in which way the structural differences of three marine microalgae (Nannochloropsis gaditana, Rhodomonas marina and Isochrysis sp.) affect their carbon partitioning, growth and applicability; a stoichiometric imbalance was imposed by steady carbon and other nutrients variation. Towards high nutrients concentrations/low carbon availability a decrease of 12-51% in C/N microalgae ratio was observed and maximum cell densities were achieved. Moreover, linear correlation between the nutrient input and microalgae protein content were observed. The macromolecular ratios pointed that carbohydrate was the main contributor for the C/N decrement. Although lipid content in R. marina remained constant throughout the experiment, a rise of 37-107% in N. gaditana and Isochrysis sp. was verified. Lipid fractions revealed high percentages of glycolipids in all microalgae (57-73% of total lipids). The present study shows an easy way to understand and modulate microalgae carbon partitioning relying on the field of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomásia Fernandes
- University of Madeira, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, 9000-390 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Igor Fernandes
- University of Madeira, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, 9000-390 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Carlos A P Andrade
- Mariculture Center of Calheta, Vila da Calheta, 9370-133 Calheta, Madeira, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nereida Cordeiro
- University of Madeira, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, 9000-390 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
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Bellini S, Bendoula R, Le Floc'h E, Carré C, Mas S, Vidussi F, Fouilland E, Roger JM. Simulation Method Linking Dense Microalgal Culture Spectral Properties in the 400-750 nm Range to the Physiology of the Cells. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:1018-1033. [PMID: 27091907 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816641270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a method to model the optical properties over the (400-750 nm) spectral range of a dense microalgal culture using the chemical and physical properties of the algal cells. The method was based on a specific program called AlgaSim coupled with the adding-doubling method: at the individual cell scale, AlgaSim simulates the spectral properties of one model, three-layer spherical algal cell from its size and chemical composition. As a second step, the adding-doubling method makes it possible to retrieve the total transmittance of the algal medium from the optical properties of the individual algal cells. The method was tested by comparing the simulated total transmittance spectra for dense marine microalgal cultures of Isochrysis galbana (small flagellates) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (diatoms) to spectra measured using an experimental spectrophotometric setup. Our study revealed that the total transmittance spectra simulated for the quasi-spherical cells of Isochrysis galbana were in good agreement with the measured spectra over the whole spectral range. For Phaeodactylum tricornutum, large differences between simulated and measured spectra were observed over the blue part of the transmittance spectra, probably due to non-spherical shape of the algal cells. Prediction of the algal cell density, mean size and pigment composition from the total transmittance spectra measured on algal samples was also investigated using the reversal of the method. Mean cell size was successfully predicted for both species. The cell density was also successfully predicted for spherical Isochrysis galbana, with a relative error below 7%, but not for elongated Phaeodactylum tricornutum with a relative error up to 26%. The pigments total quantity and composition, the carotenoids:chlorophyll ratio in particular, were also successfully predicted for Isochrysis galbana with a relative error below 8%. However, the pigment predictions and measurements for Phaeodactylum tricornutum showed large discrepancies, with a relative error up to 88%. These results give strong support for the development of a promising tool providing rapid and accurate estimations of biomass and physiological status of a dense microalgal culture based on only light transmittance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emilie Le Floc'h
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, IFREMER, Montpellier, France Station Marine, Université de Montpellier, Sète, France
| | - Claire Carré
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, IFREMER, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Mas
- Station Marine, Université de Montpellier, Sète, France MEDIMEER UMS 3282 OSU OREME, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, France
| | - Francesca Vidussi
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, IFREMER, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Fouilland
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, IFREMER, Montpellier, France Station Marine, Université de Montpellier, Sète, France
