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New Psychoactive Substances: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Metabolism, and Detectability of Amphetamine Derivatives With Modified Ring Systems. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 38:4-11. [PMID: 26327309 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, new amphetamine derivatives with modified ring systems were sold and consumed as new drugs of abuse. They belong together with other new drugs of abuse classes to the so-called new psychoactive substances (NPS). The chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and toxicokinetics are shortly discussed of camfetamine, 3 methylphenyl-amphetamines (2-MA, 3-MA, and 4-MA), 2-methiopropamine (2-MPA), and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB), 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB, so-called "benzofury") and their N-methyl derivatives 5-MAPB and 6-MAPB. Only a rough assessment of the pharmacology and toxicology NPS can be performed in most cases using published data of analogs, trip reports, and described clinical cases. Accordingly, they all act more or less as central nervous stimulants mainly by increasing the concentration of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin (5-HT) by inducing their release and reuptake inhibition. Thus, the acute toxicity is associated with the sympathomimetic effects, such as mydriasis, hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, insomnia, and anxiety. With the exception of 5- and 6-APB, these NPS were extensively metabolized by N-demethylation and/or aromatic hydroxylation catalyzed by various cytochrome P450 isoenzymes followed by partial glucuronidation and/or sulfation. For urinalysis, the unchanged drugs and/or the nor-metabolites are the main targets.
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Stockdale TP, Williams CM. Pharmaceuticals that contain polycyclic hydrocarbon scaffolds. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7737-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively explores approved pharmaceutical compounds that contain polycyclic scaffolds and the properties that these skeletons convey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan P. Stockdale
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
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New drugs on the Internet: the case of Camfetamine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:419026. [PMID: 25136586 PMCID: PMC4124220 DOI: 10.1155/2014/419026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) advertised for sale online is constantly increasing and it has become a phenomenon of global concern. Among NPS, Camfetamine has been rediscovered as recreational drug in 2011. Very little information is still available in the scientific literature on its nature and potential health risks.
Methods. Data in scientific literature were integrated with a multilingual qualitative assessment of a range of online resources over the period of 32 months (May 2011–January 2014).
Results. N-Methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine (Camfetamine) may act as an indirect dopaminergic agonist in the central nervous system and may have mild-moderate opioid activity too. There are no current epidemiological data about recreational use of Camfetamine; our research shows that it is indeed used especially by individuals with a history of recreational polydrug misuse. It facilitates mental alertness, induces relaxation, and, unlike many other stimulants, seems not to be associated with severe physical effects. Valid causes for concern issued in our research may be Camfetamine intravenous or intramuscular administration as well as its use in conjunction with other psychoactive substances. Conclusions. It is here highlighted that more large-scale studies need to be carried out to confirm and better describe both the extent of Camfetamine misuse and possible psychotropic/adverse effects.
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Welter J, Kavanagh P, Maurer HH. GC-MS and LC-(high-resolution)-MS(n) studies on the metabolic fate and detectability of camfetamine in rat urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3815-29. [PMID: 24828975 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Camfetamine (N-methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine; CFA) belongs as amphetamine-type stimulant to the so-called new psychoactive substances. CFA is an analogue of fencamfamine, an appetite suppressant developed in the 1960s. The described effects of CFA are slight stimulation and increased vigilance and the side effects are tachycardia, paranoia, and sleeplessness. The aims of the presented work were to study the metabolic fate and the detectability of CFA in urine and to elucidate which cytochrome-P450 (CYP) isoenzymes are involved in the main metabolic steps. For metabolism studies, rat urine samples were isolated by solid-phase extraction without and after enzymatic cleavage of conjugates. The phase I metabolites were separated and identified after/without acetylation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or liquid chromatography-high resolution-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS(n)), respectively, and the phase II metabolites by LC-HR-MS(n). From the identified metabolites, the following main metabolic pathways were deduced: N-demethylation, aromatic mono or bis-hydroxylation followed by methylation of one hydroxy group, hydroxylation of the norbornane ring, combination of these steps, and glucuronidation and/or sulfation of the hydroxy metabolites. The N-demethylation was catalyzed by CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, the aromatic hydroxylation by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, and the aliphatic hydroxylation was catalyzed by CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Finally, the intake of a common user's dose of CFA could be confirmed in rat urine using the authors' GC-MS and the LC-MS(n) standard urine screening approaches via CFA and several metabolites, with the hydroxy-aryl CFA and the corresponding glucuronide being the most abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Welter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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Effect of dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonists on fencamfamine-induced abolition of latent inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 698:246-51. [PMID: 23123352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to verify the role of dopamine and serotonin receptors in the effect of fencamfamine (FCF) on latent inhibition. FCF is a psychomotor stimulant with an indirect dopaminergic action. Latent inhibition is a model of attention. Latent inhibition is blocked by dopaminergic agents and facilitated by dopamine receptor agonists. FCF has been shown to abolish latent inhibition. The serotonergic system may also participate in the neurochemical mediation of latent inhibition. The selective dopamine D(1) receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol), D(2) receptor antagonists pimozide (PIM) and methoclopramide (METH), and serotonin 5-HT(2A/C) receptor antagonist ritanserin (RIT) were used in the present study. Latent inhibition was evaluated using a conditioned emotional response procedure. Male Wistar rats that were water-restricted were subjected to a three-phase procedure: preexposure to a tone, tone-shock conditioning, and a test of the effect of the tone on licking frequency. All of the drugs were administered before the preexposure and conditioning phases. The results showed that FCF abolished latent inhibition, and this effect was clearly antagonized by PIM and METH and moderately attenuated by SCH 23390. At the doses used in the present study, RIT pretreatment did not affect latent inhibition and did not eliminate the effect of FCF, suggesting that the FCF-induced abolition of latent inhibition is not mediated by serotonin 5-HT(2A/C) receptors. These results suggest that the effect of FCF on latent inhibition is predominantly related to dopamine D(2) receptors and that dopamine D(2) receptors participate in attention processes.
