1
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Park JS, Lee IB, Hong SC, Cho M. Label-Free Interference Imaging of Intracellular Trafficking. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1565-1576. [PMID: 38781567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular cargo trafficking is a highly regulated process responsible for transporting vital cellular components to their designated destinations. This intricate journey has been a central focus of cellular biology for many years. Early investigations leaned heavily on biochemical and genetic approaches, offering valuable insight into molecular mechanisms of cellular trafficking. However, while informative, these methods lack the capacity to capture the dynamic nature of intracellular trafficking. The advent of fluorescent protein tagging techniques transformed our ability to monitor the complete lifecycle of intracellular cargos, advancing our understanding. Yet, a central question remains: How do these cargos manage to navigate through traffic challenges, such as congestion, within the crowded cellular environment? Fluorescence-based imaging, though valuable, has inherent limitations when it comes to addressing the aforementioned question. It is prone to photobleaching, making long-term live-cell imaging challenging. Furthermore, they render unlabeled cellular constituents invisible, thereby missing critical environmental information. Notably, the unlabeled majority likely exerts a significant influence on the observed behavior of labeled molecules. These considerations underscore the necessity of developing complementary label-free imaging methods to overcome the limitations of fluorescence imaging or to integrate them synergistically.In this Account, we outline how label-free interference-based imaging has the potential to revolutionize the study of intracellular traffic by offering unprecedented levels of detail. We begin with a brief introduction to our previous findings in live-cell research enabled by interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy, showcasing its aptitude and adeptness in elucidating intricate nanoscale intracellular structures. As we delved deeper into our exploration, we succeeded in the label-free visualization of the entire lifespan of nanoscale protein complexes known as nascent adhesions (NAs) and the dynamic events associated with adhesions within living cells. Our continuous efforts have led to the development of Dynamic Scattering-particle Localization Interference Microscopy (DySLIM), a generalized concept of cargo-localization iSCAT (CL-iSCAT). This label-free, high-speed imaging method, armed with iSCAT detection sensitivity, empowers us to capture quantitative and biophysical insights into cargo transport, providing a realistic view of the intricate nanoscale logistics occurring within living cells. Our in vivo studies demonstrate that intracellular cargos regularly contend with substantial traffic within the crowded cellular environment. Simultaneously, they employ inherent strategies for efficient cargo transport, such as collective migration and hitchhiking, to enhance overall transport rates─intriguingly paralleling the principle and practice of urban traffic management. We also highlight the synergistic benefits of combining DySLIM with chemical-selective fluorescent methods. This Account concludes with a "Conclusions and Outlook" section, outlining promising directions for future research and developments, with a particular emphasis on the functional application of iSCAT live-cell imaging. We aim to inspire further investigation into the efficient transport strategies employed by cells to surmount transportation challenges, shedding light on their significance in cellular phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Il-Buem Lee
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seok-Cheol Hong
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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2
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Fastenau C, Bunce M, Keating M, Wickline J, Hopp SC, Bieniek KF. Distinct patterns of plaque and microglia glycosylation in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13267. [PMID: 38724175 PMCID: PMC11189777 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most common form of post-translational modification in the brain. Aberrant glycosylation has been observed in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases, including dysregulation of terminal sialic acid (SA) modifications. While alterations in sialylation have been identified in AD, the localization of SA modifications on cellular or aggregate-associated glycans is largely unknown because of limited spatial resolution of commonly utilized methods. The present study aims to overcome these limitations with novel combinations of histologic techniques to characterize the sialylation landscape of O- and N-linked glycans in autopsy-confirmed AD post-mortem brain tissue. Sialylated glycans facilitate important cellular functions including cell-to-cell interaction, cell migration, cell adhesion, immune regulation, and membrane excitability. Previous studies have not investigated both N- and O-linked sialylated glycans in neurodegeneration. In this study, the location and distribution of sialylated glycans were evaluated in three brain regions (frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum) from 10 AD cases using quantitative digital pathology techniques. Notably, we found significantly greater N-sialylation of the Aβ plaque microenvironment compared with O-sialylation. Plaque-associated microglia displayed the most intense N-sialylation proximal to plaque pathology. Further analyses revealed distinct differences in the levels of N- and O-sialylation between cored and diffuse Aβ plaque morphologies. Interestingly, phosphorylated tau pathology led to a slight increase in N-sialylation and no influence of O-sialylation in these AD brains. Confirming our previous observations in mice with novel histologic approach, these findings support microglia sialylation appears to have a relationship with AD protein aggregates while providing potential targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Fastenau
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Madison Bunce
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Mallory Keating
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Jessica Wickline
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Sarah C. Hopp
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Kevin F. Bieniek
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
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3
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von Lersner A, Fernandes F, Ozawa PM, Jackson M, Masureel M, Ho H, Lima SM, Vagner T, Sung BH, Wehbe M, Franze K, Pua H, Wilson JT, Irish JM, Weaver AM, Di Vizio D, Zijlstra A. Multiparametric Single-Vesicle Flow Cytometry Resolves Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity and Reveals Selective Regulation of Biogenesis and Cargo Distribution. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10464-10484. [PMID: 38578701 PMCID: PMC11025123 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cells release a heterogeneous array of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contribute to intercellular communication by means of the cargo that they carry. To resolve EV heterogeneity and determine if cargo is partitioned into select EV populations, we developed a method named "EV Fingerprinting" that discerns distinct vesicle populations using dimensional reduction of multiparametric data collected by quantitative single-EV flow cytometry. EV populations were found to be discernible by a combination of membrane order and EV size, both of which were obtained through multiparametric analysis of fluorescent features from the lipophilic dye Di-8-ANEPPS incorporated into the lipid bilayer. Molecular perturbation of EV secretion and biogenesis through respective ablation of the small GTPase Rab27a and overexpression of the EV-associated tetraspanin CD63 revealed distinct and selective alterations in EV populations, as well as cargo distribution. While Rab27a disproportionately affects all small EV populations with high membrane order, the overexpression of CD63 selectively increased the production of one small EV population of intermediate membrane order. Multiplexing experiments subsequently revealed that EV cargos have a distinct, nonrandom distribution with CD63 and CD81 selectively partitioning into smaller vs larger EVs, respectively. These studies not only present a method to probe EV biogenesis but also reveal how the selective partitioning of cargo contributes to EV heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana
