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Zarin MKZ, Dehaen W, Salehi P, Asl AAB. Synthesis and Modification of Morphine and Codeine, Leading to Diverse Libraries with Improved Pain Relief Properties. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1779. [PMID: 37376226 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine and codeine, two of the most common opioids, are widely used in the clinic for different types of pain. Morphine is one of the most potent agonists for the μ-opioid receptor, leading to the strongest analgesic effect. However, due to their association with serious side effects such as respiratory depression, constriction, euphoria, and addiction, it is necessary for derivatives of morphine and codeine to be developed to overcome such drawbacks. The development of analgesics based on the opiate structure that can be safe, orally active, and non-addictive is one of the important fields in medicinal chemistry. Over the years, morphine and codeine have undergone many structural changes. The biological investigation of semi-synthetic derivatives of both morphine and codeine, especially morphine, shows that studies on these structures are still significant for the development of potent opioid antagonists and agonists. In this review, we summarize several decade-long attempts to synthesize new analogues of morphine and codeine. Our summary placed a focus on synthetic derivatives derived from ring A (positions 1, 2, and 3), ring C (position 6), and N-17 moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kamelan Zargar Zarin
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peyman Salehi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Bahmani Asl
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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Yadlapalli JSK, Bommagani SB, Mahelona RD, Wan A, Gannon BM, Penthala NR, Dobretsov M, Crooks PA, Fantegrossi WE. Evaluation of morphine-like effects of the mixed mu/delta agonist morphine-6- O-sulfate in rats: Drug discrimination and physical dependence. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00403. [PMID: 29930811 PMCID: PMC6009770 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine-6-O-sulfate (M6S) is as a mixed-action mu/delta (μ/δ) opioid receptor agonist with high potency and analgesic efficacy. These studies used assays of drug discrimination and schedule-controlled responding to assess abuse-liability, tolerance, and physical dependence as compared to morphine in rats. Attempts to train 0.3 mg/kg (IP) M6S from saline failed, but all rats rapidly acquired the discrimination when the training dose was changed to 3.0 mg/kg morphine, and substitution tests showed that morphine and fentanyl both fully substituted for the training dose, M6S and M3A6S (3-O-acetyl ester of M6S) only partially substituted, and salvinorin A did not elicit morphine-like effects. Tolerance to response rate-decreasing effects was studied in rats administered either 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg morphine or M6S before food-reinforced operant sessions. At both unit doses, tolerance to M6S-elicited rate suppression developed more slowly than tolerance to morphine-induced reductions in response rates. To assess dependence, rats were maintained on 1.0 mg/kg morphine or 1.0 mg/kg M6S until food-reinforced response rates were stable for at least 5 days. Rats were then administered saline or increasing doses of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX) (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 mg/kg) in order to determine antagonist-precipitated withdrawal. NTX precipitated withdrawal was similar in both morphine-maintained and M6S-maintained rats. In conclusion, the mixed μ/δ agonist activity of M6S failed to completely protect against the development of physical dependence, but delayed tolerance development to behavioral effects and resulted in decreased morphine-like subjective effects, perhaps implying a decreased abuse liability over μ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Shankar K. Yadlapalli
- Departments of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
| | - Shoban Babu Bommagani
- Departments of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
| | - Ryan D. Mahelona
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
| | - Anqi Wan
- Departments of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
| | - Brenda M. Gannon
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
| | - Narsimha R. Penthala
- Departments of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
| | - Maxim Dobretsov
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- Departments of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
| | - William E. Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas72205
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Yadlapalli JSK, Dogra N, Walbaum AW, Prather PL, Crooks PA, Dobretsov M. Preclinical assessment of utility of M6S for multimodal acute and chronic pain treatment in diabetic neuropathy. Life Sci 2018; 192:151-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yadlapalli JSK, Dogra N, Walbaum AW, Wessinger WD, Prather PL, Crooks PA, Dobretsov M. Evaluation of Analgesia, Tolerance, and the Mechanism of Action of Morphine-6-O-Sulfate Across Multiple Pain Modalities in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Anesth Analg 2017; 125:1021-1031. [PMID: 28489639 PMCID: PMC5561516 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine-6-O-sulfate (M6S) is a mixed μ/δ-opioid receptor (OR) agonist and potential alternative to morphine for treatment of chronic multimodal pain. METHODS To provide more support for