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Lundgren VM, Glibert PM, Granéli E, Vidyarathna NK, Fiori E, Ou L, Flynn KJ, Mitra A, Stoecker DK, Hansen PJ. Metabolic and physiological changes in Prymnesium parvum when grown under, and grazing on prey of, variable nitrogen:phosphorus stoichiometry. Harmful Algae 2016; 55:1-12. [PMID: 28073523 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophy is found in almost all classes of phytoplankton in a wide range of aquatic habitats ranging from oligotrophic to eutrophic marine and freshwater systems. Few studies have addressed how the nutritional status of the predator and/or the prey affects mixotrophic metabolism despite the realization that mixotrophy is important ecologically. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine changes in growth rates and physiological states of the toxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum when fed Rhodomonas salina of varying nutritional status. Haemolytic activity of P. parvum and prey mortality of R. salina were also measured. P. parvum cultures grown to be comparatively low in nitrogen (low-N), phosphorus (low-P) or low in both nutrients (low-NP) were mixed with low-NP, low-N, and low-P R. salina in all possible combinations, i.e., a 3×3 factorial design. N deficiency was obtained in the low-N cultures, while true P deficiency may not have been obtained in the low-P cultures. Mortality rates of R. salina (both due to ingestion and/or cell rupture as a function of grazing or toxic effects) were higher when R. salina cells were low-P, N-rich, regardless of the nutritional state of P. parvum. Mortality rates were, however, directly related to the initial prey:predator cell ratios. On the other hand, growth of the predator was a function of nutritional status and a significant positive correlation was observed between growth rates of P. parvum and cell-specific depletion rates of N, whereas no such relationship was found between P. parvum growth rates and depletion rates of P. In addition, the greatest changes in chlorophyll content and stoichiometric ratios of P. parvum were observed in high N:P conditions. Therefore, P. parvum may show enhanced success under conditions of higher inorganic N:P, which are likely favored in the future due to increases in eutrophication and altered nutrient stoichiometry driven by anthropogenic nutrient loads that are increasingly enriched in N relative to P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Lundgren
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Patricia M Glibert
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Edna Granéli
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden; Lund University, Biological Institution, Aquatic Ecology, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; Everglades Wetland Research Park, 110 Kapnick Center, Florida Gulf Coast University, 4940 Bayshore Drive, Naples, FL 34112, USA
| | - Nayani K Vidyarathna
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Fiori
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden; Interdepartmental Center for Research in Environmental Science (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Linjian Ou
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden; Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kevin J Flynn
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Aditee Mitra
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Diane K Stoecker
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Per J Hansen
- Centre for Ocean Life, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
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Merle T, Dramas L, Gutierrez L, Garcia-Molina V, Croué JP. Investigation of severe UF membrane fouling induced by three marine algal species. Water Res 2016; 93:10-19. [PMID: 26874470 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reducing membrane fouling caused by seawater algal bloom is a challenge for regions of the world where most of their freshwater is produced by seawater desalination. This study aims to compare ultrafiltration (UF) fouling potential of three ubiquitous marine algal species cultures (i.e., Skeletonema costatum-SKC, Tetraselmis sp.-TET, and Hymenomonas sp.-HYM) sampled at different phases of growth. Results showed that flux reduction and irreversible fouling were more severe during the decline phase as compared to the exponential phase, for all species. SKC and TET were responsible for substantial irreversible fouling but their impact was significantly lower than HYM. The development of a transparent gel layer surrounding the cell during the HYM growth and accumulating in water is certainly responsible for the more severe observed fouling. Chemical backwash with a standard chlorine solution did not recover any membrane permeability. For TET and HYM, the Hydraulically Irreversible Fouling Index (HIFI) was correlated to their biopolymer content but this correlation is specific for each species. Solution pre-filtration through a 1.2 μm membrane proved that cells and particulate algal organic matter (p-AOM) considerably contribute to fouling, especially for HYM for which the HIFI was reduced by a factor of 82.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Merle
- Water Reuse and Desalination Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Laure Dramas
- Water Reuse and Desalination Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonardo Gutierrez
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, WA-6845, Australia; Facultad del Mar y Medio Ambiente, Universidad del Pacifico, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Water Reuse and Desalination Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, WA-6845, Australia.