K. von Lersner
- Program in
Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United
States
| | - Fabiane Fernandes
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Institute
of Applied Biosciences and Chemistry, Hogeschool
Arnhem en Nijmegen University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 EM, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Midori
Murobushi Ozawa
- The
Center
for EV Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Marques Jackson
- Department
of Research Pathology, Genentech, San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department
of Structural Biology, Genentech, San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hoangdung Ho
- Department
of Structural Biology, Genentech, San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sierra M. Lima
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Tatyana Vagner
- Department
of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Bong Hwan Sung
- The
Center
for EV Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mohamed Wehbe
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kai Franze
- Department
of Research Pathology, Genentech, San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- KNIME
GmbH, Konstanz 78467, Germany
| | - Heather Pua
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- The
Center
for EV Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - John T. Wilson
- Program in
Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United
States
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- The
Center
for EV Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Irish
- Program in
Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United
States
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alissa M. Weaver
- Program in
Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United
States
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- The
Center
for EV Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department
of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Program in
Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United
States
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- The
Center
for EV Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Research Pathology, Genentech, San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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4
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Murai T. Transmembrane signaling through single-spanning receptors modulated by phase separation at the cell surface. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151413. [PMID: 38631097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of transmembrane signals are transduced by cell-surface receptors that activate intracellular signaling molecules. In particular, receptor clustering in the plasma membrane plays a critical role in these processes. Single-spanning or single-pass transmembrane proteins are among the most significant types of membrane receptors, which include adhesion receptors, such as integrins, CD44, cadherins, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the activity of these receptors is of great significance. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a recently emerging paradigm in cellular physiology for the ubiquitous regulation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of various signaling pathways. This study describes the emerging features of transmembrane signaling through single-spanning receptors from the perspective of phase separation. Possible physicochemical modulations of LLPS-based transmembrane signaling are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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5
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Erazo-Oliveras A, Muñoz-Vega M, Salinas ML, Wang X, Chapkin RS. Dysregulation of cellular membrane homeostasis as a crucial modulator of cancer risk. FEBS J 2024; 291:1299-1352. [PMID: 36282100 PMCID: PMC10126207 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes serve as an epicentre combining extracellular and cytosolic components with membranous effectors, which together support numerous fundamental cellular signalling pathways that mediate biological responses. To execute their functions, membrane proteins, lipids and carbohydrates arrange, in a highly coordinated manner, into well-defined assemblies displaying diverse biological and biophysical characteristics that modulate several signalling events. The loss of membrane homeostasis can trigger oncogenic signalling. More recently, it has been documented that select membrane active dietaries (MADs) can reshape biological membranes and subsequently decrease cancer risk. In this review, we emphasize the significance of membrane domain structure, organization and their signalling functionalities as well as how loss of membrane homeostasis can steer aberrant signalling. Moreover, we describe in detail the complexities associated with the examination of these membrane domains and their association with cancer. Finally, we summarize the current literature on MADs and their effects on cellular membranes, including various mechanisms of dietary chemoprevention/interception and the functional links between nutritional bioactives, membrane homeostasis and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Erazo-Oliveras
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Mónica Muñoz-Vega
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Michael L. Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Center for Environmental Health Research; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
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6
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Hořejší V, Angelisová P, Pokorná J, Charnavets T, Benada O, Čajka T, Brdička T. Novel class of peptides disintegrating biological membranes to aid in the characterization of membrane proteins. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107154. [PMID: 38479603 PMCID: PMC11002605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Styrene-maleic acid (SMA) and similar amphiphilic copolymers are known to cut biological membranes into lipid nanoparticles/nanodiscs containing membrane proteins apparently in their relatively native membrane lipid environment. Our previous work demonstrated that membrane raft microdomains resist such disintegration by SMA. The use of SMA in studying membrane proteins is limited by its heterogeneity and the inability to prepare defined derivatives. In the present paper, we demonstrate that some amphiphilic peptides structurally mimicking SMA also similarly disintegrate cell membranes. In contrast to the previously used copolymers, the simple peptides are structurally homogeneous. We found that their membrane-disintegrating activity increases with their length (reaching optimum at 24 amino acids) and requires a basic primary structure, that is, (XXD)n, where X represents a hydrophobic amino acid (optimally phenylalanine), D aspartic acid, and n is the number of repeats of these triplets. These peptides may provide opportunities for various well-defined potentially useful modifications in the study of membrane protein biochemistry. Our present results confirm a specific character of membrane raft microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Hořejší
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Angelisová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pokorná
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana Charnavets
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Benada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Čajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Brdička
