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Longhi MS, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis: an updated overview. J Autoimmun 2021; 119:102619. [PMID: 33652348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are key players in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by preventing immune responses to self-antigens. Defects in Treg frequency and/or function result in overwhelming CD4 and CD8 T cell immune responses participating in the autoimmune attack. Perpetuation of autoimmune damage is also favored by Treg predisposition to acquire effector cell features upon exposure to a proinflammatory challenge. Treg impairment plays a permissive role in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune liver diseases, namely autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In this Review, we outline studies reporting the role of Treg impairment in the pathogenesis of these conditions and discuss methods to restore Treg number and function either by generation/expansion in the test tube or through in vivo expansion upon administration of low dose IL-2. Challenges and caveats of these potential therapeutic strategies are also reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Liver Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Diego Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Liver Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Defective antigen presentation by monocytes in ESRD patients not responding to hepatitis B vaccination: impaired HBsAg internalization and expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR/Ia molecules. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 4:49-54. [PMID: 18475616 PMCID: PMC2365607 DOI: 10.1155/s0962935195000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the monocyte function of uraemic non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination. Therefore, some parameters concerning antigen processing by monocytes (Mo) as antigen presenting cells (APC) were analysed. It was found that in uraemic non-responders, (1) the internalization of HBsAg by monocytes was significantly decreasjed-HBsAg complexed with specific IgG or as immune complex isolated from patients is better internalized compared with free HBsAg; (2) during antigen presentation the expression of adhesion (ICAM-1) and accessory (HLA-DR/Ia) molecules was significantly decreased in uraemic patients, especially in non-responders; and (3) impaired internalization of HBsAg as well as a decrease in ICAM-1 and HLA-DR/Ia expression, correlated well with the blunted proliferation of CD4(+) T cells stimulated by autologous monocytes induced by HBsAg.
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Abstract
Peripheral blood T lymphocytes are a pool of cells with extremely different characteristics and, therefore, it may be difficult to obtain clear-cut results and to attribute a certain function to a defined T cell population in several experimental settings. The availability of a population of human T lymphocytes deriving from the same progenitor with a unique phenotype and function (clone) may therefore be of help.This chapter describes the basic procedures that can be used to design a T cell cloning experiment. A prototypic limiting dilution cloning procedure to obtain and maintain in culture peptide-specific CD4 positive T cell clones from peripheral blood is detailed. Methods to generate other types of T cell clones are described in Section 3.5. Since peripheral blood is not always the ideal source of lymphocytes to isolate T cell clones, in Section 3.5 the isolation of cells from biopsies or other tissues is briefly described.Finally, in the notes, some expedients and wariness that can be useful to improve the efficiency of T cell cloning are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Yamauchi K, Yamaguchi N, Furukawa T, Takatsu K, Nakanishi T, Sasaki M, Isono E, Tokushige K, Komatsu T, Shiratori K. A novel IgM class autoantibody to a hepatocyte-related 190 kDa molecule in patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2004; 40:687-92. [PMID: 15349908 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that autoantibodies to hepatocytes are frequently found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). To elucidate the nature of these hepatocyte-specific autoantibodies, we attempted to generate a hepatocyte-specific monoclonal antibody (MoAb) from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from a patient with AIH. We established a single clone, 2E3, that continued to produce an immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody (lambda-type). This MoAb had the following properties: it reacted mainly with hepatocyte-derived cell lines, rather than with other cell lines, and it reacted with liver tissue but not with other tissues. By immunoblot analysis, we found that this MoAb recognized a 190 kDa molecule on hepatocytes. The MoAb was able to kill hepatocyte-derived cell lines in the presence of fresh human serum. This cytotoxic effect was completely abrogated by heat inactivation of human serum prior to its addition to cell lines. In addition, an IgM autoantibody that recognized a 190 kDa molecule was also found in patients with AIH but not in those with chronic hepatitis C; its titer correlated significantly with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in patients with AIH. In conclusion, we generated a human MoAb that recognizes a 190 kDa molecule on hepatocytes. Because of its ability to mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity and the presence of similar IgM autoantibody in patients with AIH, we hypothesize this autoantibody may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Yamauchi
