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Musselli C, Daverio-Zanetti S, Zanetti M. Antigenized antibodies expressing Vbeta8.2 TCR peptides immunize against rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2004; 2:9. [PMID: 15541175 PMCID: PMC539290 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Immunity against the T cell receptor (TCR) is considered to play a central role in the regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model system of autoimmune disease characterized by a restricted usage of TCR genes. Methods of specific vaccination against the TCR of pathogenetic T cells have included attenuated T cells and synthetic peptides from the sequence of the TCR. These approaches have led to the concept that anti-idiotypic immunity against antigenic sites of the TCR, which are a key regulatory element in this disease. Methods The present study in the Lewis rat used a conventional idiotypic immunization based on antigenized antibodies expressing selected peptide sequences of the Vβ8.2 TCR (93ASSDSSNTE101 and 39DMGHGLRLIHYSYDVNSTEKG59). Results The study demonstrates that vaccination with antigenized antibodies markedly attenuates, and in some instances, prevents clinical EAE induced with the encephalitogenic peptide 68GSLPQKSQRSQDENPVVHF88 in complete Freunds' adjuvant (CFA). Antigenized antibodies induced an anti-idiotypic response against the Vβ8.2 TCR, which was detected by ELISA and flowcytometry. No evidence was obtained of a T cell response against the corresponding Vβ8.2 TCR peptides. Conclusions The results indicate that antigenized antibodies expressing conformationally-constrained TCR peptides are a simple means to induce humoral anti-idiotypic immunity against the TCR and to vaccinate against EAE. The study also suggests the possibility to target idiotypic determinants of TCR borne on pathogenetic T cells to vaccinate against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Musselli
- The Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA USA
| | - Svetlana Daverio-Zanetti
- The Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA USA
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- The Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA USA
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Tuohy VK. Peptide determinants of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) in autoimmune demyelinating disease: a review. Neurochem Res 1994; 19:935-44. [PMID: 7528355 DOI: 10.1007/bf00968703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in understanding the role of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) in autoimmune demyelination. It is drawn largely from work published within the last ten years and discusses the immunology of PLP in the historical context of what has been learned from extensive studies on the immune response to myelin basic protein (MBP). Despite the fact that PLP is the major protein constituent of mammalian myelin, its role in autoimmune demyelination has not been widely recognized. The lack of understanding about the immunology of PLP is a direct result of the biochemical characteristics of the protein. PLP is a highly hydrophobic membrane protein with limited aqueous solubility. The hydrophobicity of PLP has thwarted immunologic studies of the intact protein. Recent work has circumvented the technical obstacles of studying the intact protein by using soluble synthetic PLP peptides. This approach has rapidly resulted in a more definitive understanding of the immune response to PLP. Presently, the data indicate that: i) PLP is a major central nervous system (CNS) specific encephalitogen; ii) CD4+ T cell reactivity to discrete PLP peptide determinants can mediate the development of acute, chronic relapsing, and chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); and iii) T cell reactivity to multiple PLP determinants occurs in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), the major human CNS demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Tuohy
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195
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Pender MP, Nguyen KB, Willenborg DO. Demyelination and early remyelination in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis passively transferred with myelin basic protein-sensitized lymphocytes in the Lewis rat. J Neuroimmunol 1989; 25:125-42. [PMID: 2479658 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(89)90130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histological studies were performed on Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) passively transferred by myelin basic protein (MBP)-sensitized syngeneic spleen cells in order to determine the relationship between demyelination and neurological signs. Neither inflammation nor demyelination was present on the day prior to the onset of neurological signs but both were present in the spinal roots and spinal cord on the day of onset of tail weakness (4 days after passive transfer). Demyelination and the neurological signs both increased over the next 48 h. There was evidence that the caudal roots were more severely affected than the rostral roots. The peripheral nerves were spared. Demyelination in the spinal cord was concentrated in the dorsal root entry and ventral root exit zones. The initial stages of repair of demyelinated spinal root fibres by Schwann cells were observed on the earliest day that clinical recovery commenced (day 7). At this time some demyelinated fibres were closely