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Abstract
Glyphosate is a globally popular herbicide to kill weeds and its wide applications may lead to accumulation in coastal oceans as a source of phosphorus (P) nutrient or growth inhibitor of phytoplankton. We studied the physiological effects of glyphosate on fourteen species representing five major coastal phytoplankton phyla (haptophyta, bacillariophyta, dinoflagellata, raphidophyta, and chlorophyta). Based on growth responses to different concentrations of glyphosate under contrasting dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) conditions, we found that phytoplankton species could be classified into five groups. Group I (Emiliania huxleyi, Skeletonema costatum, Phaeodactylum tricornutum) could utilize glyphosate as sole P-source to support growth in axenic culture, but in the presence of DIP, they were inhibited by both 36-μM and 360-μM glyphosate. Group II (Karenia mikimotoi, Prorocentrum minimum, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Symbiodinium sp., Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandrium catenella) could not utilize glyphosate as sole P-source to support growth, and in the presence of DIP growth was not affected by 36-μM but inhibited by 360-μM glyphosate. Glyphosate consistently enhanced growth of Group III (Isochrysis galbana) and inhibited Group IV (Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Chattonella marina) regardless of DIP condition. Group V (Amphidinium carterae) exhibited no measurable response to glyphosate regardless of DIP condition. This grouping is not congruent with the phylogenetic relationships of the phytoplankton species suggesting functional differentiation driven by environmental pressure. We conclude that glyphosate could be used as P-source by some species while is toxic to some other species and yet has no effects on others. The observed differential effects suggest that the continued use of glyphosate and increasing concentration of this herbicide in the coastal waters will likely exert significant impact on coastal marine phytoplankton community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Marine Biodiversity and Global Change Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Marine Biodiversity and Global Change Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Marine Biodiversity and Global Change Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Marine Biodiversity and Global Change Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
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Jiang LL, Wet X, Zhao YR, Shao YN, Qiu ZJ, He Y. [Study on the Visualization of the Biomass of Chlorella sp., Isochrysis galbana, and Spirulina sp. Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technique]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2016; 36:795-799. [PMID: 27400526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective cultivation of the microalgae is the key issue for microalgal bio-energy utilization. In nutrient rich culture conditions, the microalge have a fast growth rate, but they are more susceptible to environmental pollution and influence. So to monitor the the growth process of microalgae is significant during cultivating. Hyperspectral imaging has the advantages of both spectra and image analysis. The spectra contain abundant material quality signal and the image contains abundant spatial information of the material about the chemical distribution. It can achieve the rapid information acquisition and access a large amount of data. In this paper, the authors collected the hyperspectral images of forty-five samples of Chlorella sp., Isochrysis galbana, and Spirulina sp., respectively. The average spectra of the region of interest (ROI) were extracted. After applying successive projection algorithm (SPA), the authors established the multiple linear regression (MLR) model with the spectra and corresponding biomass of 30 samples, 15 samples were used as the prediction set. For Chlorella sp., Isochrysis galbana, and Spirulina sp., the correlation coefficient of prediction (r(pre)) are 0.950, 0.969 and 0.961, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for 0.010 2, 0.010 7 and 0.007 1, respectively. Finally, the authors used the MLR model to predict biomass for each pixel in the images of prediction set; images displayed in different colors for visualization based on pseudo-color images with the help of a Matlab program. The results show that using hyperspectral imaging technique to predict the biomass of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. were better, but for the Isochrysis galbana visualization needs to be further improved. This research set the basis for rapidly detecting the growth of microalgae and using the microalgae as the bio-energy.
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Beddow J, Johnson RJ, Lawson T, Breckels MN, Webster RJ, Smith BE, Rowland SJ, Whitby C. The effect of oil sands process-affected water and model naphthenic acids on photosynthesis and growth in Emiliania huxleyi and Chlorella vulgaris. Chemosphere 2016; 145:416-423. [PMID: 26692519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are among the most toxic organic pollutants present in oil sands process waters (OSPW) and enter marine and freshwater environments through natural and anthropogenic sources. We investigated the effects of the acid extractable organic (AEO) fraction of OSPW and individual surrogate NAs, on maximum photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (FV/FM) and cell growth in Emiliania huxleyi and Chlorella vulgaris as representative marine and freshwater phytoplankton. Whilst FV/FM in E. huxleyi and C. vulgaris was not inhibited by AEO, exposure to two surrogate NAs: (4'-n-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (n-BPBA) and (4'-tert-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (tert-BPBA), caused complete inhibition of FV/FM in E. huxleyi (≥10 mg L(-1)n-BPBA; ≥50 mg L(-1)tert-BPBA) but not in C. vulgaris. Growth rates and cell abundances in E. huxleyi were also reduced when exposed to ≥10 mg L(-1)n- and tert-BPBA; however, higher concentrations of n- and tert-BPBA (100 mg L(-1)) were required to reduce cell growth in C. vulgaris. AEO at ≥10 mg L(-1) stimulated E. huxleyi growth rate (p ≤ 0.002), yet had no apparent effect on C. vulgaris. In conclusion, E. huxleyi was generally more sensitive to NAs than C. vulgaris. This report provides a better understanding of the physiological responses of phytoplankton to NAs which will enable improved monitoring of NA pollution in aquatic ecosystems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beddow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Mark N Breckels