- Division of Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Nagayama K, Enomoto N, Miyasaka Y, Kurosaki M, Chen CH, Sakamoto N, Nakagawa M, Sato C, Tazawa J, Ikeda T, Izumi N, Watanabe M. Overexpression of interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 in the liver of patients with type I autoimmune hepatitis identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:2211-7. [PMID: 11467655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify gene expression profiles in the liver may elucidate the pathogenesis of type I autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), we identified genes overexpressed in the liver of AIH. METHODS A small liver biopsy sample from a patient with definite AIH was available to be analyzed in our system. By mixing cDNA synthesized from this sample as a 'tester' and cDNA from a normal liver as a 'driver,' we subtracted cDNA to enrich genes overexpressed in AIH. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and subcloning, we identified subtracted genes by sequencing 50 randomly selected clones. RESULTS Only one cDNA fragment, which is identical to interferon inducible protein 10 (IP-10), was overexpressed by > 10 times in the liver of AIH, as compared with control. We confirmed IP-10 overexpression in all eight patients with AIH by reverse transcription PCR. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated increased IP-10 expression in hepatocytes in the liver of AIH. Reverse transcription PCR analysis of 63 liver biopsy samples with various liver diseases revealed that IP-10 expression was significantly higher in AIH (p = 0.025) and chronic hepatitis C (p = 0.0043) than in other liver diseases. Interestingly, the amount of IP-10 mRNA expression was correlated with serum ALT values in AIH (p = 0.0006), but not in chronic hepatitis C (p = 0.43). CONCLUSION These results indicate the IP-10 expression in the liver might be used as a preferential marker of AIH, and that IP-10 has some pathophysiological roles in the liver damage of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Kammer AR, van der Burg SH, Grabscheid B, Hunziker IP, Kwappenberg KM, Reichen J, Melief CJ, Cerny A. Molecular mimicry of human cytochrome P450 by hepatitis C virus at the level of cytotoxic T cell recognition. J Exp Med 1999; 190:169-76. [PMID: 10432280 PMCID: PMC2195568 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) type 2, which is defined by the presence of type I antiliver kidney microsome autoantibodies directed mainly against cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 and by autoreactive liver infiltrating T cells. Virus-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that recognize infected cells and contribute to viral clearance and tissue injury during HCV infection could be involved in the induction of AIH. To explore whether the antiviral cellular immunity may turn against self-antigens, we characterized the primary CTL response against an HLA-A*0201-restricted HCV-derived epitope, i.e., HCV core 178-187, which shows sequence homology with human CYP2A6 and CYP2A7 8-17. To determine the relevance of these homologies for the pathogenesis of HCV-associated AIH, we used synthetic peptides to induce primary CTL responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy blood donors and patients with chronic HCV infection. We found that the naive CTL repertoire of both groups contains cross-reactive CTLs inducible by the HCV peptide recognizing both CYP2A6 and CYP2A7 peptides as well as endogenously processed CYP2A6 protein. Importantly, we failed to induce CTLs with the CYP-derived peptides that showed a lower capacity to form stable complexes with the HLA-A2 molecule. These findings demonstrate the potential of HCV to induce autoreactive CD8(+) CTLs by molecular mimicry, possibly contributing to virus-associated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R. Kammer
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sjoerd H. van der Burg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Grabscheid
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle P. Hunziker
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kitty M.C. Kwappenberg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jürg Reichen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelis J.M. Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Cerny
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Doolan DL, Hoffman SL. IL-12 and NK Cells Are Required for Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity Against Malaria Initiated by CD8+ T Cells in the Plasmodium yoelii Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have been implicated as critical effector cells in protection against preerythrocytic stage malaria, including the potent protective immunity of mice and humans induced by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium spp. sporozoites. This immunity is directed against the Plasmodium spp. parasite developing within the host hepatocyte and for a number of years has been presumed to be mediated directly by CD8+ CTL or indirectly by IFN-γ released from CD8+ T cells. In this paper, in BALB/c mice, we establish that after immunization with irradiated sporozoites or DNA vaccines parasite-specific CD8+ T cells trigger a novel mechanism of adaptive immunity that is dependent on T cell- and non-T cell-derived cytokines, in particular IFN-γ and IL-12, and requires NK cells but not CD4+ T cells. The absolute requirement for CD8+ T cells to initiate such an effector mechanism, and the requirement for IL-12 and NK cells in such vaccine-induced protective immunity, are unique and underscore the complexity of the immune responses that protect against malaria and other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L. Doolan
