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Pagels F, Guedes AC, Amaro HM, Kijjoa A, Vasconcelos V. Phycobiliproteins from cyanobacteria: Chemistry and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:422-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Inwood W, Yoshihara C, Zalpuri R, Kim KS, Kustu S. The ultrastructure of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant strain lacking phytoene synthase resembles that of a colorless alga. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:925-37. [PMID: 19825593 PMCID: PMC2902904 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains lacking phytoene synthase, the first enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis, are white. They lack carotenoid pigments, have very low levels of chlorophyll, and can grow only heterotrophically in the dark. Our electron and fluorescence microscopic studies showed that such a mutant strain (lts1-204) had a proliferated plastid envelope membrane but no stacks of thylakoid membranes within the plastid. It accumulated cytoplasmic compartments that appeared to be autophagous vacuoles filled with membranous material. The lts1 mutants apparently lacked pyrenoid bodies, which normally house ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), and accumulated many starch granules. Although these mutant strains cannot synthesize the carotenoid and carotenoid-derived pigments present in the phototactic organelle (eyespot), the mutant we examined made a vestigial eyespot that was disorganized and often mislocalized to the posterior end of the cell. The absence of a pyrenoid body, the accumulation of starch, and the disorganization of the eyespot may all result from the absence of thylakoids. The ultrastructure of lts1 mutant strains is similar to but distinct from that of previously described white and yellow mutant strains of C. reinhardtii and is similar to that of naturally colorless algae of the Polytoma group.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Inwood
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3102, USA
| | - Corinne Yoshihara
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3102, USA
| | - Reena Zalpuri
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, 26 Giannini Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3330, USA
| | - Kwang-Seo Kim
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3102, USA
| | - Sydney Kustu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3102, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail , fax (510) 642-4995, tel. (510) 643-9308
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Granick S, Beale SI. Hemes, chlorophylls, and related compounds: biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:33-203. [PMID: 345768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122914.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ladygin VG. Spectral features and structure of chloroplasts under an early block of chlorophyll synthesis. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350906040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sah JF, Ito H, Kolli BK, Peterson DA, Sassa S, Chang KP. Genetic rescue of Leishmania deficiency in porphyrin biosynthesis creates mutants suitable for analysis of cellular events in uroporphyria and for photodynamic therapy. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:14902-9. [PMID: 11836252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania was found deficient in at least five and most likely seven of the eight enzymes in the heme biosynthesis pathway, accounting for their growth requirement for heme compounds. The xenotransfection of this trypanosomatid protozoan led to their expression of the mammalian genes encoding delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) dehydratase and porphobilinogen deaminase, the second and the third enzymes of the pathway, respectively. These transfectants still require hemin or protoporphyrin IX for growth but produce porphyrin when ALA was supplied exogenously. Leishmania is thus deficient in all first three enzymes of the pathway. Uroporphyrin I was produced as the sole intermediate by these transfectants, further indicating that they are also deficient in at least two porphyrinogen-metabolizing enzymes downstream of porphobilinogen deaminase, i.e. uroporphyrinogen III co-synthase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Pulsing the transfectants with ALA induced their transition from aporphyria to uroporphyria. Uroporphyrin I emerged in these cells initially as diffused throughout the cytosol, rendering them sensitive to UV irradiation. The porphyrin was subsequently sequestered in cytoplasmic vacuoles followed by its release and accumulation in the extracellular milieu, concomitant with a reduced photosensitivity of the cells. These events may represent cellular mechanisms for disposing soluble toxic waste from the cytosol. Monocytic tumor cells were rendered photosensitive by infection with uroporphyric Leishmania, suggestive of their potential application for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Franklin Sah
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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Jensen PE, Willows RD, Petersen BL, Vothknecht UC, Stummann BM, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D, Henningsen KW. Structural genes for Mg-chelatase subunits in barley: Xantha-f, -g and -h. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 250:383-94. [PMID: 8602155 DOI: 10.1007/bf02174026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Barley mutants in the loci Xantha-f, Xantha-g and Xantha-h, when fed with 5-aminolevulinate in the dark, accumulate protoporphyrin IX. Mutant alleles at these loci that are completely blocked in protochlorophyllide synthesis are also blocked in development of prolamellar bodies in etioplasts. In contrast to wild type, the xan-f, -g and -h mutants had no detectable Mg-chelatase activity, whereas they all had methyltransferase activity for synthesis of Mg-protoporphyrin monomethyl ester. Antibodies recognising the CH42 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana and the OLIVE (OLI) protein of Antirrhinum majus immunoreacted in wild-type barley with 42 and 150 kDa proteins, respectively. The xan-h mutants lacked the protein reacting with antibodies raised against the CH42 protein. Two xan-f mutants lacked the 150 kDa protein recognised by the anti-OLI antibody. Barley genes homologous to the A. majus olive and the A. thaliana Ch-42 genes were cloned using PCR and screening of cDNA and genomic libraries. Probes for these genes were applied to Northern blots of RNA from the xantha mutants and confirmed the results of the Western analysis. The mutants xan-f27, -f40, -h56 and -h57 are defective in transcript accumulation while -h38 is defective in translation. Southern blot analysis established that h38 has a deletion of part of the gene. Mutants xan-f10 and -f41 produce both transcript and protein and it is suggested that these mutations are in the catalytic sites of the protein. It is concluded that X an-f -h genes encode two subunits of the barley Mg-chelatase and that X an-g is likely to encode a third subunit. The XAN-F protein displays 82% amino acid sequence identity to the OLI protein of Antirrhinum, 66% to the Synechocystis homologue and 34% identity to the Rhodobacter BchH subunit of Mg-chelatase. The XAN-H protein has 85% amino acid sequence identity to the Arabidopsis CH42 protein, 69% identity to the Euglena CCS protein, 70% identity to the Cryptomonas BchA and Olisthodiscus CssA proteins, as well as 49% identity to the Rhodobacter BchI subunit of Mg-chelatase. Identification of the barley X an-f and X an-h encoded proteins as subunits required for Mg-chelatase activity supports the notion that the Antirrhinum OLI protein and the Arabidopsis Ch42 protein are subunits of Mg-chelatase in these plants. The expression of both thet X an-f and -h genes in wild-type barley is light induced in leaves of greening seedlings, and in green tissue the genes are under the control of a circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Jensen