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Richard J Webster
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Ben E Smith
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Steven J Rowland
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Corinne Whitby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Bautista-Chamizo E, De Orte MR, DelValls TÁ, Riba I. Simulating CO₂ leakages from CCS to determine Zn toxicity using the marine microalgae Pleurochrysis roscoffensis. Chemosphere 2016; 144:955-965. [PMID: 26432538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to the current climate change and ocean acidification, a new technology for CO2 mitigation has been proposed, the Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS). However, there is an ecological risk associated with potential CO2 leakages from the sub-seabed storages sites. To evaluate the effects related to CO2 leakages, laboratory-scales experiments were performed using the marine microalgae Pleurochrysis roscoffensis. Five Zn concentrations were tested at different pHs to study Zn toxicity under acidified conditions. Seawater was collected and submitted to acidification by means of CO2 injection and by HCl addition. Results showed differences between both acidification techniques: while microalgae growth was enhanced by CO2 supply, reaching the optimal growth at pH 6.5 and full inhibition at pH 5.5, HCl acidification growth was inhibited at pH 6.5. Although small concentrations of Zn were positive for P. roscoffensis growth, Zn toxicity increased at lower pHs, and more severely on samples acidified with HCl. The conclusions obtained in this work are useful to address the potential effects on the marine ecosystem related to changes in metal bioavailability during CO2 leakages scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Bautista-Chamizo
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, UNESCO/UNITWIN Wicop, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Manoela Romanó De Orte
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Campus Baixada Santista, Universidade Federal de Sãao Paulo, Av. Alm. Sandanha da Gama, 89-Ponta da Praia, CEP 11030-400 Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tomás Ángel DelValls
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, UNESCO/UNITWIN Wicop, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Riba
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, UNESCO/UNITWIN Wicop, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Aguirre-Martínez GV, Okello C, Salamanca MJ, Garrido C, Del Valls TA, Martín-Díaz ML. Is the step-wise tiered approach for ERA of pharmaceuticals useful for the assessment of cancer therapeutic drugs present in marine environment? Environ Res 2016; 144:43-59. [PMID: 26555843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) and tamoxifen (TMX) cancer therapeutic drugs have been detected within the aquatic environment. Nevertheless, MTX and TMX research is essentially bio-medically orientated, with few studies addressing the question of its toxicity in fresh water organisms, and none to its' effect in the marine environment. To the authors' knowledge, Environmental Risk Assessments (ERA) for pharmaceuticals has mainly been designed for freshwater and terrestrial environments (European Medicines Agency-EMEA guideline, 2006). Therefore, the purpose of this research was (1) to assess effect of MTX and TMX in marine organism using the EMEA guideline, (2) to develop an ERA methodology for marine environment, and (3) to evaluate the suitability of including a biomarker approach in Phase III. To reach these aims, a risk assessment of MTX and TMX was performed following EMEA guideline, including a 2-tier approach during Phase III, applying lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) as a screening biomarker in tier-1 and a battery of biochemical biomarkers in tier-2. Results from Phase II indicated that MTX was not toxic for bacteria, microalgae and sea urchin at the concentrations tested, thus no further assessment was required, while TMX indicated a possible risk. Therefore, Phase III was performed for only TMX. Ruditapes philippinarum were exposed during 14 days to TMX (0.1, 1, 10, 50 μg L(-1)). At the end of the experiment, clams exposed to environmental concentration indicated significant changes in LMS compared to the control (p<0.01); thus a second tier was applied. A significant induction of biomarkers (activity of Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase [EROD], glutathione S-transferase [GST], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], and lipid peroxidation [LPO] levels) was observed in digestive gland tissues of clams compared with control (p<0.01). Finally, this study indicated that MTX was not toxic at an environmental concentration, whilst TMX was potentially toxic for marine biota. This study has shown the necessity to create specific guidelines in order to evaluate effects of pharmaceuticals in marine environment which includes sensitive endpoints. The inadequacy of current EMEA guideline to predict chemotherapy agents toxicity in Phase II was displayed whilst the usefulness of other tests were demonstrated. The 2-tier approach, applied in Phase III, appears to be suitable for an ERA of cancer therapeutic drugs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Aguirre-Martínez
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology Puerto Real Campus, Río San Pedro , Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain.
