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Cottin V. Eosinophilic Lung Diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:289-322. [PMID: 37055090 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The eosinophilic lung diseases may manifest as chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, acute eosinophilic pneumonia, or as the Löffler syndrome (generally of parasitic etiology). The diagnosis of eosinophilic pneumonia is made when both characteristic clinical-imaging features and alveolar eosinophilia are present. Peripheral blood eosinophils are generally markedly elevated; however, eosinophilia may be absent at presentation. Lung biopsy is not indicated except in atypical cases after multidisciplinary discussion. The inquiry to possible causes (medications, toxic drugs, exposures, and infections especially parasitic) must be meticulous. Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia may be misdiagnosed as infectious pneumonia. Extrathoracic manifestations raise the suspicion of a systemic disease especially eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Airflow obstruction is frequent in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and hypereosinophilic obliterative bronchiolitis. Corticosteroids are the cornerstone of therapy, but relapses are common. Therapies targeting interleukin 5/interleukin-5 are increasingly used in eosinophilic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cottin
- Service de pneumologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre de référence coordonnateur des maladies pulmonaires rares (OrphaLung), 28 Avenue Doyen Lepine, Lyon Cedex 69677, France; Université Lyon 1, INRAE, UMR754, Lyon, France.
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Delcros Q, Groh M, Nasser M, Kahn JE, Cottin V. Steroid alternatives for managing eosinophilic lung diseases. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2021.2003777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Delcros
- National Reference Center for Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (Cereo)
- Department of Internal Medicine Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Matthieu Groh
- National Reference Center for Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (Cereo)
- Department of Internal Medicine Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Mouhamad Nasser
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Coordinating Reference Centre for Rare Pulmonary Diseases (Orphalung), Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils De Lyon, and Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, IVPC, Member of OrphaLung, RespiFIL and ERN-lung, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Kahn
- National Reference Center for Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (Cereo)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Université Paris Saclay, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux De Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Vincent Cottin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Coordinating Reference Centre for Rare Pulmonary Diseases (Orphalung), Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils De Lyon, and Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, IVPC, Member of OrphaLung, RespiFIL and ERN-lung, France
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Dalip D, Scott BJ, Giddings S, Rampersad FS, Jaggernauth S. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in Trinidad: A Case Report. Cureus 2021; 13:e19527. [PMID: 34804747 PMCID: PMC8592292 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an immunologically mediated disease resulting from a hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus. ABPA is identified by bronchial asthma, peripheral eosinophilia, high levels of serum immunoglobulin E, pulmonary infiltration, mucoid impaction, and central bronchiectasis. Diagnosing ABPA is important to consider since there are treatment options that are readily available and response to therapy yields positive results. We describe a case of ABPA present in Trinidad, West Indies, which was not described previously in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Dalip
- Internal Medicine, Southern Medical Clinic, San Fernando, TTO
| | - Brandon J Scott
- Emergency Medicine, Southern Medical Clinic, San Fernando, TTO
| | - Stanley Giddings
- Faculty of Clinical Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Port of Spain, TTO
| | - Fidel S Rampersad
- Faculty of Clinical Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Port of Spain, TTO.,Interventional Radiology, Southern Medical Clinic, San Fernando, TTO
| | - Shiva Jaggernauth
- Pulmonary Medicine, Southern Medical Clinic, San Fernando, TTO.,Pulmonary Medicine, Apley Medical Ltd, San Fernando, TTO
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Abstract
Allergic asthma refers to a chronic reversible bronchoconstriction influenced by an allergic trigger, leading to symptoms of cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a complex hypersensitivity reaction, often in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis, occurring when bronchi become colonized by Aspergillus species. The clinical picture is dominated by asthma complicated by recurrent episodes of bronchial obstruction, fever, malaise, mucus production, and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a syndrome associated with lung inflammation from the inhalation of airborne antigens, such as molds and dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Raymond Woloski
- Department of Family Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, H154, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
| | - Skye Heston
- Department of Family Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, H154, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