this hypothesis, the antinociceptive effects of M6S and morphine were compared in tests that access a range of pain modalities, including hot plate threshold (HPT), pinprick sensitivity threshold (PST) and paw pressure threshold tests. RESULTS Acutely, M6S was 2- to 3-fold more potent than morphine in HPT and PST tests, specifically, derived from best-fit analysis of dose-response relationships of morphine/M6S half-effective dose (ED50) ratios (lower, upper 95% confidence interval [CI]) were 2.8 (2.0-5.8) in HPT and 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) in PST tests. No differences in analgesic drug potencies were detected in the PPT test (morphine/M6S ED50 ratio 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8-1.4). After 7 to 9 days of chronic treatment, tolerance developed to the antinociceptive effects of morphine, but not to M6S, in all 3 pain tests. Morphine-tolerant rats were not crosstolerant to M6S. The antinociceptive effects of M6S were not sensitive to κ-OR antagonists. However, the δ-OR antagonist, naltrindole, blocked M6S-induced antinociception by 55% ± 4% (95% CI, 39-75) in the HPT test, 94% ± 4% (95% CI, 84-105) in the PST test, and 5% ± 17% (95% CI, -47 to 59) or 51% ± 14% (95% CI, 14-84; 6 rats per each group) in the paw pressure threshold test when examined acutely or after 7 days of chronic treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Activity via δ-ORs thus appears to be an important determinant of M6S action. M6S also exhibited favorable antinociceptive and tolerance profiles compared with morphine in 3 different antinociceptive assays, indicating that M6S may serve as a useful alternative for rotation in morphine-tolerant subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Shankar K. Yadlapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA 72205
| | - Navdeep Dogra
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA 72205
| | - Anqi W. Walbaum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA 72205
| | - William D. Wessinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA 72205
| | - Paul L. Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA 72205
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA 72205
| | - Maxim Dobretsov
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA 72205
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Yadlapalli JSK, Albayati ZA, Penthala NR, Hendrickson HP, Crooks PA. Stability studies of potent opioid analgesic, morphine-6-O-
sulfate in various buffers and biological matrices by HPLC-DAD analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Shankar K. Yadlapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas USA
| | - Zaineb A.F. Albayati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas USA
| | - Narasimha R. Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas USA
| | - Howard P. Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas USA
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Bairam AF, Rasool MI, Kurogi K, Liu MC. On the Molecular Basis Underlying the Metabolism of Tapentadol Through Sulfation. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 42:793-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yadlapalli JSK, Ford BM, Ketkar A, Wan A, Penthala NR, Eoff RL, Prather PL, Dobretsov M, Crooks PA. Antinociceptive effects of the 6-O-sulfate ester of morphine in normal and diabetic rats: Comparative role of mu- and delta-opioid receptors. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:335-347. [PMID: 27637375 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the antinociceptive effects of morphine and morphine-6-O-sulfate (M6S) in both normal and diabetic rats, and evaluated the comparative role of mu-opioid receptors (mu-ORs) and delta-opioid receptors (delta-ORs) in the antinociceptive action of these opioids. In vitro characterization of mu-OR and delta-OR-mediated signaling by M6S and morphine in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells showed that M6S exhibited a 6-fold higher affinity for delta-ORs and modulated G-protein and adenylyl cyclase activity via delta-ORs more potently than morphine. Interestingly, while morphine acted as a full agonist at delta-ORs in both functional assays examined, M6S exhibited either partial or full agonist activity for modulation of G-protein or adenylyl cyclase activity, respectively. Molecular docking studies indicated that M6S but not morphine binds equally well at the ligand binding site of both mu- and delta-ORs. In vivo analgesic effects of M6S and morphine in both normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats utilizing the hot water tail flick latency test showed that M6S produced more potent antinociception than morphine in both normal rats and diabetic rats. This difference in potency was abrogated following antagonism of delta- but not mu- or kappa (kappa-ORs) opioid receptors. During 9days of chronic treatment, tolerance developed to morphine-treated but not to M6S-treated rats. Rats that developed tolerance to morphine still remained responsive to M6S. Collectively, this study demonstrates that M6S is a potent and efficacious mu/delta opioid analgesic with a delayed tolerance profile when compared to morphine in both normal and diabetic rats. PERSPECTIVE This study demonstrates that M6S acts at both mu- and delta-ORs, and adds to the growing evidence that the use of mixed mu/delta opioid agonists in pain treatment may have clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Shankar K Yadlapalli
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ford
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Amit Ketkar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Anqi Wan