| | - C Okello
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; Integrated Geoscience Research Group (IGRG), Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Sciences Research (CIRSA), Ravenna Campus, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48100 Ravenna, Italy
| | - M J Salamanca
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - C Garrido
- Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology Puerto Real Campus, Río San Pedro , Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - T A Del Valls
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - M L Martín-Díaz
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology Puerto Real Campus, Río San Pedro , Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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Sachs JP, Kawka OE. The Influence of Growth Rate on 2H/1H Fractionation in Continuous Cultures of the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi and the Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141643. [PMID: 26576007 PMCID: PMC4648508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen isotope (2H/1H) ratio of lipids from phytoplankton is a powerful new tool for reconstructing hydroclimate variations in the geologic past from marine and lacustrine sediments. Water 2H/1H changes are reflected in lipid 2H/1H changes with R2 > 0.99, and salinity variations have been shown to cause about a 1‰ change in lipid δ2H values per unit (ppt) change in salinity. Less understood are the effects of growth rate, nutrient limitation and light on 2H/1H fractionation in phytoplankton. Here we present the first published study of growth rate effects on 2H/1H fractionation in the lipids of coccolithophorids grown in continuous cultures. Emiliania huxleyi was cultivated in steady state at four growth rates and the δ2H value of individual alkenones (C37:2, C37:3, C38:2, C38:3), fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0), and 24-methyl cholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol (brassicasterol) were measured. 2H/1H fractionation increased in all lipids as growth rate increased by 24‰ to 79‰ (div d-1)-1. We attribute this response to a proportional increase in the fraction of NADPH from Photosystem I (PS1) of photosynthesis relative to NADPH from the cytosolic oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway in the synthesis of lipids as growth rate increases. A 3-endmember model is presented in which lipid hydrogen comes from NADPH produced in PS1, NADPH produced by OPP, and intracellular water. With published values or best estimates of the fractionation factors for these sources (αPS1 = 0.4, αOPP = 0.75, and αH2O = 0) and half of the hydrogen in a lipid derived from water the model indicates αlipid = 0.79. This value is within the range measured for alkenones (αalkenone = 0.77 to 0.81) and fatty acids (αFA = 0.75 to 0.82) in the chemostat cultures, but is greater than the range for brassicasterol (αbrassicasterol = 0.68 to 0.72). The latter is attributed to a greater proportion of hydrogen from NADPH relative to water in isoprenoid lipids. The model successfully explains the increase in 2H/1H fractionation in the sterol 24-methyl-cholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol from marine centric diatom T. pseudonana chemostat cultures as growth rate increases. Insensitivity of αFA in those same cultures may be attributable to a larger fraction of hydrogen in fatty acids sourced from intracellular water at the expense of NADPH as growth rate increases. The high sensitivity of α to growth rate in E. huxleyi lipids and a T. pseudonana sterol implies that any change in growth rate larger than ~0.15 div d-1 can cause a change in δ2Hlipid that is larger than the analytical error of the measurement (~5‰), and needs to be considered when interpreting δ2Hlipid variations in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian P. Sachs
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Orest E. Kawka
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States of America
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Li H, Xing W, Yu H. The Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Algae Can Be Reversed in the Presence of a Primary Consumer. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2015; 95:344-349. [PMID: 26160503 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicological effects of a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons were tested on densities of two algae, Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis and Isochrysis galbana, and of a rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, by single-species and customized community experiments. Test concentrations ranged from 0 to 100 mg L(-1), while five to seven treatments were assessed in triplicate within 1 month. A significant decrease in densities during single-species toxicity tests were found when concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons were above 1.0 mg L(-1). However, equilibrium densities of algae in the customized community showed a different pattern, which increased with concentration and reached a peak at 20.0 mg L(-1). The community-based no observed effect concentration (NOEC; 1.0 mg L(-1)) was different from the NOEC derived by single-species toxic tests (0.25 mg L(-1)). This demonstrates that ecotoxicological effects on plankton as part of a community is significantly different from single-species toxicity tests owing to ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China,