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Pleskač P, Fargeas CA, Veselska R, Corbeil D, Skoda J. Emerging roles of prominin-1 (CD133) in the dynamics of plasma membrane architecture and cell signaling pathways in health and disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:41. [PMID: 38532366 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prominin-1 (CD133) is a cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein selectively associated with highly curved and prominent membrane structures. It is widely recognized as an antigenic marker of stem cells and cancer stem cells and is frequently used to isolate them from biological and clinical samples. Recent progress in understanding various aspects of CD133 biology in different cell types has revealed the involvement of CD133 in the architecture and dynamics of plasma membrane protrusions, such as microvilli and cilia, including the release of extracellular vesicles, as well as in various signaling pathways, which may be regulated in part by posttranslational modifications of CD133 and its interactions with a variety of proteins and lipids. Hence, CD133 appears to be a master regulator of cell signaling as its engagement in PI3K/Akt, Src-FAK, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/Smad and MAPK/ERK pathways may explain its broad action in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration or intercellular communication. Here, we summarize early studies on CD133, as they are essential to grasp its novel features, and describe recent evidence demonstrating that this unique molecule is involved in membrane dynamics and molecular signaling that affects various facets of tissue homeostasis and cancer development. We hope this review will provide an informative resource for future efforts to elucidate the details of CD133's molecular function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pleskač
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christine A Fargeas
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan Skoda
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Carter T, Iqbal M. The Influenza A Virus Replication Cycle: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2024; 16:316. [PMID: 38400091 PMCID: PMC10892522 DOI: 10.3390/v16020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the primary causative agent of influenza, colloquially called the flu. Each year, it infects up to a billion people, resulting in hundreds of thousands of human deaths, and causes devastating avian outbreaks with worldwide losses worth billions of dollars. Always present is the possibility that a highly pathogenic novel subtype capable of direct human-to-human transmission will spill over into humans, causing a pandemic as devastating if not more so than the 1918 influenza pandemic. While antiviral drugs for influenza do exist, they target very few aspects of IAV replication and risk becoming obsolete due to antiviral resistance. Antivirals targeting other areas of IAV replication are needed to overcome this resistance and combat the yearly epidemics, which exact a serious toll worldwide. This review aims to summarise the key steps in the IAV replication cycle, along with highlighting areas of research that need more focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Carter
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
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9
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Mlinac-Jerkovic K, Kalanj-Bognar S, Heffer M, Blažetić S. Methodological Pitfalls of Investigating Lipid Rafts in the Brain: What Are We Still Missing? Biomolecules 2024; 14:156. [PMID: 38397393 PMCID: PMC10886647 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to succinctly examine the methodologies used in lipid raft research in the brain and to highlight the drawbacks of some investigative approaches. Lipid rafts are biochemically and biophysically different from the bulk membrane. A specific lipid environment within membrane domains provides a harbor for distinct raftophilic proteins, all of which in concert create a specialized platform orchestrating various cellular processes. Studying lipid rafts has proved to be arduous due to their elusive nature, mobility, and constant dynamic reorganization to meet the cellular needs. Studying neuronal lipid rafts is particularly cumbersome due to the immensely complex regional molecular architecture of the central nervous system. Biochemical fractionation, performed with or without detergents, is still the most widely used method to isolate lipid rafts. However, the differences in solubilization when various detergents are used has exposed a dire need to find more reliable methods to study particular rafts. Biochemical methods need to be complemented with other approaches such as live-cell microscopy, imaging mass spectrometry, and the development of specific non-invasive fluorescent probes to obtain a more complete image of raft dynamics and to study the spatio-temporal expression of rafts in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija Heffer
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Senka Blažetić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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10
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Komatsuya K, Ishikawa M, Kikuchi N, Hirabayashi T, Taguchi R, Yamamoto N, Arai M, Kasahara K. Integrin-Dependent Transient Density Increase in Detergent-Resistant Membrane Rafts in Platelets Activated by Thrombin. Biomedicines 2023; 12:69. [PMID: 38255176 PMCID: PMC10813660 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelet lipid rafts are critical membrane domains for adhesion, aggregation, and clot retraction. Lipid rafts are isolated as a detergent-resistant membrane fraction via sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The platelet detergent-resistant membrane shifted to a higher density on the sucrose density gradient upon thrombin stimulation. The shift peaked at 1 min and returned to the control level at 60 min. During this time, platelets underwent clot retraction and spreading on a fibronectin-coated glass strip. Thrombin induced the transient tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in the detergent-resistant membrane raft fraction and the transient translocation of fibrin and myosin to the detergent-resistant membrane raft fraction. The level of phosphatidylserine (36:1) was increased and the level of phosphatidylserine (38:4) was decreased in the detergent-resistant membrane raft fraction via the thrombin stimulation. Furthermore, Glanzmann's thrombasthenia integrin αIIbβ3-deficient platelets underwent no detergent-resistant membrane shift to a higher density upon thrombin stimulation. As the phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain on Ser19 was at a high level in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia resting platelets, thrombin caused no further phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain on Ser19 or clot retraction. These observations suggest that the fibrin-integrin αIIbβ3-myosin axis and compositional change of phosphatidylserine species may be required for the platelet detergent-resistant membrane shift to a higher density upon stimulation with thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Komatsuya
- Biomembrane Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (K.K.); (N.K.); (T.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Omics Research, Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan;
| | - Norihito Kikuchi
- Biomembrane Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (K.K.); (N.K.); (T.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Biomembrane Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (K.K.); (N.K.); (T.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Ryo Taguchi
- Department of Metabolome, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naomasa Yamamoto
- Biomembrane Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (K.K.); (N.K.); (T.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Morio Arai
- Biomembrane Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (K.K.); (N.K.); (T.H.); (N.Y.)
- Sado General Hospital, Niigata 952-1209, Japan
| | - Kohji Kasahara
- Biomembrane Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (K.K.); (N.K.); (T.H.); (N.Y.)