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Novakov IA, Orlinson BS, Brunilin RV, Navrotskii MB, Eremiichuk AS, Dumler SA, Gordeeva EA. An improved synthesis of N-(3-phenylbicyclo[2.2.1]-yl)-N-ethylamine hydrochloride (Fencamfamine). Pharm Chem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-011-0646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Munhoz CD, Glezer I, Kawamoto EM, Araújo APN, Lepscha LB, Planeta CS, DeLucia R, Scavone C. Changes in sodium, potassium-ATPase induced by repeated fencamfamine: the roles of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway. Neuropharmacology 2004; 45:1151-9. [PMID: 14614957 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(03)00278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fencamfamine (FCF) is an indirect dopamine agent with effects similar to amphetamine and cocaine. In the present study, we investigate changes in Na,K-ATPase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and cyclic GMP levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum (ST) of animals acutely or repeatedly treated with FCF (3.5 mg/kg). Na,K-ATPase had a similar activity in control and repeatedly treated animals, but was reduced in the NAc of the acute group. This enzyme was reduced in the ST in acute and repeatedly treated animals, compared to the control group. Expression of the alpha(1,2,3)-Na,K-ATPase isoforms in the NAc and the ST was not altered in all groups studied. Acute FCF induced a significant increase in PKA activity in both the ST and the NAc. Repeatedly treated animals showed a higher increase in PKA activity in the NAc, but not in the ST, when compared to the acute group. There was also an increase in both NOS activity and cyclic GMP levels only in the NAc of FCF repeatedly treated animals compared to the acute and control groups. We suggest that chronic FCF treatment is linked to a modification in Na,K-ATPase activity through the PKA and NO-cyclic GMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
The effects of fencamfamine (FCF), an indirect dopamine (DA) agent, were investigated using the latent inhibition (LI) model of schizophrenia. In the LI procedure, rats preexposed (PE) to an unreinforced stimulus show difficulty in subsequent learning of an association in which that stimulus is predictive of an unconditioned stimulus (US). FCF (1.75, 3.5 and 7.0 mg/kg i.p.) yielded an inverse dose-response relationship regarding LI. At 3.5 mg/kg, LI was abolished and no effect was observed at 1.75 and 7.0 mg/kg. The effect of FCF (3.5 mg/kg) on LI was blocked by the antipsychotic risperidone (RIS; 4.0 mg/kg), a D2/5HT2 antagonist. These results confirm the similarity of the behavioral profile of FCF and amphetamine (AMPH). In addition, they provide a further validation of the LI model for psychosis, since RIS was shown to prevent a psychostimulant-induced disruption of LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilene R R Alves
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes 1721, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Manzanedo C, Aguilar MA, Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J. Effects of dopamine antagonists with different receptor blockade profiles on morphine-induced place preference in male mice. Behav Brain Res 2001; 121:189-97. [PMID: 11275296 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dopamine (DA) antagonists with different selectivity for the DA receptors (SCH 23390, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 mg/kg; haloperidol, 0.2, 0.1 mg/kg; raclopride, 1.2, 0.6, 0.3 mg/kg; risperidone, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 mg/kg; U-99194A maleate, 40, 20 mg/kg; clozapine, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 mg/kg) on the acquisition of place conditioning and morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) were explored in male mice. Morphine (40 mg/kg) produced CPP while SCH 23390, haloperidol and clozapine (highest dose) and risperidone (lowest dose) produced conditioned place aversion (CPA). Raclopride and U-99194A maleate did not produce CPP or CPA. Morphine-induced CPP was reversed by the administration of SCH 23390 and risperidone (all doses), haloperidol (highest dose) and raclopride and clozapine (intermediate and lowest doses). U-99194A maleate did not reverse morphine-induced CPP. These results suggest that the conditioned rewarding effects of morphine are mediated by the different subtypes of DA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Manzanedo
- Area de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Aptdo. 22109,. 46071 Valencia, Spain
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Lett BT, Grant VL, Koh MT. Naloxone attenuates the conditioned place preference induced by wheel running in rats. Physiol Behav 2001; 72:355-8. [PMID: 11274677 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pairings, during which an episode of wheel running is followed by confinement in a distinctive place, produce conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. This finding indicates that wheel running has a rewarding effect that outlasts the activity itself. In two similar experiments, we tested the hypothesis that this rewarding effect of wheel running is mediated by endogenous opioids. During a paired trial, the rats in the naloxone group were first allowed to wheel run for 2 h, then injected with naloxone (0.5 or 0.1 mg/kg in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively), and 10 min later placed in a distinctive chamber. During an unpaired trial, these rats were confined in an adjoining chamber without wheel running. Naloxone was injected before placement in both chambers, so that if naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion occurred, it would have counteracting effects on performance during the preference test. The rats in the saline group were similarly treated, except that saline was injected instead of naloxone. CPP occurred in the saline group, but not in the naloxone group. Thus, naloxone attenuated the CPP induced by wheel running. This finding supports the hypothesis that the rewarding effect of wheel running is mediated by endogenous opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Lett