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Tsuji Y, Yamazaki M, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y. Quantitative Analysis of Carbon Flow into Photosynthetic Products Functioning as Carbon Storage in the Marine Coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2015; 17:428-440. [PMID: 25874681 PMCID: PMC4486895 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The bloom-forming coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) is a dominant marine phytoplankton, cells of which are covered with calcareous plates (coccoliths). E. huxleyi produces unique lipids of C37-C40 long-chain ketones (alkenones) with two to four trans-unsaturated bonds, β-glucan (but not α-glucan) and acid polysaccharide (AP) associated with the morphogenesis of CaCO3 crystals in coccoliths. Despite such unique features, there is no detailed information on the patterns of carbon allocation into these compounds. Therefore, we performed quantitative estimation of carbon flow into various macromolecular products by conducting (14)C-radiotracer experiments using NaH(14)CO3 as a substrate. Photosynthetic (14)C incorporation into low molecular-mass compounds (LMC), extracellular AP, alkenones, and total lipids except alkenones was estimated to be 35, 13, 17, and 25 % of total (14)C fixation in logarithmic growth phase cells and 33, 19, 18, and 18 % in stationary growth phase cells, respectively. However, less than 1 % of (14)C was incorporated into β-glucan in both cells. (14)C-mannitol occupied ca. 5 % of total fixed (14)C as the most dominant LMC product. Levels of all (14)C compounds decreased in the dark. Therefore, alkenones and LMC (including mannitol), but not β-glucan, function in carbon/energy storage in E. huxleyi, irrespective of the growth phase. Compared with other algae, the low carbon flux into β-glucan is a unique feature of carbon metabolism in E. huxelyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsuji
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamazaki
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shiraiwa
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
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Gissi F, Adams MS, King CK, Jolley DF. A robust bioassay to assess the toxicity of metals to the Antarctic marine microalga Phaeocystis antarctica. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:1578-1587. [PMID: 25703718 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence of contamination in Antarctic coastal marine environments, no water-quality guidelines have been established for the region because of a paucity of biological effects data for local Antarctic species. Currently, there is limited information on the sensitivity of Antarctic microalgae to metal contamination, which is exacerbated by the lack of standard toxicity testing protocols for local marine species. In the present study, a routine and robust toxicity test protocol was developed using the Antarctic marine microalga Phaeocystis antarctica, and its sensitivity was investigated following 10-d exposures to dissolved copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, and nickel. In comparisons of 10% inhibition of population growth rate (IC10) values, P. antarctica was most sensitive to copper (3.3 μg/L), followed by cadmium (135 μg/L), lead (260 μg/L), and zinc (450 μg/L). Although an IC10 value for nickel could not be accurately estimated, the no-observed-effect concentration value for nickel was 1070 μg/L. Exposure to copper and cadmium caused changes in internal cell granularity and increased chlorophyll a fluorescence. Lead, zinc, and nickel had no effect on any of the cellular parameters measured. The present study provides valuable metal-ecotoxicity data for an Antarctic marine microalga, with P. antarctica representing one of the most sensitive microalgal species to dissolved copper ever reported when compared with temperate and tropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gissi
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Merrin S Adams
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine K King
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Aguirre-Martínez GV, Owuor MA, Garrido-Pérez C, Salamanca MJ, Del Valls TA, Martín-Díaz ML. Are standard tests sensitive enough to evaluate effects of human pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota? Facing changes in research approaches when performing risk assessment of drugs. Chemosphere 2015; 120:75-85. [PMID: 25000509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the presence of pharmaceutical products in aquatic environments is not only common, but is also of significant concern regarding the adverse effect they may produce to aquatic biota. In order to determine the adverse effects of caffeine (CAF), ibuprofen (IBU), carbamazepine (CBZ) and novobiocin (NOV), at environmental occurring concentrations, standardized endpoints applied in current guidelines were evaluated in four organisms including bioluminescence response in Vibrio fischeri, growth inhibition in Isochrysis galbana (marine water) and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (fresh water) and fertilization and embryo-larval development in Paracentrotus lividus. To reach this aim bioassays were implemented by exposing organisms to water spiked with drugs dissolved in DMSO (0.001% v/v). Risk characterization was performed, calculating the environmental impact of drugs by calculating environmental concentration and predicted no effect concentration ratio (MEC/PNEC). Results indicate that acute toxicity was found above environmental concentrations in the order of mg L(-1) for bacteria bioluminescence, microalgae growth inhibition and sea urchin fertilization. However, teratogenicity was observed on sea urchin after exposure to environmental concentrations of drugs at 0.00001 mg L(-1); at this concentration CBZ and IBU were found to reduce significantly the embryo-larval development compared to controls (p<0.01). The risk calculated for selected drugs suggested they are harmless for aquatic environment except when applying the embryo-larval development endpoint. Endpoints applied in this study showed the necessity of using more sensitive responses, when assessing risk of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments, since endpoints applied in current guidelines may not be suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Aguirre-Martínez