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Nath A, Khan A, Hashim Z, Patra JK. Prevalence of Aspergillus hypersensitivity and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with bronchial asthma at a tertiary care center in North India. Lung India 2017; 34:150-154. [PMID: 28360463 PMCID: PMC5351357 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.201300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of Aspergillus hypersensitivity (AH) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) has been variably reported. Systematic data regarding Aspergillus sensitization and ABPA are lacking from this part of the country. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of AH and ABPA in Uttar Pradesh. Setting and Design: This was prospective observational study. All patients attending outpatient Department of Pulmonary Medicine of our institute were included in the study. Subjects and Methods: Consecutive asthmatic patients underwent screening for ABPA using Aspergillus skin test (AST). Those showing a positive response to AST were further evaluated for ABPA. Results: During the study, 350 patients (192 males, 158 females, mean ± standard deviation age: 38.3 ± 12.8) were screened with AST. One hundred and twenty-three patients (35.1%) were tested positive for AST and 21.7% of patients were diagnosed as ABPA. Conclusions: A high prevalence rate of ABPA was observed at our chest clinic. Although comparable with published data from other tertiary centers, it does not represent the true prevalence rates in asthmatics because of high chances of referral bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Nath
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zia Hashim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Patra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Eosinophilic lung diseases especially comprise eosinophilic pneumonia or as the more transient Löffler syndrome, which is most often due to parasitic infections. The diagnosis of eosinophilic pneumonia is based on characteristic clinical-imaging features and the demonstration of alveolar eosinophilia, defined as at least 25% eosinophils at BAL. Peripheral blood eosinophilia is common but may be absent at presentation in idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia, which may be misdiagnosed as severe infectious pneumonia. All possible causes of eosinophilia, including drug, toxin, fungus related etiologies, must be thoroughly investigated. Extrathoracic manifestations should raise the suspicion of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
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Choe YH. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Presenting as Recurrent Mass-like Consolidation. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2015; 78:133-6. [PMID: 25861349 PMCID: PMC4388898 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2015.78.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Agarwal R, Chakrabarti A, Shah A, Gupta D, Meis JF, Guleria R, Moss R, Denning DW. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: review of literature and proposal of new diagnostic and classification criteria. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:850-873. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - A. Chakrabarti
- Division of Medical Mycology; Department of Medical Microbiology; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - A. Shah
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute; University of Delhi; New Delhi India
| | - D. Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - J. F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - R. Guleria
- Department of Internal Medicine; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - R. Moss
- Department of Pediatrics; Stanford University; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - D. W. Denning
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; The National Aspergillosis Centre; University of Manchester; University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester UK
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Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is caused by an exaggerated T(H)2 response to the ubiquitous mold Aspergillus fumigatus. ABPA develops in a small fraction of patients with cystic fibrosis and asthma, suggesting that intrinsic host defects play a major role in disease susceptibility. This article reviews current understanding of the immunopathology, clinical and laboratory findings, and diagnosis and management of ABPA. It highlights clinical and laboratory clues to differentiate ABPA from cystic fibrosis and asthma, which are challenging given clinical and serologic similarities. A practical diagnostic algorithm and management scheme to aid in the treatment of these patients is outlined.
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Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an immunologic pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus. Clinically, a patient presents with chronic asthma, recurrent pulmonary infiltrates, and bronchiectasis. The population prevalence of ABPA is not clearly known, but the prevalence in asthma clinics is reported to be around 13%. The disorder needs to be detected before bronchiectasis has developed because the occurrence of bronchiectasis is associated with poorer outcomes. Because many patients with ABPA may be minimally symptomatic or asymptomatic, a high index of suspicion for ABPA should be maintained while managing any patient with bronchial asthma whatever the severity or the level of control. This underscores the need for routine screening of all patients with asthma with an Aspergillus skin test. Finally, there is a need to update and revise the criteria for the diagnosis of ABPA. This review summarizes the advances in the diagnosis and management of ABPA using a systematic search methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Morrison VA, Segal BH, Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA, van Burik JA, Wingard JR, Patterson TF. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:327-60. [PMID: 18177225 DOI: 10.1086/525258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1839] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Walsh