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada A1B 3X9.
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Gevaerd MS, Sultowski ET, Takahashi RN. Combined effects of diethylpropion and alcohol on locomotor activity of mice: participation of the dopaminergic and opioid systems. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32:1545-50. [PMID: 10585638 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999001200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread consumption of anorectics and combined anorectic + alcohol misuse are problems in Brazil. In order to better understand the interactive effects of ethanol (EtOH) and diethylpropion (DEP) we examined the locomotion-activating effects of these drugs given alone or in combination in mice. We also determined whether this response was affected by dopamine (DA) or opioid receptor antagonists. A total of 160 male Swiss mice weighing approximately 30 g were divided into groups of 8 animals per group. The animals were treated daily for 7 consecutive days with combined EtOH + DEP (1.2 g/kg and 5.0 mg/kg, ip), EtOH (1.2 g/kg, ip), DEP (5.0 mg/kg, ip) or the control solution coadministered with the DA antagonist haloperidol (HAL, 0.075 mg/kg, ip), the opioid antagonist naloxone (NAL, 1.0 mg/kg, ip), or vehicle. On days 1, 7 and 10 after the injections, mice were assessed in activity cages at different times (15, 30, 45 and 60 min) for 5 min. The acute combination of EtOH plus DEP induced a significantly higher increase in locomotor activity (day 1: 369.5 +/- 34.41) when compared to either drug alone (day 1: EtOH = 232.5 +/- 23.79 and DEP = 276.0 +/- 12.85) and to control solution (day 1: 153.12 +/- 7.64). However, the repeated administration of EtOH (day 7: 314.63 +/- 26.79 and day 10: 257.62 +/- 29.91) or DEP (day 7: 309.5 +/- 31.65 and day 10: 321.12 +/- 39. 24) alone or in combination (day 7: 459.75 +/- 41.28 and day 10: 427. 87 +/- 33.0) failed to induce a progressive increase in the locomotor response. These data demonstrate greater locomotion-activating effects of the EtOH + DEP combination, probably involving DA and/or opioid receptor stimulation, since the daily pretreatment with HAL (day 1: EtOH + DEP = 395.62 +/- 11.92 and EtOH + DEP + HAL = 371.5 +/- 6.76; day 7: EtOH + DEP = 502.5 +/- 42.27 and EtOH + DEP + HAL = 281.12 +/- 16.08; day 10: EtOH + DEP = 445.75 +/- 16.64 and EtOH + DEP + HAL = 376.75 +/- 16.4) and NAL (day 1: EtOH + DEP = 553.62 +/- 38.15 and EtOH + DEP + NAL = 445.12 +/- 55.67; day 7: EtOH + DEP = 617.5 +/- 38.89 and EtOH + DEP + NAL = 418.25 +/- 61.18; day 10: EtOH + DEP = 541.37 +/- 32.86 and EtOH + DEP + NAL = 427.12 +/- 51.6) reduced the locomotor response induced by combined administration of EtOH + DEP. These findings also suggest that a major determinant of combined anorectic-alcohol misuse may be the increased stimulating effects produced by the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gevaerd
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: a comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress and new issues. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 56:613-72. [PMID: 9871940 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 917] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of reward and reinforcement from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm, with emphasis on those studies that have been published within the last decade. Methodological issues of the paradigm (such as design of the conditioning apparatus, biased vs unbiased conditioning, state dependency effects) are discussed. Results from studies using systemic and local (intracranial) drug administration, natural reinforcers, and non-drug treatments and from studies examining the effects of lesions are presented. Papers reporting on conditioned place aversion (CPA) experiments are also included. A special emphasis is put on the issue of tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding properties of drugs. Transmitter systems that have been investigated with respect to their involvement in brain reward mechanisms include dopamine, opioids, acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin, glutamate, substance P, and cholecystokinin, the motivational significance of which has been examined either directly, by using respective agonist or antagonist drugs, or indirectly, by studying the effects of these drugs on the reward induced by other drugs. For a number of these transmitters, detailed studies have been conducted to delineate the receptor subtype(s) responsible for the mediation of the observed drug effects, particularly in the case of dopamine, the opioids, serotonin and glutamate. Brain sites that have been implicated in the mediation of drug-induced place conditioning include the 'traditional' brain reward sites, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, but the medial prefrontal cortex, ventral pallidum, amygdala and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus have also been shown to play important roles in the mediation of place conditioning induced by drugs or natural reinforcers. Thus, although the paradigm has also been criticized because of some inherent methodological problems, it is clear that during the past decade place preference conditioning has become a valuable and firmly established and very widely used tool in behavioural pharmacology and addiction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Tzschentke