- †Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office of the World Health Organization, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Stephen L. Hoffman
- *Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20889; and
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8
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Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an idiopathic disorder affecting the hepatic parenchyma. There are no morphological features that are pathognomonic of the condition but the characteristic histological picture is that of an interface hepatitis without other changes that are more typical of other liver diseases. It is associated with hypergammaglobulinaemia, high titres of a wide range of circulating auto-antibodies, often a family history of other disorders that are thought to have an autoimmune basis, and a striking response to immunosuppressive therapy. The pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet fully understood but there is now considerable circumstantial evidence suggesting that: (a) there is an underlying genetic predisposition to the disease; (b) this may relate to several defects in immunological control of autoreactivity, with consequent loss of self-tolerance to liver auto-antigens; (c) it is likely that an initiating factor, such as a hepatotropic viral infection or an idiosyncratic reaction to a drug or other hepatotoxin, is required to induce the disease in susceptible individuals; and, (d) the final effector mechanism of tissue damage probably involves auto-antibodies reacting with liver-specific antigens expressed on hepatocyte surfaces, rather than direct T-cell cytotoxicity against hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G McFarlane
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Dienes HP. Autoimmune hepatitis. Definition--classification--histopathology--immunopathogenesis. Virchows Arch 1996; 429:1-12. [PMID: 8865847 DOI: 10.1007/bf00196814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a distinct form of acute and chronic inflammatory liver disease in which immune reactions against host antigens are found to be the major pathological mechanism. If left untreated it carries an unfavourable prognosis, and the diagnosis should be made as soon as possible. The diagnostic approach has been greatly facilitated by the establishment of a panel of marker autoantibodies, which do not define distinct therapeutic groups of AIH, but do allow a subgrouping based on differences in patient populations, some clinical features and prognosis. The characterization of organ-specific components of the liver cell surface as targets of cellular and humoral autoimmune reactions give new insights into the pathogenesis of the disease, even though the primary event triggering the disease remains to be defined. The most important disease-promoting factor seems to be a genetically determined background for autoimmunity. Without this different environmental factors, including viruses, toxins, cytokines and drugs, are only able to induce transient autoimmune phenomena and not autoimmune disease. The histopathology of AIH is in keeping with the present pathogenetic concept. Although there is no pathognomonic feature distinguishing this type of hepatitis from virus-induced forms, some distinct morphological lesions are regarded as characteristic. Clinical research on AIH has benefited greatly from observations of experimental AIH in mice. Recognition of the critical role of autoreactive T-lymphocytes in the pathogenesis and the observation of spontaneous recovery from AIH in the animal model associated with antigen-specific and antigen-non-specific T-cell suppression have made basic contributions to our improved understanding of the natural course of AIH in humans.
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10
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Ballieux BE, van der Burg SH, Hagen EC, van der Woude FJ, Melief CJ, Daha MR. Cell-mediated autoimmunity in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 100:186-93. [PMID: 7743653 PMCID: PMC1534319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well described infiltration of cells of the cellular immune system in vasculitic lesions and the granuloma formation in patients with WG, the role of T cell-mediated autoimmunity in WG is not clear. Reports of T cell proliferation in response to neutrophil azurophilic granule proteins are contradictory. In this study we have assessed the proliferation of T cells of WG patients to purified proteinase 3 (PR3) and to total azurophilic granule proteins in two different assays. In addition to the classical proliferation assay with isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we have used a whole blood proliferation assay. In both assays we found proliferative responses to PR3 in patients with WG. The number of patients reacting to the azurophilic granule extract was higher than the patients reacting to the purified PR3, suggesting that other autoantigens may also be involved. We have identified epitopes of PR3 that may be potential targets of class I-restricted T cell responses in the context of HLA-A*0201, the most common MHC class I molecule. These epitopes were determined by the binding of synthetic PR3 peptides to HLA-A*0201 on the antigen-processing defective cell line, T2. In addition, T cell lines were established from tissue biopsies, obtained from WG patients, and assessed for cytolytic reactivity against T2 cells, preloaded with synthetic PR3 peptides. We conclude that T lymphocytes of WG patients have increased proliferative responses to purified PR3 and to a larger extent to non-fractionated proteins of azurophilic granules of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes (PMN).