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Walsh T, Anaissie E, Denning D, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis D, Marr K, Morrison V, Segal B, Steinbach W, Stevens D, van Burik J, Wingard J, Patterson Y. Tratamiento de la Aspergilosis: Guías para la práctica clínica de la Sociedad de Enfermedades Infecciosas de los Estados Unidos de América (IDSA). Clin Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1086/590225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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de Oliveira E, Giavina-Bianchi P, Fonseca LAM, França AT, Kalil J. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis' diagnosis remains a challenge. Respir Med 2007; 101:2352-7. [PMID: 17689062 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex disease, triggered by a hypersensitivity reaction to the allergens of Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus that opportunistically colonizes the lungs of patients with asthma. The diagnosis of ABPA is difficult. A major problem is the lack of standardized allergens used in the determination of specific IgE, but the use of recombinant allergens has been proposed to overcome this. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether serological tests for IgE specific to recombinant allergens of A. fumigatus (rAsp) can aid in the detection of sensitization to this fungus and in the diagnosis of ABPA. METHODS This was an observational, cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of ABPA, using classical criteria, was searched in 65 asthmatics patients with immediate cutaneous reactivity to A. fumigatus. After that, serum titers of IgE against rAsp f 1, rAsp f 2, rAsp f 3, rAsp f 4 and rAsp f 6 were determined. In order to compare the differences between patients with confirmed and excluded diagnosis of ABPA, the two-tailed Fisher's exact test was used. RESULTS Although 19 of 65 patients had IgE against at least one recombinant, the disease was diagnosed in only six patients by classical criteria. One of them had IgE against all recombinant allergens tested and another one had antibody against Asp f 3. DISCUSSION The determination of serum IgE against recombinant A. fumigatus allergens in this group was not helpful to make the diagnosis of ABPA, neither to detect sensitization to fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilamara de Oliveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo, R. Prof. Artur Ramos 178 ap.211A, 01454-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Agarwal R, Gupta D, Aggarwal AN, Saxena AK, Chakrabarti A, Jindal SK. Clinical significance of hyperattenuating mucoid impaction in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: an analysis of 155 patients. Chest 2007; 132:1183-90. [PMID: 17646221 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a disease that presents with diverse clinicoradiologic manifestations. High-attenuation mucus (HAM) is a characteristic radiologic finding seen in patients with ABPA; however, the clinical significance of the entity remains unknown. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To describe the outcome of patients with ABPA who were demonstrated to have HAM, and compare with the outcome of patients without HAM. METHODS All consecutive patients with asthma presenting to the Chest Clinic of this institute over a 4-year period were screened with an Aspergillus skin test. Patients with positive findings were further investigated, and the diagnosis of ABPA was confirmed based on predefined criteria. The patients were further classified into two groups based on the presence of HAM on HRCT scan. RESULTS During the study period, 755 patients were screened for ABPA using the Aspergillus skin test; 291 patients (38.5%) had positive findings, and ABPA was diagnosed in 155 patients (mean age, 33.98 years; 76 women). Twenty-nine patients (18.7%) with ABPA were identified to have HAM on HRCT scans at presentation. The baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups, but patients with HAM had higher mean eosinophil counts, higher mean serum total IgE, and higher Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgE levels. On multivariate analysis, both the severity of bronchiectasis and HAM predicted relapse of ABPA (odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 1.42; and OR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.23 to 10.61, respectively). Failure to achieve complete remission was influenced by the severity of bronchiectasis but not by HAM (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.85; and OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 0.89 to 13.1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS HAM impaction in ABPA is associated with initial serologic severity and frequent relapses but does not seem to influence complete remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) occurs in nonimmunocompromised patients and belongs to the hypersensitivity disorders induced by Aspergillus. Genetic factors and activation of bronchial epithelial cells in asthma or cystic fibrosis are responsible for the development of a CD(4)+Th2 lymphocyte activation and IgE, IgG and IgA-AF antibodies production. The diagnosis of ABPA is based on the presence of a combination of clinical, biological and radiological criteria. The severity of the disease is related to corticosteroid-dependant asthma or/and diffuse bronchiectasis with fibrosis. The treatment is based on oral corticosteroids for 6-8 weeks at acute phase or exacerbation and itraconazole is now recommended and validated at a dose of 200 mg/day for a duration of 16 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tillie-Leblond