associated with debris-free Schwann cells, and occasional fibres were completely invested by 1-2 layers of Schwann cell cytoplasm. Remyelination (compact myelin lamellae formation) by Schwann cells was first observed in the spinal roots on day 9. By the time of complete clinical recovery (day 11) the majority of affected spinal root cores had thin new myelin sheaths. Repair of central nervous system myelin by oligodendrocytes was slower than peripheral nervous system myelin repair. Investment of demyelinated spinal cord axons by oligodendrocytes was observed on day 9, and remyelination by these cells was seen on day 10. We conclude that the neurological signs of passively induced MBP-EAE can be accounted for by demyelination of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal roots and spinal cord root entry and exit zones, and that the subsequent clinical recovery can be explained by investment and remyelination of demyelinated peripheral and central nervous system fibres by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Pender
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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Abstract
To help clarify effector mechanisms in experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE), the cytotoxic effects of myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive lymphocytes on oligodendrocytes were studied using a 51Cr release assay. MBP-reactive encephalitogenic T cell lines were cytotoxic to 51Cr-labeled oligodendrocyte target cells derived from Lewis rat fetal brain-dissociated culture, when incubated for 6 h in the presence of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and MBP (percent 51Cr release = 65 +/- 3% vs. spontaneous release = 22 +/- 3% vs. normal lymph node cells + APC and MBP = 20 +/- 3%). This reaction is time dependent, likely MHC restricted, and is not just a nonspecific toxic effect against any Lewis target cells since neither fibroblasts nor astrocytes were affected. Other (tetanus toxoid-reactive) lymphoblasts stimulated by specific antigen were not cytotoxic to the oligodendrocytes. These findings suggest that oligodendrocytes might be target cells for MBP-reactive lymphocytes in EAE if antigen presentation is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawai
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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Pender MP. The pathophysiology of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by whole spinal cord in the Lewis rat. J Neurol Sci 1988; 84:209-22. [PMID: 3259977 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(88)90126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Histological and electrophysiological studies were performed on Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by inoculation with guinea-pig spinal cord and Freund's adjuvants, in order to determine the cause of the neurological signs. These studies demonstrated demyelination-induced nerve conduction block in the large and also the smaller diameter fibres at the ventral root exit zone (VREZ) of the lumbar spinal cord. The demyelination at the VREZ affected both centrally and peripherally myelinated internodes, but predominantly the former. Studies on the H reflex recorded from a hindfoot muscle indicated normal peripheral nerve motor conduction but interruption of the monosynaptic reflex arc, as would be anticipated from this efferent conduction block and previously reported afferent conduction abnormalities. It is concluded that conduction block in alpha, beta and gamma motor fibres at the VREZ is an important cause of hindlimb weakness in whole spinal cord-induced acute EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Pender
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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6
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Abstract
Because of the reported absence of demyelination in some animals with neurological signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), it has been suggested that these signs are not due to demyelination. The present study demonstrates that there is ample demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) to account for the neurological signs in rats with myelin basic protein (MBP)-induced acute EAE as well as in rats and rabbits with whole-spinal-cord-induced acute EAE. The main reasons for failure to detect demyelination in animals with neurological signs of EAE appear to be inadequate histological techniques and incomplete examination of the nervous system, particularly the PNS and the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal segments of the spinal cord.
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Bourdette DN, Driscoll BF, Seil FJ, Kies MW, Alvord EC. Severity of demyelination in vivo correlates with serum myelination inhibition activity in guinea pigs having a new form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. NEUROCHEMICAL PATHOLOGY 1986; 4:1-9. [PMID: 2423931 DOI: 10.1007/bf02834294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pigs received a suboptimal transfer of lymphocytes sensitized to myelin basic protein (BP) and were then immunized with guinea pig BP, BP plus chicken brain or chicken myelin, or chicken brain alone. Sera from these animals were tested for the presence of myelinotoxic antibodies, as detected by the myelination inhibition assay. Myelination inhibition activity correlated with the histologic severity of demyelination.