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Ballieux
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Jiang X, Gregory SH, Wing EJ. Hepatocytes can serve as accessory cells in the response of immune T lymphocytes to heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 1995; 63:926-33. [PMID: 7868265 PMCID: PMC173091 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.3.926-933.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous findings in our laboratory indicated that the bulk of Listeria monocytogenes injected intravenously into mice and recovered in the liver is taken up and replicates within hepatocytes. Other investigators have shown that hepatocytes can display costimulatory adhesion molecules, express major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules, and secrete a number of cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and IL-8. These data suggest that hepatocytes may serve as accessory cells in the immune response to L. monocytogenes. The accessory function and capacity of hepatocytes to present listerial antigens, however, have never been explored. We undertook a series of experiments to examine the response of Listeria-immune T lymphocytes to murine hepatocytes preincubated with heat-killed listeriae (HKL). Electron micrographs showing the organism within membrane-limiting vacuoles demonstrated the capacity of hepatocytes to internalize HKL. T cells cocultured with hepatocytes pulsed with HKL exhibited a 5- to 10-fold increase in [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation relative to T cells cultured with either hepatocytes or HKL alone. Similarly, gamma interferon production by immune T cells was elevated significantly in cultures that contained both hepatocytes and HKL. The optimal response of T cells required lysosomal processing of HKL by hepatocytes and contact between the two cell populations. Furthermore, maximum T-cell proliferation and gamma interferon production were dependent upon the presence of CD4+ T lymphocytes and the expression of Ia antigens. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that hepatocytes pulsed with HKL can stimulate the antigen-specific response of immune T lymphocytes. These results suggest that hepatocytes can serve as accessory cells in host defenses to listerial infections of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Montefiore University Hospital, Pennsylvania 15213-2582
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12
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Alderuccio F, Toh BH, Gleeson PA, van Driel IR. A novel method for isolating mononuclear cells from the stomachs of mice with experimental autoimmune gastritis. Autoimmunity 1995; 21:215-21. [PMID: 8822279 DOI: 10.3109/08916939509008018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis induced in BALB/c mice by neonatal thymectomy is a CD4+ T cell-mediated disease. The disease is characterised by mononuclear cell infiltrates in the gastric mucosa, loss of gastric parietal and chief cells and autoantibodies to the gastric H/K ATPase. Here we describe a simple non-enzymatic method for isolating cellular infiltrates from stomachs of gastric mice by injection of medium directly into stomach walls, causing swelling and rupture. Using this method, large numbers of viable lymphocytes were released from stomachs for analysis by flow cytometry. An 8.3 fold increase in the total number of lymphocytes from diseased stomachs compared to normal controls was observed. Total cell numbers of CD4+ and B cells were increased 4.8 fold and 39.5 fold respectively, in diseased stomachs compared with controls. No change was observed in the CD8+ T cell population. This method will allow detailed quantitative analysis of cellular infiltrates during the development of the gastric lesion and enrichment of pathogenic T cells for analysis and cloning. This procedure may have general application for the isolation of cellular infiltrates from lesion sites of other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alderuccio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Abstract
The genetic background of autoimmune diseases becomes more and more evident. Immunogenetics comprises the analysis of genes and their products located at the region 6p21 on the short arm of chromosome 6, which is also known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I and II genes are highly polymorphic. The complement genes C2, C4A, C4B, and BF, which are also polymorphic, became known as MHC class III genes. In autoimmune hepatitis type 1, there is a dual association for white persons with either HLA-A1-B8-DR3 or HLA-DR4. In patients from Japan, autoimmune hepatitis type 1 is predominantly associated with HLA-DR4. This dual association is confirmed at the DNA level. Whereas only limited data are available for autoimmune hepatitis type 2, the association of primary biliary cirrhosis with HLA-DR8 is based on several studies. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with HLA-B8-DR3 and -DR52a. This association was confirmed at the DNA level because of a significant increase of the DRB3*0101 allele. For DRB3*0101-negative individuals, a second association with DRB5*0101 (= DR2) was described. Further analysis of the hypervariable region of the HLA class II molecule indicates that lysine at position 71 is crucial for autoimmune hepatitis type 1 in white persons, whereas position 13 is important for people from Japan. In contrast, leucine at position 35 is important for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, whereas leucine at position 38 is an important risk factor for primary sclerosing cholangitis. The MHC class III allele C4A-QO is significantly increased in autoimmune hepatitis type 1 and 2 and in primary biliary cirrhosis. Advances in immunogenetics will certainly increase our knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of immune-mediated liver diseases, which hopefully will lead to more specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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14