- Department of Pulmonology and Immuno-Allergology, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
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Abstract
Eosinophilic pneumonias (EP) encompass a wide spectrum of lung diseases characterized by peripheral blood eosinophilia (>1 x 10(9) eosinophils/l) and/or alveolar eosinophilia (>25%). Blood eosinophilia may be lacking, as in the early phase of idiopathic acute EP, or in patients already taking oral corticosteroids. EP may present with varying severity, ranging from almost asymptomatic infiltrates to the acute respiratory distress syndrome necessitating mechanical ventilation. Possible causes of EP must be thoroughly investigated, especially drugs and the variety of parasitic infections (considering history of travel or residence in areas of endemic parasitic infection). However, chronic EP remains idiopathic in many cases. When present, extrathoracic manifestations lead to suspect Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) or the hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), the prognosis of which is dominated by cardiac involvement. Apart from the treatment of specific causes when possible, corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of symptomatic treatment for eosinophilic disorders, usually with a dramatic response, but frequent relapses when tapering or after stopping the treatment. The adjunction of immunosuppressants to corticosteroids is necessary in patients with CSS and poor prognosis factors. Imatinib has recently proven effective in the treatment of the myeloproliferative variant of the HES.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cottin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, and Center for Orphan Lung Diseases, Louis Pradel University Hospital, Claude Bernard University, UMR 754 INRA-ENVL-UCBL and IFR128 Biosciences, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) complicates asthma and cystic fibrosis. The survival factors in Aspergillus fumigatus that support saprophytic growth in bronchial mucus are not understood. Prednisone remains the most definitive treatment but need not be administered indefinitely. MHC II -restricted CD4(+) T( H)2 clones have been derived from patients with ABPA. The total serum IgE concentration is elevated sharply but is "nonspecific. " IgE serum isotypic antibodies to A fumigatus are useful in diagnosis; this is in contrast to the situation for patients with asthma without ABPA. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest demonstrates multiple areas of bronchiectasis in most patients with ABPA and is a useful radiologic tool. Some asthma control patients might have a few bronchiectatic airways, but not to the extent seen in or of the same character as those in ABPA. This review discusses clinical, radiologic, investigational, pathogenetic, and treatment issues of ABPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Greenberger
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Tillie-Leblond I, Scherpereel A, Iliescu C. Lˈaspergillose bronchopulmonaire allergique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0335-7457(02)00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chauhan B, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG, Bellone CJ. T-cell receptor bias in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:286-94. [PMID: 12039410 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) Th2 helper cell mediated immune responses have been shown to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ABPA. HLA and TCR are the candidate genes, which can influence the specificity of these responses. We have previously established a strong association of HLA DR2/5 in ABPA susceptibility. The study was designed to determine whether allergen specific T cell express a limited usage of T cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta gene repertoire in ABPA and to find an association of susceptible HLA-DR determinants with the identified TCR gene segments. TCR Vbeta typing was performed on antigen specific T cell lines from 14 ABPA and 12 nonABPA patients. The majority of ABPA patients (86%) expressed allergen specific T cells with Vbeta13 genes indicating its role in susceptibility, whereas in nonABPA controls, Vbeta1 genes T cell repertoires were predominantly expressed. The unrestricted pattern of Vbeta gene amplification seen before antigen stimulation suggests an oligoclonal expansion of a specific T cell population in response to the allergen Asp f 1 in ABPA and nonABPA patients. The increased usage of Vbeta13 in ABPA and Vbeta1 in nonABPA indicates their importance in susceptibility and resistance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Rathore VB, Johnson B, Fink JN, Kelly KJ, Greenberger PA, Kurup VP. T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion to T cell epitopes of Asp f 2 in ABPA patients. Clin Immunol 2001; 100:228-35. [PMID: 11465952 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) involves specific cytokines secreted by lymphocytes in response to Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) allergens. To gain information about the lymphoproliferative response and cytokine production against a major Af allergen, Asp f 2, we studied Asp-f-2-specific T cell clones (TCCs) from ABPA patients. TCCs were stimulated with rAsp f 2, its deletion mutants, and synthetic peptides to identify the T cell epitope(s) and to understand cytokine production. PBMCs from four of five ABPA patients showed proliferation in response to Asp f 2. Three TCCs from one patient showed higher IL-5 secretion compared to IL-4 and IFN-gamma. Two TCCs from the second patient showed a mixed Th1/Th2 response, as evidenced by production of IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma. An epitope from the N-terminal region of Asp f 2 induced only IL-5 secretion. High IL-5 secretion might explain the marked eosinophilia observed in ABPA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Rathore