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Narasimha R Penthala
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Robert L Eoff
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Paul L Prather
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Maxim Dobretsov
- Anesthesiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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8
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Andersson M, Björkhem-Bergman L, Ekström L, Bergqvist L, Lagercrantz H, Rane A, Beck O. Detection of morphine-3-sulfate and morphine-6-sulfate in human urine and plasma, and formation in liver cytosol. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00071. [PMID: 25505615 PMCID: PMC4186450 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is still the mainstay in treatment of severe pain and is metabolized in the liver mainly by glucuronidation, partly to the pharmacologically active morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). The sulfation pathway has attracted much less attention but may also form active metabolites. The aim of the present study was to study two sulfate metabolites of morphine in humans. Urine and plasma from newborns, adult heroin addicts, and terminal cancer patients was analyzed for the presence of morphine-3-sulfate (M3S) and morphine-6-sulfate (M6S) by a new liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. In addition, morphine sulfation was studied in vitro in human liver cytosol preparations. M3S was present in urine and plasma from all study groups although at lower concentrations than morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G). The plasma M3S/M3G ratio was 30 times higher in newborns than in adults indicating that the relative sulfation is more important at early stage of life. M6S was measurable in only one plasma sample from a newborn patient, and in one of the urine sample from the drug testing group. The incubation of morphine with liver cytosol extracts resulted in approximately equal rate of formation of both M3S and M6S. In conclusion, sulfation of morphine is catalyzed in human liver but this minor metabolic pathway probably lacks clinical significance. The M6S metabolite is formed at a low rate, making it undetectable in most individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andersson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Bergqvist
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Lagercrantz
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Beck
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jhou TC, Xu SP, Lee MR, Gallen CL, Ikemoto S. Mapping of reinforcing and analgesic effects of the mu opioid agonist endomorphin-1 in the ventral midbrain of the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:303-12. [PMID: 22669129 PMCID: PMC3482303 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Agonists at the mu opioid receptor (MOR) are widely recognized for their effects on reward and pain. Although prior studies have attributed some of these effects to MORs on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), recent studies have identified a region of particularly strong MOR immunostaining residing caudal to the VTA, in a region denoted the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg). METHODS Hence, we examined whether rats would self-administer small doses (50-250 pmol) of the selective MOR agonist endomorphin-1 (EM1) into the RMTg and adjacent sites. EM1 was chosen due to its short half-life, thus limiting drug spread, and due to its presence endogenously in brain neurons, including some afferents to the RMTg. RESULTS The highest rates of EM1 self-administration occurred within 0.5 mm of the RMTg center, in a region roughly 0.8-1.6 mm caudal to the majority of VTA DA neurons. In contrast, self-administration rates were much lower in the adjacent VTA, interpeduncular nucleus, central linear nucleus, or median raphe nucleus. Furthermore, EM1 infusions into the RMTg, but not surrounding regions, produced conditioned place preference, while EM1 infusions into the RMTg but not anterior VTA markedly reduced formalin-induced pain behaviors. EM1 effects were mimicked by infusions of the GABA agonist muscimol into the same region, consistent with EM1 having inhibitory actions on its target neurons. CONCLUSION These results implicate a novel brain region in modulating MOR influences on both appetitive and aversive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Jhou
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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Holtman JR, Crooks PA, Johnson-Hardy J, Wala EP. Antinociceptive effects and toxicity of morphine-6-O-sulfate sodium salt in rat models of pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 648:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Crooks PA, Kottayil SG, Al-Ghananeem AM, Byrn SR, Butterfield DA. Opiate receptor binding properties of morphine-, dihydromorphine-, and codeine 6-O-sulfate ester congeners. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4291-5. [PMID: 16777416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-O-acyl-6-O-sulfate esters of morphine, dihydromorphine, N-methylmorphinium iodide, codeine, and dihydrocodeine were prepared and evaluated for their ability to bind to mu-, delta-, kappa(1)-, kappa(2)-, and kappa(3)-opiate receptors. Several compounds exhibited good affinity for the mu-opiate receptor. Morphine-3-O-propionyl-6-O-sulfate had four times greater affinity than morphine at the mu-opiate receptor and was the most selective compound at this receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0082, USA.