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11
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Dookwah M, Wagner SK, Ishihara M, Yu SH, Ulrichs H, Kulik MJ, Zeltner N, Dalton S, Strauss KA, Aoki K, Steet R, Tiemeyer M. Neural-specific alterations in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and cell signaling associated with two human ganglioside GM3 synthase deficiency variants. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:3323-3341. [PMID: 37676252 PMCID: PMC10695682 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GM3 Synthase Deficiency (GM3SD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from pathogenic variants in the ST3GAL5 gene, which encodes GM3 synthase, a glycosphingolipid (GSL)-specific sialyltransferase. This enzyme adds a sialic acid to the terminal galactose of lactosylceramide (LacCer) to produce the monosialylated ganglioside GM3. In turn, GM3 is extended by other glycosyltransferases to generate nearly all the complex gangliosides enriched in neural tissue. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying the neural phenotypes associated with GM3SD are unknown. To explore how loss of GM3 impacts neural-specific glycolipid glycosylation and cell signaling, GM3SD patient fibroblasts bearing one of two different ST3GAL5 variants were reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and then differentiated to neural crest cells (NCCs). GM3 and GM3-derived gangliosides were undetectable in cells carrying either variant, while LacCer precursor levels were elevated compared to wildtype (WT). NCCs of both variants synthesized elevated levels of neutral lacto- and globo-series, as well as minor alternatively sialylated GSLs compared to WT. Ceramide profiles were also shifted in GM3SD variant cells. Altered GSL profiles in GM3SD cells were accompanied by dynamic changes in the cell surface proteome, protein O-GlcNAcylation, and receptor tyrosine kinase abundance. GM3SD cells also exhibited increased apoptosis and sensitivity to erlotinib-induced inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Pharmacologic inhibition of O-GlcNAcase rescued baseline and erlotinib-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these findings indicate aberrant cell signaling during differentiation of GM3SD iPSCs and also underscore the challenge of distinguishing between variant effect and genetic background effect on specific phenotypic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dookwah
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Shannon K Wagner
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Seok-Ho Yu
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, United States
| | - Heidi Ulrichs
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Michael J Kulik
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Nadja Zeltner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Kevin A Strauss
- Clinic for Special Children, 535 Bunker Hill Road, Strasburg, PA 17579, United States
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Richard Steet
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, United States
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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12
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Shelby SA, Veatch SL. The Membrane Phase Transition Gives Rise to Responsive Plasma Membrane Structure and Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041395. [PMID: 37553204 PMCID: PMC10626261 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Several groups have recently reported evidence for the emergence of domains in cell plasma membranes when membrane proteins are organized by ligand binding or assembly of membrane proximal scaffolds. These domains recruit and retain components that favor the liquid-ordered phase, adding to a decades-old literature interrogating the contribution of membrane phase separation in plasma membrane organization and function. Here we propose that both past and present observations are consistent with a model in which membranes have a high compositional susceptibility, arising from their thermodynamic state in a single phase that is close to a miscibility phase transition. This rigorous framework naturally allows for both transient structure in the form of composition fluctuations and long-lived structure in the form of induced domains. In this way, the biological tuning of plasma membrane composition enables a responsive compositional landscape that facilitates and augments cellular biochemistry vital to plasma membrane functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Shelby
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Sarah L Veatch
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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13
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Leinung N, Mentrup T, Patel M, Gallagher T, Schröder B. Dynamic association of the intramembrane proteases SPPL2a/b and their substrates with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. iScience 2023; 26:107819. [PMID: 37736044 PMCID: PMC10509304 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase-like 2a and b (SPPL2a/b) are aspartyl intramembrane proteases and cleave tail-anchored proteins as well as N-terminal fragments (NTFs) derived from type II-oriented transmembrane proteins. How these proteases recruit substrates and cleavage is regulated, is still incompletely understood. We found that SPPL2a/b localize to detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) domains with the characteristics of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). Based on this, association with several tetraspanins was evaluated. We demonstrate that not only SPPL2a/b but also their substrates tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and CD74 associate with tetraspanins like CD9, CD81, and CD82 and/or TEMs and analyze the stability of these complexes in different detergents. CD9 and CD81 deficiency has protease- and substrate-selective effects on SPPL2a/b function. Our findings suggest that reciprocal interactions with tetraspanins may assist protease-substrate encounters of SPPL2a/b within the membrane. Beyond SPP/SPPL proteases, this supports previous concepts that tetraspanins facilitate membrane-embedded proteolytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Leinung
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torben Mentrup
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehul Patel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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14
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Mayor S, Bhat A, Kusumi A. A Survey of Models of Cell Membranes: Toward a New Understanding of Membrane Organization. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041394. [PMID: 37643877 PMCID: PMC10547391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane, the boundary that separates living cells from their environment, has been the subject of study for over a century. The fluid-mosaic model of Singer and Nicolson in 1972 proposed the plasma membrane as a two-dimensional fluid composed of lipids and proteins. Fifty years hence, advances in biophysical and biochemical tools, particularly optical imaging techniques, have allowed for a better understanding of the physical nature, organization, and composition of cell membranes. This has been made possible by visualizing membrane heterogeneities and their dynamics and appreciating the asymmetrical arrangement of lipids in living cell membranes. Despite these advances, mechanisms underlying the local spatiotemporal organization of membrane components remain unclear. This review surveys various models of membrane organization, culminating in a new model that incorporates nonequilibrium processes and forces exerted by interactions with extramembrane elements such as the actin cytoskeleton. The proposed model provides a comprehensive understanding of membrane organization, taking into account the dynamic nature of the cell membrane and its interactions with its immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Science, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Abrar Bhat
- National Centre for Biological Science, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Akihiro Kusumi
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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15