- Department of Neuropharmacology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Planeta CS, DeLucia R. Involvement of dopamine receptors in diethylpropion-induced conditioning place preference. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:561-4. [PMID: 9698810 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diethylpropion (DEP) is an amphetamine-like agent used as an anorectic drug. Abuse of DEP has been reported and some restrictions of its use have been recently imposed. The conditioning place preference (CPP) paradigm was used to evaluate the reinforcing properties of DEP in adult male Wistar rats. After initial preferences were determined, animals weighing 250-300 g (N = 7 per group) were conditioned with DEP (10, 15 or 20 mg/kg). Only the dose of 15 mg/kg produced a significant place preference (358 +/- 39 vs 565 +/- 48 s). Pretreatment with the D1 antagonist SCH 23,390 (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.) 10 min before DEP (15 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked DEP-induced CPP (418 +/- 37 vs 389 +/- 31 s) while haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a D2 antagonist, 15 min before DEP was ineffective in modifying place conditioning produced by DEP (385 +/- 36 vs 536 +/- 41 s). These results suggest that dopamine D1 receptors mediate the reinforcing effect of DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Planeta
- Departamento de Princípios Ativos Naturais e Toxicologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil.
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Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Simón VM. Interaction of morphine and haloperidol on agonistic and motor behaviors of male mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 58:153-8. [PMID: 9264084 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To further clarify the interaction between opioid and dopaminergic systems, the effects of simultaneous administration of morphine hydrochloride (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) on aggressive behavior of male mice were explored. Isolated male mice (experimental animals) were confronted in a neutral area with anosmic, group-housed consepecifics (standard opponents) 30 min after injection of both compounds, and aggression was evaluated by estimation of times allocated to 11 different behavioral categories. In the first experiment (which functioned as a pilot study), the two doses of morphine were explored. In the second one, incorporating a more complete experimental design, only the lowest morphine dose was used and the animals were preselected by a previous aggression test. In attack behavior, morphine added to haloperidol counteracted, at least partially, the antiaggressive effect of the neuroleptic. In contrast, the impairing effects of haloperidol on motor activity were increased by the addition of morphine. These results show that the behavioral effects of dopaminergic antagonists are modulated by opioid influences and that opiates and dopaminergic agents interact in a different manner on motor and on aggressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodríguez-Arias
- Area de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Spain
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DeLucia R, Planeta CS, Aizenstein ML, Scavone C. Repeated administration intensifies the reinforcing effect of fencamfamine in rats. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1997; 29:265-7. [PMID: 9251911 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. In the present study, we evaluated the role of repeated administration on conditioning place preference (CPP) induced by fencamfamine (FCF) in male rats. 2. Repeated FCF (3.5 mg/kg) or saline once or daily for ten consecutive days enhanced sniffing duration and decreased locomotion and rearing duration. 3. At the 3.5 mg/kg dose, FCF produced a significant place-preference effect. 4. Repeated exposures to FCF intensified its reinforcing properties. 5. These results suggest that repeated FCF administration sensitizes its rewarding effects, as with other addictive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R DeLucia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Unviersidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
This article is the eighteenth installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It includes articles published during 1995 reporting the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects. The specific topics covered this year include stress: tolerance and dependence; eating; drinking; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; sex, pregnancy, and development; immunological responses; and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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