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12
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Poisnel G, Quentin T, Barré L, Coquerel A, Debruyne D. Competitive displacement binding assay on rat brain sections and using a beta-imager: application to mu-opioid ligands. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 154:60-7. [PMID: 16423409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new approach of competitive displacement binding assay using brain sections and a beta-imager is presented to estimate binding parameters such as affinity and selectivity of new compounds or to characterize receptor families or subtypes of receptors in small brain regions. This method includes a preliminary saturation assay intended to define the optimal concentration of displaceable radio-labeled ligand followed by the determination of displacement constants (IC(50) and K(i)) in cerebral regions rich in studied receptor. The technique application was demonstrated in seven rat brain structures, using displacement of the selective tritiated mu-opioid ligand [(3)H]-DAMGO by six opioid ligands: a specific agonist (DAMGO), less specific agonists (morphine, remifentanil), a non-specific antagonist with good affinity for mu receptors (naloxone) and ligands specific of other opioid subtypes (naltrindole, U50.488). Radioactivity counts were collected during 48 h. The assay-validation was performed by measuring intra- and inter-assay variation on determinations and by comparing presently obtained K(i) values with data from recognised methodologies. Both prove the accuracy of the proposed method.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Autoradiography/methods
- Beta Particles
- Binding, Competitive
- Brain/metabolism
- Diagnostic Imaging/methods
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacokinetics
- Histocytochemistry
- Isotope Labeling
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Tritium
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Poisnel
- UMR CEA-2-FRE-CNRS 2698 Research group, Center Cyceron, Caen, France.
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Woda A, Tubert-Jeannin S, Bouhassira D, Attal N, Fleiter B, Goulet JP, Gremeau-Richard C, Navez ML, Picard P, Pionchon P, Albuisson E. Towards a new taxonomy of idiopathic orofacial pain. Pain 2005; 116:396-406. [PMID: 15979796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is no current consensus on the taxonomy of the different forms of idiopathic orofacial pain (stomatodynia, atypical odontalgia, atypical facial pain, facial arthromyalgia), which are sometimes considered as separate entities and sometimes grouped together. In the present prospective multicentric study, we used a systematic approach to help to place these different painful syndromes in the general classification of chronic facial pain. This multicenter study was carried out on 245 consecutive patients presenting with chronic facial pain (>4 months duration). Each patient was seen by two experts who proposed a diagnosis, administered a 111-item questionnaire and filled out a standardized 68-item examination form. Statistical processing included univariate analysis and several forms of multidimensional analysis. Migraines (n=37), tension-type headache (n=26), post-traumatic neuralgia (n=20) and trigeminal neuralgia (n=13) tended to cluster independently. When signs and symptoms describing topographic features were not included in the list of variables, the idiopathic orofacial pain patients tended to cluster in a single group. Inside this large cluster, only stomatodynia (n=42) emerged as a distinct homogenous subgroup. In contrast, facial arthromyalgia (n=46) and an entity formed with atypical facial pain (n=25) and atypical odontalgia (n=13) could only be individualised by variables reflecting topographical characteristics. These data provide grounds for an evidence-based classification of idiopathic facial pain entities and indicate that the current sub-classification of these syndromes relies primarily on the topography of the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Woda
- EA 3847, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France INSERM E 0216, Neurobiologie de la Douleur Trigéminale, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM E-332, Hôpital Ambroise-Paré, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt and Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris 5, Montrouge, France Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Que., Canada CHU, Saint-Etienne, France CHU, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM U525, Faculté de médecine, CHU, Nancy, France
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Preechagoon D, Brereton I, Staatz C, Prankerd R. Ester prodrugs of a potent analgesic, morphine-6-sulfate: syntheses, spectroscopic and physicochemical properties. Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Preechagoon D, Smith MT, Prankerd RJ. Investigation of the antinociceptive efficacy and relative potency of extended duration injectable 3-acylmorphine-6-sulfate prodrugs in rats. Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the nineteenth installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1996 reporting the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress, tolerance and dependence; eating; drinking; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; sex, pregnancy, and development; immunological responses; and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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