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Chauhan B, Santiago L, Hutcheson PS, Schwartz HJ, Spitznagel E, Castro M, Slavin RG, Bellone CJ. Evidence for the involvement of two different MHC class II regions in susceptibility or protection in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:723-9. [PMID: 11031343 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a disease with uncertain pathology. Studies have suggested a pathogenic role for T(H)2 cells. Previously, we demonstrated, in a small group of patients, that T(H)2 reactivity to a major Aspergillus fumigatus antigen was restricted by HLA-DR2 or HLA-DR5 alleles. OBJECTIVES We sought to confirm whether susceptibility to ABPA is exclusively associated with HLA-DR locus and to investigate the involvement of HLA-DQ genes in the development of ABPA. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from patients with ABPA, patients without ABPA but with positive A fumigatus skin test responses and asthma or cystic fibrosis, and healthy control subjects. HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes were detected by using low-resolution typing; high-resolution typing was done only on HLA-DR2- and HLA-DR5-positive individuals by using sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). RESULTS A significantly higher frequency of HLA-DR2 was observed in patients with ABPA versus those without ABPA (corrected P <.01) or healthy control subjects (corrected P <.01). Genotype analysis revealed that susceptibility to ABPA is associated with HLA-DR2 alleles DRB1*1503 and DRB1*1501 and, to a lesser extent, with the HLA-DR5 allele DRB1*1104. The presence of DR4 or DR7 alleles in non-DR2/5 patients with ABPA suggests that these alleles may also be contributing factors in this disease. Another striking observation was the significantly high frequency of HLA-DQ2 in patients without ABPA (67. 4%) compared with patients with ABPA (20.5%) and normal control subjects (37.7%), suggesting that these alleles may confer protection in the population without ABPA. CONCLUSION These genetic studies suggest that HLA-DR molecules DR2, DR5, and possibly DR4 or DR7 contribute to susceptibility while HLA-DQ2 contributes to resistance and that a combination of these genetic elements determines the outcome of ABPA in patients with cystic fibrosis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Eaton T, Garrett J, Milne D, Frankel A, Wells AU. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in the asthma clinic. A prospective evaluation of CT in the diagnostic algorithm. Chest 2000; 118:66-72. [PMID: 10893361 DOI: 10.1378/chest.118.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) occurs in cases of atopic asthma and may result in important lung disease. Early diagnosis is essential as this disease is responsive to steroids. However, while asthma is common, ABPA is infrequently diagnosed. CT allows precision in the diagnosis of central bronchiectasis (which is virtually pathognomonic of ABPA) and may enable earlier diagnosis. DESIGN A prospective evaluation of 255 patients with asthma for ABPA, using skin prick testing (SPT) for Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) as a screening tool and incorporating CT into the diagnostic algorithm. SETTING Asthma clinic, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS Patients with asthma. INTERVENTIONS ABPA was diagnosed using "essential" criteria (ie, asthma, SPT positivity to AF, elevated serum total IgE, elevated serum AF-specific IgE, and pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest radiography or central bronchiectasis seen on CT scan) and "minimal essential" criteria (ie, asthma, SPT positivity, and central bronchiectasis). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Two hundred fifty-five consecutive patients with asthma who consented to SPT were studied: 218 of 255 patients (86.8%) were atopic; and 47 of 255 patients (21.6%) were AF-positive, of whom 35 accepted further evaluation including CT scanning. A secure diagnosis of ABPA, satisfying all essential criteria, was evident in 9 of 35 patients (25.7%), a proportion that increased to 13 of 35 patients (37.1%) by using the minimal essential diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS SPT positivity to AF was present in approximately 20% of patients in the asthma clinic. A diagnosis of ABPA is disclosed by CT in 25 to 40% of SPT-positive patients, depending on the selection of diagnostic criteria. These findings support the use of SPT as a screening tool in the asthma clinic and indicate that a routine CT scan is warranted in SPT-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eaton
- Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Hogaboam CM, Blease K, Mehrad B, Steinhauser ML, Standiford TJ, Kunkel SL, Lukacs NW. Chronic airway hyperreactivity, goblet cell hyperplasia, and peribronchial fibrosis during allergic airway disease induced by Aspergillus fumigatus. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:723-32. [PMID: 10666400 PMCID: PMC1850050 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical allergic airway disease is associated with persistent airway hyperreactivity and remodeling, but little is known about the mechanisms leading to these alterations. This paucity of information is related in part to the absence of chronic models of allergic airway disease. Herein we describe a model of persistent airway hyperreactivity, goblet cell hyperplasia, and subepithelial fibrosis that is initiated by the intratracheal introduction of Aspergillus fumigatus spores or conidia into the airways of mice previously sensitized to A. fumigatus. Similar persistent airway alterations were not observed in nonsensitized mice challenged with A. fumigatus conidia alone. A. fumigatus-sensitized mice exhibited significantly enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness to a methacholine challenge that was still present at 30 days after the conidia challenge. Eosinophils and lymphocytes were present in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from A. fumigatus-sensitized mice at all times after conidia challenge. Compared with levels measured in A. fumigatus-sensitized mice immediately before conidia, significantly elevated interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) levels were present in whole lung homogenates up to 7 days after the conidia challenge. At day 30 after conidia challenge, significantly elevated levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 were present in the A. fumigatus-sensitized mice. Histological analysis revealed profound goblet cell hyperplasia and airway fibrosis at days 30 after conidia, and the latter finding was confirmed by hydroxyproline measurements. Thus the introduction of A. fumigatus conidia into A. fumigatus-sensitized mice results in persistent airway hyperresponsiveness, fibrosis, and goblet cell hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hogaboam
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Kurup VP, Banerjee B, Murali PS, Greenberger PA, Krishnan M, Hari V, Fink JN. Immunodominant peptide epitopes of allergen, Asp f 1 from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Peptides 1998; 19:1469-77. [PMID: 9864052 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(98)00113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus ribotoxin Asp f 1 is a major allergen with IgE binding activity to serum of a majority of patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The IgE binding epitopes or the T-cell stimulatory peptides of this molecule have not been studied. In the present investigation, we have synthesized linear decapeptides spanning the whole molecule of Asp f 1 and analyzed their IgE binding properties. We have also synthesized peptides based on their possible T-cell stimulatory properties and studied the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ABPA patients and normal controls. Several peptides demonstrated distinct IgE antibody binding response against sera from ABPA patients and proliferative response against peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patients. From the results, it can be concluded that the carboxy-terminal region of Asp f 1 representing amino acid residues 115-149 involved in both humoral and cell mediated immunoresponses in ABPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Kurup
- Department of Medicine, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Elliott
- St James Respiratory Unit, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Chauhan B, Knutsen AP, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG, Bellone CJ. T cell subsets, epitope mapping, and HLA-restriction in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2324-31. [PMID: 8636413 PMCID: PMC507313 DOI: 10.1172/jci118675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity lung disease characterized by Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) colonization, IgE and IgG anti-Af antibodies, pulmonary infiltrates, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Little is known regarding T cell responses and their role in the pathogenesis of ABPA. To examine T cell reactivity to Af antigens, T cell clones (TCC) specific to the Asp f 1 antigen, an 18-kD protein of Af, were established from the peripheral blood of three ABPA patients. The majority of TCC isolated from ABPA patients, and specific for the Asp f 1 allergen of Af, are IL-4 producing CD4+ cells of the Th2 phenotype. Further analysis in this study revealed that the majority of TCC reacted to mainly two epitopes of Asp f 1, while the remaining TCC reacted to three additional "minor" epitopes. Blocking studies using monoclonal antibodies specific for class II HLA-D region gene products showed that most TCC, 19/21, were restricted by HLA-DR molecules, and the remaining two clones by HLA-DP molecules. The use of a panel of HLA-matched and mismatched EBV-transformed B cells as antigen presenting cells revealed that the HLA-DR restriction was mediated exclusively by either the HLA-DR2 or HLA-DR5 alleles. Genotyping of DRB1 gene products showed that class II presentation for most clones was not restricted to a single allele, representing DRB1 gene products of either HLA-DR2 or DR5. These studies offer insight into the cellular and molecular determinants which contribute to the immunopathophysiology of ABPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe asthma continues to present a major therapeutic problem despite advances in our understanding of the disease. Innovative ideas for investigating the underlying causes and treatment of severe asthma are few, and many patients still become dependent on oral steroids. We describe two separate studies: first, a prospective investigation measuring the responses of persons with severe asthma to an allergen-free environment; second, a retrospective analysis of factors associated with eight fatalities and one near fatality caused by asthma exacerbations. METHODS In the prospective study 17 persons with severe asthma were admitted to a hospital clinical research unit containing an allergen-free room for steroid dose reduction. Peak flow measurements, treatment requirements, and evidence of infection were followed up. In the retrospective study, the cases of nine patients who had been evaluated for asthma and who subsequently