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Caritá AC, Cavalcanti RRM, Oliveira MSS, Riske KA. Solubilization of biomimetic lipid mixtures by some commonly used non-ionic detergents. Chem Phys Lipids 2023; 255:105327. [PMID: 37442532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Detergents are amphiphilic molecules often used to solubilize biological membranes and separate their components. Here we investigate the solubilization of lipid vesicles by the commonly used non-ionic detergents polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether (Brij 98), n-octyl-β-D-glucoside (OG), and n-dodecyl β-D maltoside (DDM) and compare the results with the standard detergent Triton X-100 (TX-100). The vesicles were composed of palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) or of a biomimetic ternary mixture of POPC, egg sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (2:1:2 molar ratio). To follow the solubilization profile of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), 90° light scattering measurements were done along the titration of LUVs with the detergents. Then, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) were observed with optical microscopy during exposure to the detergents, to allow direct visualization of the solubilization process. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to assess the binding constant of the detergents in POPC bilayers. The results show that the incorporation of TX-100, Brij 98 and, to a lesser extent, OG in the pure POPC liposomes leads to an increase in the vesicle area, which indicates their ability to redistribute between the two leaflets of the membrane in a short scale of time. On the other hand, DDM incorporates mainly in the external leaflet causing an increase in vesicle curvature/tension leading ultimately to vesicle burst. Only TX-100 and OG were able to completely solubilize the POPC vesicles, whereas the biomimetic ternary mixture was partially insoluble in all detergents tested. TX-100 and OG were able to incorporate in the bilayer of the ternary mixture and induce macroscopic phase separation of liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) domains, with selective solubilization of the latter. Combination of ITC data with turbidity results showed that TX-100 and OG can be incorporated up to almost 0.3 detergent/lipid, significantly more than Brij 98 and DDM. This fact seems to be directly related to their higher capacity to solubilize POPC membranes and their ability to induce macroscopic phase separation in the biomimetic lipid mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Caritá
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Biophysics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karin A Riske
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Biophysics, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Guo X, Zhu K, Zhu X, Zhao W, Miao Y. Two-dimensional molecular condensation in cell signaling and mechanosensing. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1064-1074. [PMID: 37475548 PMCID: PMC10423693 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membraneless organelles (MLO) regulate diverse biological processes in a spatiotemporally controlled manner spanning from inside to outside of the cells. The plasma membrane (PM) at the cell surface serves as a central platform for forming multi-component signaling hubs that sense mechanical and chemical cues during physiological and pathological conditions. During signal transduction, the assembly and formation of membrane-bound MLO are dynamically tunable depending on the physicochemical properties of the surrounding environment and partitioning biomolecules. Biomechanical properties of MLO-associated membrane structures can control the microenvironment for biomolecular interactions and assembly. Lipid-protein complex interactions determine the catalytic region's assembly pattern and assembly rate and, thereby, the amplitude of activities. In this review, we will focus on how cell surface microenvironments, including membrane curvature, surface topology and tension, lipid-phase separation, and adhesion force, guide the assembly of PM-associated MLO for cell signal transductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfu Guo
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637457Singapore
| | - Kexin Zhu
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637551Singapore
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637551Singapore
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637457Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and ScienceNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore636921Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637551Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and ScienceNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore636921Singapore
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17
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Puff N. Critical Role of Molecular Packing in Lo Phase Membrane Solubilization. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:652. [PMID: 37505018 PMCID: PMC10385406 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Membrane solubilization induced by Triton X-100 (TX-100) was investigated. Different membrane compositions and phase states were studied along the detergent titration. Expected solubilization profiles were obtained but new information is provided. The fluorescence of nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-labeled lipids indicates that the liquid-ordered (Lo)/liquid-disordered (Ld) phase coexistence is barely unaffected at sub-solubilizing detergent concentrations and highlights the vesicle-to-micelle transition. Moreover, the location of the NBD group in the bilayer emphasizes a detergent-membrane interaction in the case of the insoluble Lo phase membrane. It has also been shown that the molecular packing of the membrane loosens in the presence of TX-100, regardless of the solubilization profile. Motivated by studies on GPMVs, the solubilization of less ordered Lo phase membranes was considered in order to improve the effect of molecular packing on the extent of solubilization. Membranes composed of SM and Chol in an equimolar ratio doped with different amounts of PC were studied. The more ordered the Lo phase membrane is in the absence of detergent, the less likely it is to be solubilized. Furthermore, and in contrast to what is observed for membranes exhibiting an Lo/Ld phase coexistence, a very small decrease in the molecular packing of the Lo phase membrane radically modifies the extent of solubilization. These results have implications for the reliability of TX-100 insolubility as a method to detect ordered domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Puff
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 925 Physics, F-75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
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18
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Sun J, Chen X, Wang Y, Song Y, Pan B, Fan B, Wang F, Chen X, Tu P, Han J, Huo H, Li J. Neuroprotective effects of Longxue Tongluo Capsule on ischemic stroke rats revealed by LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023; 15:430-438. [PMID: 37538866 PMCID: PMC10394346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect and explore the underlying mechanisms of Longxue Tongluo Capsule (LTC) on ischemic stroke rats. Methods Twenty-six rats were randomly divided into four groups, including sham group, sham + LTC group, MCAO group, and MCAO + LTC group. Ischemic stroke rats were simulated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and LTC treatment group were orally administrated with 300 mg/kg of LTC once daily for seven consecutive days. LTC therapy was validated in terms of neurobehavioral abnormality evaluation, cerebral infarct area, and histological assessments. The plasma metabolome comparisons amongst different groups were conducted by UHPLC-Q Exactive MS in combination with subsequent multivariate statistical analysis, aiming to finding the molecules in respond to the surgery or LTC treatment. Results Intragastric administration of LTC significantly decreased not only the neurobehavioral abnormality scores but also the cerebral infarct area of MCAO rats. The interstitial edema, atrophy, and pyknosis of glial and neuronal cells occurred in the infarcted area, core area, and marginal area of cerebral cortex were improved after LTC treatment. A total of 13 potential biomarkers were observed, and Youden index of 11 biomarkers such as LysoPC, SM, and PE were more than 0.7, which were involved in neuroprotective process. The correlation and pathway analysis showed that LTC was beneficial to ischemic stroke rats via regulating glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism, together with nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Heatmap and ternary analysis indicated the synergistic effect of carbohydrates and lipids may be induced by flavonoid intake from LTC. Conclusion The present study could provide evidence that metabolomics, as systematic approach, revealed its capacity to evaluate the holistic efficacy of TCM, and investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the clinical treatment of LTC on ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyang Chen