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M A Owuor
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Applied Limnology and Marine Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, P.O. Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya
| | - C Garrido-Pérez
- Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M J Salamanca
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - T A Del Valls
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M L Martín-Díaz
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Wang HT, Meng YY, Cao XP, Ai JN, Zhou JN, Xue S, Wang WL. Coordinated response of photosynthesis, carbon assimilation, and triacylglycerol accumulation to nitrogen starvation in the marine microalgae Isochrysis zhangjiangensis (Haptophyta). Bioresour Technol 2015; 177:282-8. [PMID: 25496949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic performance, carbon assimilation, and triacylglycerol accumulation of Isochrysis zhangjiangensis under nitrogen-deplete conditions were studied to understand the intrinsic correlations between them. The nitrogen-deplete period was divided into two stages based on the photosynthetic parameters. During the first stage, carbon assimilation was not reduced compared with that under favorable conditions. The marked increase in triacylglycerols and the variation in the fatty acid profile suggested that triacylglycerols were mainly derived from de novo synthesized acyl groups. In the second stage, the triacylglycerol content continued increasing while the carbohydrate content decreased from 44.0% to 26.3%. These results indicated that the intracellular conversion of carbohydrates to triacylglycerols occurred. Thus, we propose that sustainable carbon assimilation and incremental triacylglycerol production can be achieved by supplying appropriate amounts of nitrogen in medium to protect the photosynthetic process from severe damage using the photosynthetic parameters as indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Wang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying-Ying Meng
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xu-Peng Cao
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Ai
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jian-Nan Zhou
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Wei-liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Benazza A, Selleslagh J, Breton E, Rabhi K, Cornille V, Bacha M, Lecuyer E, Amara R. Environmental control on fish and macrocrustacean spring community-structure, on an intertidal sandy beach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117220. [PMID: 25617852 PMCID: PMC4305308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inter-annual variability of the fish and macrocrustacean spring community on an intertidal sandy beach near the Canche estuary (North of France) was studied from 2000 to 2013 based on weekly spring sampling over an 11-year period. Twenty-eight species representing 21 families were collected during the course of the study. The community was dominated by a few abundant species accounting for > 99% of the total species densities. Most individuals caught were young-of-the-year indicating the importance of this ecosystem for juvenile fishes and macrocrustaceans. Although standard qualitative community ecology metrics (species composition, richness, diversity, evenness and similarity) indicated notable stability over the study period, community structure showed a clear change since 2009. Densities of P. platessa, P. microps and A. tobianus decreased significantly since 2009, whereas over the period 2010-2013, the contribution of S. sprattus to total species density increased 4-fold. Co-inertia and generalised linear model analyses identified winter NAO index, water temperature, salinity and suspended particular matter as the major environmental factors explaining these changes. Although the recurrent and dense spring blooms of the Prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa is one of the main potential threats in shallow waters of the eastern English Channel, no negative impact of its temporal change was detected on the fish and macrocrustacean spring community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achwak Benazza
- Université du littoral, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Jonathan Selleslagh
- Université du littoral, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, Station Marine d’Arcachon, place du Docteur Peyneau, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Elsa Breton
- Université du littoral, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Khalef Rabhi
- Université du littoral, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Vincent Cornille
- Université du littoral, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Mahmoud Bacha
- Université du littoral, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | | | - Rachid Amara
- Université du littoral, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
- * E-mail:
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Mausz MA, Pohnert G. Phenotypic diversity of diploid and haploid Emiliania huxleyi cells and of cells in different growth phases revealed by comparative metabolomics. J Plant Physiol 2015; 172:137-148. [PMID: 25304662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In phytoplankton a high species diversity of microalgae co-exists at a given time. But diversity is not only reflected by the species composition. Within these species different life phases as well as different metabolic states can cause additional diversity. One important example is the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Diploid cells play an important role in marine ecosystems since they can form massively abundant algal blooms but in addition the less abundant haploid life phase of E. huxleyi occurs in lower quantities. Both life phases may fulfill different functions in the plankton. We hypothesize that in addition to the functional diversity caused by this life phase transition the growth stage of cells can also influence the metabolic composition and thus the ecological impact of E. huxleyi. Here we introduce a metabolomic survey in dependence of life phases as well as different growth phases to reveal such changes. The comparative metabolomic approach is based on the extraction of intracellular metabolites from intact microalgae, derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Automated data processing and statistical analysis using canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) revealed unique metabolic profiles for each life phase. Concerning the correlations of metabolites to growth phases, complex patterns were observed. As for example the saccharide mannitol showed its highest concentration in the exponential phase, whereas fatty acids were correlated to stationary and sterols to declining phase. These results are indicative for specific ecological roles of these stages of E. huxleyi and are discussed in the context of previous physiological and ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Mausz
- Department for Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Department for Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Huang DJ, Hou JH, Kuo TF, Lai HT. Toxicity of the veterinary sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamonomethoxine to five aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 38:874-80. [PMID: 25461547 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic toxicity of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) to aquatic organisms to evaluate its impact at different trophic levels in the ecosystem. Regarding the growth inhibition of microalgae, SMM exhibited 72-h median effective concentration (EC50) values of 5.9mgL(-1) for freshwater Chlorella vulgaris and 9.7mgL(-1) for marine Isochrysis galbana. In a study on the cladocerans, SMM exhibited acute toxicity and 48-h median lethal concentrations of 48mgL(-1) for Daphnia magna and 283mgL(-1) for D. similis. An examination of chronic toxicity revealed that SMM inhibited the brook production of the cladocerans and exhibited 21-day EC50 values of 14.9mgL(-1) for D. magna and 41.9mgL(-1) for D. similis. This study investigated the potentially adverse effects of SMM on aquatic organisms and revealed that microalgae exhibited higher sensitivity to SMM than cladocerans did. The residue of SMM in water is recommended to be carefully evaluated to reduce ecological impacts after applied to cultured animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ji Huang
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, No. 60, Sec. 1, Erren Road, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsin Hou
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Fu Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Hong-Thih Lai
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
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Ziveri P, Passaro M, Incarbona A, Milazzo M, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Hall-Spencer JM. Decline in coccolithophore diversity and impact on coccolith morphogenesis along a natural CO2 gradient. Biol Bull 2014; 226:282-290. [PMID: 25070871 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n3p282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A natural pH gradient caused by marine CO2 seeps off Vulcano Island (Italy) was used to assess the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores, which are abundant planktonic unicellular calcifiers. Such seeps are used as natural laboratories to study the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems, since they cause long-term changes in seawater carbonate chemistry and pH, exposing the organisms to elevated CO2 concentrations and therefore mimicking future scenarios. Previous work at CO2 seeps has focused exclusively on benthic organisms. Here we show progressive depletion of 27 coccolithophore species, in terms of cell concentrations and diversity, along a calcite saturation gradient from Ωcalcite 6.4 to <1. Water collected close to the main CO2 seeps had the highest concentrations of malformed Emiliania huxleyi. These observations add to a growing body of evidence that ocean acidification may benefit some algae but will likely cause marine biodiversity loss, especially by impacting calcifying species, which are affected as carbonate saturation falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ziveri
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ICTA-ICP, Edifici Z, Carrer de les columnes, E- 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Vrjie Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Marcello Passaro
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ICTA-ICP, Edifici Z, Carrer de les columnes, E- 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Incarbona
- Università di Palermo, CoNISMa, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Via Archirafi 22/28, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Università di Palermo, CoNISMa, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Via Archirafi 22/28, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa
- Plymouth University, Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, PL4 8AA Plymouth, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR 227 CoReUs2, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Plymouth University, Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, PL4 8AA Plymouth, United Kingdom
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