died during an asthma attack were reviewed; where possible allergen levels in their house dust and specific IgE antibodies to common indoor allergens were measured. RESULTS Analysis of the patients in the prospective study revealed two categories of responses to steroid dose reduction: (1) asthmatic persons who either maintained or improved peak flow values on steroid reduction; these patients were predominantly allergic to indoor allergens; (2) asthmatic persons whose condition deteriorated; these patients were unable to tolerate reduction in steroid dose. The second group included persons with sensitization to fungal antigens who had asthmatic exacerbations in association with culture-documented fungal colonization. The retrospective study revealed that in five of the eight fatalities caused by asthma, exposure to a relevant allergen had occurred at home before death. CONCLUSION Some steroid-dependent persons with severe asthma are allergic to inhalant allergens and may benefit from avoiding allergens. In some cases there is no evidence that antigen exposure from diet, inhalants, fungal infections, or sinusitis is relevant to their disease. However, persons with severe asthma include individuals infected with and sensitized to fungal antigens. The results suggest that cases of severe asthma should be investigated to identify treatable causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Call
- Division of Asthma, Allergic Disease and Clinical Immunology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville
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Abstract
Pneumonias that fail to resolve at the expected rate may reflect derangements in host defenses, inadequate or inappropriate antimicrobial therapy, highly virulent pathogens, or myriad noninfectious causes. In this article, noninfectious causes of pulmonary infiltrates mimicking community-acquired pneumonia are discussed. The salient clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of diverse immune-mediated syndromes are reviewed, and an approach to diagnosis and therapy of nonresolving pneumonias is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Orens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
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Bodey GP, Glann AS. Central nervous system aspergillosis following steroidal therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Chest 1993; 103:299-301. [PMID: 8417908 DOI: 10.1378/chest.103.1.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A 52-year-old man with probable allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) was treated with adrenal corticosteroids. He subsequently developed central nervous system aspergillosis that was treated successfully with surgery and amphotericin B. Invasive aspergillosis is a rare complication following steroid therapy for ABPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Bodey
- Department of Medical Specialties, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wardlaw
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester
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Abstract
Aspergillus species are ubiquitous fungi and have been implicated as the causative agents of a variety of lung disorders in humans. These disorders include allergic, saprophytic, and systemic manifestations. The allergic disorders mainly affect atopic persons, and invasive or systemic diseases affect immunosuppressed individuals. Immunodiagnosis can help the practitioner diagnose these diseases. Demonstration of circulating antibodies is a useful criterion, but the lack of dependable and standardized antigens is a limiting factor in the diagnosis of most Aspergillus-induced diseases. Despite this limitation, however, immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been widely used for the detection of antibodies in the sera of patients with aspergillosis. Similarly, crude and semipurified antigens are being used to demonstrate skin hypersensitivity in patients, and several methods have been useful in the detection of antigenemia in patients with invasive aspergillosis. With a growing number of reports on the incidence of aspergillosis and an increase in the number of immunosuppressed individuals in the population, more rapid methods and more reliable reagents for immunodiagnosis are needed. With recent attempts at obtaining reliable reagents for through hybridoma technology and molecular biological techniques, substantial progress toward efficient immunodiagnosis may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Kurup
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53295-1000
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Gross TJ, Chams AD, Lynch JP. Noninfectious Pulmonary Diseases Masquerading as Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Slavin RG. Treatment of Immunologic Lung Diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Richeson RB, Stander PE. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. An increasingly common disorder among asthmatic patients. Postgrad Med 1990; 88:217-9, 222, 224. [PMID: 2204899 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1990.11704739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), an immunologic disorder, is characterized by bronchial colonization with Aspergillus species, resulting in chronic antigenic stimulation. Hallmarks of the disorder are asthma, cutaneous and serologic evidence of hypersensitivity to Aspergillus organisms, and fleeting pulmonary infiltrates. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. Early diagnosis, aggressive therapy, and serial monitoring of serum IgE levels usually prevent progression of ABPA to bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Richeson
- University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento
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