- Baofeng Key Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Zhongguancun Biological and Medical Big Data Center, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Yongru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Baofeng Key Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolism, Zhongguancun Biological and Medical Big Data Center, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Huixia Huo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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19
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Shelby SA, Castello-Serrano I, Wisser KC, Levental I, Veatch SL. Membrane phase separation drives responsive assembly of receptor signaling domains. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:750-758. [PMID: 36997644 PMCID: PMC10771812 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane heterogeneity has been tied to a litany of cellular functions and is often explained by analogy to membrane phase separation; however, models based on phase separation alone fall short of describing the rich organization available within cell membranes. Here we present comprehensive experimental evidence motivating an updated model of plasma membrane heterogeneity in which membrane domains assemble in response to protein scaffolds. Quantitative super-resolution nanoscopy measurements in live B lymphocytes detect membrane domains that emerge upon clustering B cell receptors (BCRs). These domains enrich and retain membrane proteins based on their preference for the liquid-ordered phase. Unlike phase-separated membranes that consist of binary phases with defined compositions, membrane composition at BCR clusters is modulated through the protein constituents in clusters and the composition of the membrane overall. This tunable domain structure is detected through the variable sorting of membrane probes and impacts the magnitude of BCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Shelby
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ivan Castello-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah L Veatch
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins I: Localization at Plasma Membranes and Extracellular Compartments. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050855. [PMID: 37238725 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of plasma membranes (PMs) of all eukaryotic organisms studied so far by covalent linkage to a highly conserved glycolipid rather than a transmembrane domain. Since their first description, experimental data have been accumulating for the capability of GPI-APs to be released from PMs into the surrounding milieu. It became evident that this release results in distinct arrangements of GPI-APs which are compatible with the aqueous milieu upon loss of their GPI anchor by (proteolytic or lipolytic) cleavage or in the course of shielding of the full-length GPI anchor by incorporation into extracellular vesicles, lipoprotein-like particles and (lyso)phospholipid- and cholesterol-harboring micelle-like complexes or by association with GPI-binding proteins or/and other full-length GPI-APs. In mammalian organisms, the (patho)physiological roles of the released GPI-APs in the extracellular environment, such as blood and tissue cells, depend on the molecular mechanisms of their release as well as the cell types and tissues involved, and are controlled by their removal from circulation. This is accomplished by endocytic uptake by liver cells and/or degradation by GPI-specific phospholipase D in order to bypass potential unwanted effects of the released GPI-APs or their transfer from the releasing donor to acceptor cells (which will be reviewed in a forthcoming manuscript).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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21
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Dustin E, Suarez-Pozos E, Stotesberry C, Qiu S, Palavicini JP, Han X, Dupree JL. Compromised Myelin and Axonal Molecular Organization Following Adult-Onset Sulfatide Depletion. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1431. [PMID: 37239102 PMCID: PMC10216104 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, or sulfatide, is a prominent myelin glycosphingolipid reduced in the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), indicating that sulfatide reduction precedes demyelination. Using a mouse model that is constitutively depleted of sulfatide, we previously demonstrated that sulfatide is essential during development for the establishment and maintenance of myelin and axonal integrity and for the stable tethering of certain myelin proteins in the sheath. Here, using an adult-onset depletion model of sulfatide, we employ a combination of ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches to analyze the consequence of sulfatide depletion from the adult CNS. Our findings show a progressive loss of axonal protein domain organization, which is accompanied by axonal degeneration, with myelin sparing. Similar to our previous work, we also observe differential myelin protein anchoring stabilities that are both sulfatide dependent and independent. Most notably, stable anchoring of neurofascin155, a myelin paranodal protein that binds the axonal paranodal complex of contactin/Caspr1, requires sulfatide. Together, our findings show that adult-onset sulfatide depletion, independent of demyelination, is sufficient to trigger progressive axonal degeneration. Although the pathologic mechanism is unknown, we propose that sulfatide is required for maintaining myelin organization and subsequent myelin-axon interactions and disruptions in these interactions results in compromised axon structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Dustin
- Research Service, Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA; (E.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA
| | - Edna Suarez-Pozos
- Research Service, Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA; (E.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA
| | - Camryn Stotesberry
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Shulan Qiu
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Dupree
- Research Service, Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA; (E.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA
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22
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Moreno-Pescador G, Arastoo MR, Ruhoff VT, Chiantia S, Daniels R, Bendix PM. Thermoplasmonic Vesicle Fusion Reveals Membrane Phase Segregation of Influenza Spike Proteins. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3377-3384. [PMID: 37040311 PMCID: PMC10141563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular processes involve the lateral organization of integral and peripheral membrane proteins into nanoscale domains. Despite the biological significance, the mechanisms that facilitate membrane protein clustering into nanoscale lipid domains remain enigmatic. In cells, the analysis of membrane protein phase affinity is complicated by the size and temporal nature of ordered and disordered lipid domains. To overcome these limitations, we developed a method for delivering membrane proteins from transfected cells into phase-separated model membranes that combines optical trapping with thermoplasmonic-mediated membrane fusion and confocal imaging. Using this approach, we observed clear phase partitioning into the liquid disordered phase following the transfer of GFP-tagged influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from transfected cell membranes to giant unilamellar vesicles. The generic platform presented here allows investigation of the phase affinity of any plasma membrane protein which can be labeled or tagged with a fluorescent marker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Arastoo
- Niels
Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Salvatore Chiantia
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biology, University
of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Daniels
- Division
of Viral Products, Center for Biologics
Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Poul Martin Bendix