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Strejan GH, Gilbert JJ, St Louis J. Suppression of chronic-relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in strain-13 guinea pigs by administration of liposome-associated myelin basic protein. J Neuroimmunol 1984; 7:27-41. [PMID: 6209299 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(84)80004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile strain-13 guinea pigs were challenged with isologous spinal cord in CFA. After recovery from the first EAE episode the animals were treated with guinea pig MBP inserted into liposomes, with cytochrome-c-liposomes, with MBP in saline or with MBP in IFA. Guinea pigs treated with MBP-liposomes showed a striking reduction in clinical signs and in the number and intensity of relapses. They displayed virtually no demyelinating lesions, and had comparatively little parenchymal inflammation in the spinal cord. Early T rosette levels showed an inverse correlation with the severity of histological lesions in the spinal cord but correlation with the clinical status at the time of rosette assay was less well defined.
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Bilbool N, Kaitz M, Feinsod M, Soffer D, Abramsky O. Visual evoked potentials in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci 1983; 60:105-15. [PMID: 6192217 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(83)90130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the clinical signs, brain pathology and visually evoked responses (VEP) of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Animals immunized with myelin basic protein had a milder disease, both from the clinical and histological points of views, compared to those immunized with crude white matter extract. However, VEP findings were quite similar in both groups. The VEP of the majority of animals from both groups showed changes before or at the same time that neurological signs appeared. Electrophysiological responses were usually characterized by abnormal wave shapes and prolonged latencies. Recovery of the VEP usually preceded the recovery from clinical signs. In contrast, the severity and incidence of brain tissue pathology was not correlated to either clinical signs or VEP changes. Possible explanations of the electrophysiological, clinical and histopathological changes and their time-course are discussed.
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Brinkman CJ, ter Laak HJ, Hommes OR. Influence of cerebroside and ganglioside on the encephalitogenic activity of myelin basic protein in guinea pigs. Acta Neurol Scand 1983; 67:143-50. [PMID: 6191512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 2 central nervous system glycolipids (cerebroside and ganglioside) on the encephalitogenic activity of bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) was studied in guinea pigs. Mixing each of these glycolipids with MBP and injection of these mixtures in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) abrogated the resistance to encephalomyelitis upon challenge with MBP in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Primary injection of these glycolipid-MBP mixtures in FCA diminished the clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) as compared to primary injection of MBP in FCA. Considering the amount of ganglioside needed to optimally induce these effects, this phenomenon seemed to be aspecific. However, with cerebroside, only minor quantities were sufficient, suggesting specific interaction with the basic protein. In several aspects, close correlation was found between cellular immune activity to MBP as measured by skin reactivity and the development of EAE.
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Cambi F, Lees MB, Williams RM, Macklin WB. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis produced by bovine proteolipid apoprotein: immunological studies in rabbits. Ann Neurol 1983; 13:303-8. [PMID: 6189448 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410130313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been produced in rabbits sensitized with bovine white matter proteolipid apoprotein. Eleven of 12 animals developed clinical disease one to six months after immunization with a single dose of the apoprotein. The clinical course was characterized by posterior ataxia, flaccid paralysis progressing to spastic paralysis, and incontinence. Spontaneous relapses and remissions were observed in 3 rabbits. Histologically, acute and chronic encephalomyelitis accompanied by primary demyelination were observed. Serum antibody production, assayed by both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an electroblot procedure, did not correlate with either the clinical course or the histopathological findings. Delayed hypersensitivity to proteolipid apoprotein was observed in all rabbits prior to the onset of clinical signs. The data suggest that lymphocytes specifically sensitized to the proteolipid may be involved in the pathogenesis of the demyelination in chronic EAE.
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12
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Brown JH, Paraskevas F. Cancer and depression: cancer presenting with depressive illness: an autoimmune disease? Br J Psychiatry 1982; 141:227-32. [PMID: 6182940 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.141.3.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed that some cases of depressive illness in cancer patients may be caused by immunological interference with the activity of serotinin, one of the neurotransmitters thought to be implicated in depression. This interference could be mediated in two ways. Antibody induced against a protein released from cancer cells could, on the basis of cross-reactivity with CNS tissue, bind to receptors for serotonin and block them. Such primary antibodies could stimulate the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies, which would act as an alternative receptor for serotonin and reduce its synaptic availability.