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Barnaba V, Paroli M, Franco A. The role of T helper lymphocyte subsets in antiviral immunity. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1993; 144:259-61. [PMID: 8210706 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(06)80037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Barnaba
- Fondazione Andrea Cesalpino, Istituto di l Clinica Medica, Universita La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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15
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Benvenuto R, Paroli M, Buttinelli C, Franco A, Barnaba V, Fieschi C, Balsano F. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma synthesis by cerebrospinal fluid-derived T cell clones in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 650:341-6. [PMID: 1605492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb49149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cell clones derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were analysed for their capacity to produce interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). They were also compared with liver-infiltrating T cell clones from patients with chronic active hepatitis. All the CSF T clones (both CD4+ and CD8+) produced large amounts of IFN-gamma and particularly of TNF-alpha, that was synthesized in a significantly larger amount than compared clones. Moreover, they were capable of secreting IL-2, but not IL-4. From our results, we conclude that first, the CSF CD4+ T clones could constitute a subset with functional properties similar to the T helper 1 (Th1)/inflammatory cell subset of the mouse; and second, the large amounts of TNF produced by CSF T cell clones strongly suggests a significant role for this cytokine as well as of IFN-gamma in MS immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benvenuto
- Fondazione Andrea Cesalpino, I Clinica Medica, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- V Barnaba
- Fondazione Andrea Cesalpino, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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17
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Rénia L, Marussig MS, Grillot D, Pied S, Corradin G, Miltgen F, Del Giudice G, Mazier D. In vitro activity of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from mice immunized with a synthetic malaria peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:7963-7. [PMID: 1680235 PMCID: PMC52425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.18.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, a T-helper epitope was mapped within the circumsporozoite protein of the murine malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii. A 21-mer synthetic peptide corresponding to this epitope (amino acid positions 59-79; referred to as Py1) induced a specific T-cell proliferation in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and provided help for the production of antibodies to peptides from the repetitive region, (Gln-Gly-Pro-Gly-Ala-Pro)n, of the P. yoelii circumsporozoite protein when mice were immunized with the Py1 peptide conjugated to the repetitive peptide. Experiments were then designed to study the in vitro antiparasite efficacy of T cells elicited in vivo by peptide immunization. T-cell activity was evaluated on cultured hepatic stages of P. yoelii. Peptide immunizations led to the preferential activation of CD8+ T cells in BALB/c mice and of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 mice. Parasite elimination was mediated directly by these cells and did not seem to be dependent on lymphokine secretion. These data suggest that peptide-primed CD4+ T cells as well as CD8+ T cells could be cytolytic for the hepatic phase of malaria parasites. The fact that the same peptide could activate different lymphocyte populations, depending on the strain of mouse, highlights the importance of a better understanding of the fine mechanisms behind the immune responses to synthetic peptides being tested for malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rénia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Département de Parasitologie, Paris, France
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18
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Mackay IR. Autoimmune hepatitis: the realities and the uncertainties. GASTROENTEROLOGIA JAPONICA 1991; 26:102-8. [PMID: 1826101 DOI: 10.1007/bf02779520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I R Mackay
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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