- Niels
Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
- Email
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23
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Adjou Moumouni PF, Naomasa S, Tuvshintulga B, Sato N, Okado K, Zheng W, Lee SH, Mosqueda J, Suzuki H, Xuan X, Umemiya-Shirafuji R. Identification and Characterization of Rhipicephalus microplus ATAQ Homolog from Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks and Its Immunogenic Potential as an Anti-Tick Vaccine Candidate Molecule. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040822. [PMID: 37110244 PMCID: PMC10145298 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines are one of the environmentally friendly means to prevent the spread of ticks, there is currently no commercial vaccine effective against Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks. In this study, we identified, characterized, localized, and evaluated the expression patterns, and tested the immunogenic potential of a homologue of Rhipicephalus microplus ATAQ in H. longicornis (HlATAQ). HlATAQ was identified as a 654 amino acid-long protein present throughout the midgut and in Malpighian tubule cells and containing six full and one partial EGF-like domains. HlATAQ was genetically distant (homology < 50%) from previously reported ATAQ proteins and was expressed throughout tick life stages. Its expression steadily increased (p < 0.001) during feeding, reached a peak, and then decreased slightly with engorgement. Silencing of HlATAQ did not result in a phenotype that was significantly different from the control ticks. However, H. longicornis female ticks fed on a rabbit immunized with recombinant HlATAQ showed significantly longer blood-feeding periods, higher body weight at engorgement, higher egg mass, and longer pre-oviposition and egg hatching periods than control ticks. These findings indicate that the ATAQ protein plays a role in the blood-feeding-related physiological processes in the midgut and Malpighian tubules and antibodies directed against it may affect these tissues and disrupt tick engorgement and oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Souichirou Naomasa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nariko Sato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Okado
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Juan Mosqueda
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Queretaro 76140, Mexico
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
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24
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Komatsuya K, Kikuchi N, Hirabayashi T, Kasahara K. The Regulatory Roles of Cerebellar Glycosphingolipid Microdomains/Lipid Rafts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065566. [PMID: 36982638 PMCID: PMC10058044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are dynamic assemblies of glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and specific proteins which are stabilized into platforms involved in the regulation of vital cellular processes. Cerebellar lipid rafts are cell surface ganglioside microdomains for the attachment of GPI-anchored neural adhesion molecules and downstream signaling molecules such as Src-family kinases and heterotrimeric G proteins. In this review, we summarize our recent findings on signaling in ganglioside GD3 rafts of cerebellar granule cells and several findings by other groups on the roles of lipid rafts in the cerebellum. TAG-1, of the contactin group of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, is a phosphacan receptor. Phosphacan regulates the radial migration signaling of cerebellar granule cells, via Src-family kinase Lyn, by binding to TAG-1 on ganglioside GD3 rafts. Chemokine SDF-1α, which induces the tangential migration of cerebellar granule cells, causes heterotrimeric G protein Goα translocation to GD3 rafts. Furthermore, the functional roles of cerebellar raft-binding proteins including cell adhesion molecule L1, heterotrimeric G protein Gsα, and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels are discussed.
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25
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Harant K, Čajka T, Angelisová P, Pokorná J, Hořejší V. Composition of raft-like cell membrane microdomains resistant to styrene-maleic acid copolymer (SMA) solubilization. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:106989. [PMID: 36898346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
An advantageous alternative to the use of detergents in biochemical studies on membrane proteins are the recently developed styrene-maleic acid (SMA) amphipathic copolymers. In our recent study [1] we demonstrated that using this approach, most T cell membrane proteins were fully solubilized (presumably in small nanodiscs), while two types of raft proteins, GPI-anchored proteins and Src family kinases, were mostly present in much larger (>250 nm) membrane fragments markedly enriched in typical raft lipids, cholesterol and lipids containing saturated fatty acid residues. In the present study we demonstrate that disintegration of membranes of several other cell types by means of SMA copolymer follows a similar pattern and we provide a detailed proteomic and lipidomic characterization of these SMA-resistant membrane fragments (SRMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec CZ-25242, Czechia; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague 2 CZ-128 01, Czechia.
| | - Tomáš Čajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083 142 20 Praha 4, Czechia.
| | - Pavla Angelisová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083 142 20 Praha 4, Czechia
| | - Jana Pokorná
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083 142 20 Praha 4, Czechia
| | - Václav Hořejší
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083 142 20 Praha 4, Czechia.
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26
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Veatch SL, Rogers N, Decker A, Shelby SA. The plasma membrane as an adaptable fluid mosaic. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184114. [PMID: 36581017 PMCID: PMC9922517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson established a powerful framework to interrogate biological membranes that has stood the test of time. They proposed that the membrane is a simple fluid, meaning that proteins and lipids are randomly distributed over distances larger than those dictated by direct interactions. Here we present an update to this model that describes a spatially adaptable fluid membrane capable of tuning local composition in response to forces originating outside the membrane plane. This revision is rooted in the thermodynamics of lipid mixtures, draws from recent experimental results, and suggests new modes of membrane function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Veatch
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nat Rogers
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam Decker
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah A Shelby
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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27
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Synergistic mechanism between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and their crosstalk with other organelles. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 36759598 PMCID: PMC9911404 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organelles are functional areas where eukaryotic cells perform processes necessary for life. Each organelle performs specific functions; however, highly coordinated crosstalk occurs between them. Disorder of organelle networks often occur in various diseases. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are crucial organelles in eukaryotic cells as they are the material synthesis and oxidative metabolism centers, respectively. Homeostasis and orchestrated interactions are essential for maintaining the normal activities of cells. However, the mode and mechanism of organelle crosstalk is still a research challenge. Furthermore, the intricate association between organelle dyshomeostasis and the progression of many human diseases remains unclear. This paper systematically summarized the latest research advances in the synergistic mechanism between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and their crosstalk with other organelles based on recent literature. It also highlights the application potential of organelle homeostasis maintenance as a preventative and treatment strategy for diseases.