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13
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Maggio B, Cumar FA, Caputto R. Molecular behaviour of glycosphingolipids in interfaces. Possible participation in some properties of nerve membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 650:69-87. [PMID: 7037053 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(81)90001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Lebar R, Vincent C. Tentative identification of a second central nervous system myelin membrane autoantigen (M2) by a biochemical comparison with the basic protein (BP). J Neuroimmunol 1981; 1:367-89. [PMID: 6179966 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(81)90018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two central nervous system myelin autoantigens, M2 and basic protein (BP), were examined, using complement-fixing antibodies against each autoantigen as markers on myelin. M2 activity was very labile and very insoluble, PB activity was very resistant. Trypsin reduced both activities an this reduction was greater after phospholipase treatment. Both activities were slightly solubilized in 8 M urea. It is known that BP is not present on the surface of myelin and is considered a peripheral membrane protein. M2 appears to be a surface and integral membrane protein, and as such resembles Folch Pi proteolipid protein. The relationship between M2 and BP requires further study.
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Ovadia H, Paterson PY. Cellular transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: effects of different sensitization regimens on in vitro reactivity of donor spleen cells to concanavalin A. Cell Immunol 1981; 65:66-74. [PMID: 6172201 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Panitch H, Ciccone C. Induction of recurrent experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with myelin basic protein. Ann Neurol 1981; 9:433-8. [PMID: 6168235 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410090504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in Lewis rats by inoculation of human myelin basic protein (MBP) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The animals developed clinical disease characterized by unsteadiness, ataxic gait, and abnormal posturing of the limbs. Spontaneous remissions and relapses were noted for periods up to 120 days. Histologically there were perivascular infiltrates of mononuclear cells, especially prominent in the cerebellar white matter. There was little evidence of demyelination. This study demonstrates that relapsing EAE may be induced with MBP in the rat. Sensitization with other myelin antigens is not required, although immunity to such antigens may be necessary to induce demyelination. It is postulated that relapsing EAE may be associated with a defect in suppressor cell function.
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Weigle WO. Analysis of autoimmunity through experimental models of thyroiditis and allergic encephalomyelitis. Adv Immunol 1980; 30:159-273. [PMID: 6160739 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Poduslo JF, McFarlin DE. Immunogenicity of a membrane surface glycoprotein associated with central nervous system myelin. Brain Res 1978; 159:234-8. [PMID: 728798 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lindh J. A quantitative study of encephalitogenic protein and peptides in guinea pigs. EXPERIMENTELLE PATHOLOGIE 1977; 13:280-7. [PMID: 71246 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4908(77)80014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The encephalitogenic activity of bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) at at doses from 1 to 33.5 microgram was studied in guinea-pigs. Anencephalitogenicity can be demonstrated at a dose of 1 microgram of EP when given with Freund's complete adjuvant. An increase in the dose of EP results in an increase in encephalitogenicity. Data from a previous paper (Lindh and Bergstrand 1975) supplemented with new data on the encephalitogenic capacity of peptide 89--169 were compared concerning the incidence and strength of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to determine the relative contribution of the various parts of EP to the encephalitogenic properties of the total molecule. Peptide 89--169 shows the same degree of encephalitogenicity as EP, but when the tryptophan residue is blocked (HNB-89-169) the encephalitogenicity is reduced to approx. 15% of the initial amount. Peptide 43--115, tyr (modified at the tyrosine residue 67) appears to have an encephalitogenicity of rather less than 10% of the intact EP molecule, whereas peptide 1--42, if active at all, has an encephalitogenicity of approx. 1% of the total EP molecule. The findings are discussed in the light of a possible cross-reactivity between different determinants of EP.
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Hoffman PM, Spitler LE, Hsu M. Leukocyte-migration inhibition in guinea pigs. I. Correlation with skin test reactivity and macrophage-migration inhibition. Cell Immunol 1976; 21:358-63. [PMID: 57005 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Brostoff SW, Powers JM. Allergic encephalomyelitis: modification of the response by synthetic membrane structures containing bovine myelin basic protein and cerebroside. Brain Res 1975; 93:175-81. [PMID: 49214 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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