- Department of Ecology and Molecular Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Bauer CE, Bollivar DW, Suzuki JY. Genetic analyses of photopigment biosynthesis in eubacteria: a guiding light for algae and plants. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:3919-25. [PMID: 8320208 PMCID: PMC204818 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.13.3919-3925.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C E Bauer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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Nicholson-Guthrie CS, Guthrie GD. Accumulation of protoporphyrin-IX by the chlorophyll-less y-y mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 252:570-3. [PMID: 3813551 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(87)90064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A pigment accumulating in a Mendelian mutant (y-y) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which has essentially no chlorophyll and lacks inner chloroplast membranes in the light and dark, was isolated and characterized. It was identified as protoporphyrin-IX (PROTO) by spectral analysis using two different methods of extraction and fractionation. The amount of PROTO was estimated to be 10(7) molecules per cell. Since PROTO was the only intermediate of chlorophyll biosynthesis that accumulated, we conclude the y-y lesion in the pathway is after PROTO.
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Huang DD, Wang WY. Genetic control of chlorophyll biosynthesis: Regulation of delta-aminolevulinate synthesis in Chlamydomonas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00430430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Regulation of light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein mRNA accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Possible involvement of chlorophyll synthesis precursors. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hachtel W. Genetic control of chlorophyll biosynthesis by the plastome in some Oenothera species (subgenus Munzia). PLANTA 1981; 151:299-303. [PMID: 24301969 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1980] [Accepted: 11/14/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal differences in the rates of chlorophyll (Chl) formation during early stages of greening are observed in hybrid seedlings with identical genomes derived from reciprocal crosses between Oenothera berteriana (=villaricae) and Oe. odorata (=picensis), subgenus Munzia. In the presence of levulinic acid (LA), a competitive inhibitor of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase, ALA accumulated in the cotyledons and chlorophyll production was reduced in a stoichometric ratio. Accumulation of both Chl in untreated tissue and of ALA in seedlings incubated with LA is much more rapid in cotyledons with berteriana plastids than in those with odorata plastids. No difference was found between the inhibitor constants for LA of ALA dehydratase extracted from seedlings with either berteriana or odorata plastids. ALA formation is not limited by the availability of possible precursors. ALA dehydratase and the porphobilinogenase complex (PBGase) are present in abundance and in equal amounts in cotyledons with either berteriana or odorata plastids. It is concluded that the different capacities of the ALA synthesizing system fully account for the different rates of Chl formation in the seedlings with identical genomes and different plastid types.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hachtel
- Botanisches Institut der Universität, Kirschallee 1, D-5300, Bonn, Germany
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Gershoni JM, Ohad I. Chloroplast-cytoplasmic interrelations involved in chloroplast development in Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1: effect of selective depletion of chloroplast translates. J Cell Biol 1980; 87:124-31. [PMID: 7419587 PMCID: PMC2110729 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.87.1.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1 cells grown in the dark in the presence of chloramphenicol (CD cells) are depleted of photosynthetic membranes and 70S translates. These cells were found to be unable to synthesize chlorophyll in the light until chloroplast protein synthesis was resumed. On the other hand, CD cells acquired the capacity to partially green in the presence of cycloheximide. This greening was characterized by the development of photosynthetic activity, as demonstrated by light-dependent oxygen evolution of whole cells and by measurements of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and fluorescence kinetics. The chlorophyll synthesized de novo during greening in the absence of 80S ribosomal activity was organized in chlorophyll-protein complexes, as ascertained by low-temperature fluorescence-emission spectra. The morphology of these cells appeared to be normal. A model has been proposed as a working hypothesis, which could account for the phenomena described above and previously reported data pertaining to chloroplast development.
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Abstract
A method for reproducibly estimating the protoheme content of plant tissues has been developed. The tissue sample is homogenized in 80% acetone to remove pigments and lipids; protoheme is then extracted from the tissue residue with 2% HCl in acetone and quantitatively transferred into diethyl ether. After evaporation of the ether, the residue is dissolved in alkaline pyridine, and the protoheme concentration is estimated from a dithionite-reduced-minus-ferricyanide-oxidized spectrum. When compared to some other methods, this procedure gives consistently higher yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Stillman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle 60680, USA
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An analysis of precursors accumulated by several chlorophyll biosynthetic mutants of maize. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00330996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang WY, Boynton JE, Gillham NW. Genetic control of chlorophyll biosynthesis: Effect of increased δ-aminolevulinic acid synthesis on the phenotype of the y-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00264933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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