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28
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Refinement of Singer-Nicolson fluid-mosaic model by microscopy imaging: Lipid rafts and actin-induced membrane compartmentalization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184093. [PMID: 36423676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This year celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model for biological membranes. The next level of sophistication we have achieved for understanding plasma membrane (PM) structures, dynamics, and functions during these 50 years includes the PM interactions with cortical actin filaments and the partial demixing of membrane constituent molecules in the PM, particularly raft domains. Here, first, we summarize our current knowledge of these two structures and emphasize that they are interrelated. Second, we review the structure, molecular dynamics, and function of raft domains, with main focuses on raftophilic glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) and their signal transduction mechanisms. We pay special attention to the results obtained by single-molecule imaging techniques and other advanced microscopy methods. We also clarify the limitations of present optical microscopy methods for visualizing raft domains, but emphasize that single-molecule imaging techniques can "detect" raft domains associated with molecules of interest in the PM.
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29
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Isik OA, Cizmecioglu O. Rafting on the Plasma Membrane: Lipid Rafts in Signaling and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1436:87-108. [PMID: 36648750 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is not a uniform phospholipid bilayer; it has specialized membrane nano- or microdomains called lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are small cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich plasma membrane islands. Although their existence was long debated, their presence in the plasma membrane of living cells is now well accepted with the advent of super-resolution imaging techniques. It is interesting to note that lipid rafts function to compartmentalize receptors and their regulators and substantially modulate cellular signaling. In this review, we will examine the role of lipid rafts and caveolae-lipid raft-like microdomains with a distinct 3D morphology-in cellular signaling. Moreover, we will investigate how raft compartmentalized signaling regulates diverse physiological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, immune signaling, and development. Also, the deregulation of lipid raft-mediated signaling during tumorigenesis and metastasis will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Aybuke Isik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Cizmecioglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
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30
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Agbaga MP, McClellan ME, Elliott MH. Analysis of Lipids, Fatty Acid, and Cholesterol in Membrane Microdomains. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2625:129-139. [PMID: 36653639 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2966-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The original concept that lipid and protein components are randomly distributed in cellular membranes has been challenged by evidence of compartmentalization of such components into discrete membrane microdomains (known as lipid rafts). The lipid microdomain hypothesis has generated significant controversy and rigorous inquiry to test the idea that such domains concentrate machinery to mediate cellular processes such as signaling, synaptic plasticity, and endocytosis. As such, a large number of studies have used biochemical, cell biological, and biophysical methodologies to define the composition of membrane microdomains in experimental contexts. Although biochemical preparation strategies are not without limitations (as discussed herein), the isolation of detergent-resistant and detergent-free membrane domains can provide important information about the segregation of lipids and proteins in membranes. In this chapter, we describe methodologies to isolate membranes from cell or tissue sources with biophysical/biochemical properties of membrane microdomains and also provide methods for subsequent classical or mass spectrometry-based lipid analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mark E McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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31
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Sandoval L, Labarca M, Retamal C, Sánchez P, Larraín J, González A. Sonic hedgehog is basolaterally sorted from the TGN and transcytosed to the apical domain involving Dispatched-1 at Rab11-ARE. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:833175. [PMID: 36568977 PMCID: PMC9768590 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.833175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog proteins (Hhs) secretion from apical and/or basolateral domains occurs in different epithelial cells impacting development and tissue homeostasis. Palmitoylation and cholesteroylation attach Hhs to membranes, and Dispatched-1 (Disp-1) promotes their release. How these lipidated proteins are handled by the complex secretory and endocytic pathways of polarized epithelial cells remains unknown. We show that polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells address newly synthesized sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the TGN to the basolateral cell surface and then to the apical domain through a transcytosis pathway that includes Rab11-apical recycling endosomes (Rab11-ARE). Both palmitoylation and cholesteroylation contribute to this sorting behavior, otherwise Shh lacking these lipid modifications is secreted unpolarized. Disp-1 mediates first basolateral secretion from the TGN and then transcytosis from Rab11-ARE. At the steady state, Shh predominates apically and can be basolaterally transcytosed. This Shh trafficking provides several steps for regulation and variation in different epithelia, subordinating the apical to the basolateral secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Sandoval
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Labarca
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile,Centro Ciencia y Vida, Fundación Ciencia para la Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Retamal
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile,Centro Ciencia y Vida, Fundación Ciencia para la Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Sánchez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso González
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile,Centro Ciencia y Vida, Fundación Ciencia para la Vida, Santiago, Chile,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Alfonso González,
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32
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Hayashi D, Mouchlis VD, Okamoto S, Namba T, Wang L, Li S, Ueda S, Yamanoue M, Tachibana H, Arai H, Ashida H, Dennis EA, Shirai Y. Vitamin E functions by association with a novel binding site on the 67 kDa laminin receptor activating diacylglycerol kinase. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109129. [PMID: 35977663 PMCID: PMC10243646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that the main function of α-tocopherol (αToc), which is the most active form of vitamin E, is its antioxidant effect, while non-antioxidant effects have also been reported. We previously found that αToc ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) activation in vivo, and the activation was not related to the antioxidant effect. However, the underlying mechanism of how αToc activates DGKα have been enigmatic. We report that the membrane-bound 67 kDa laminin receptor (67LR), which has previously been shown to serve as a receptor for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), also contains a novel binding site for vitamin E, and its association with Vitamin E mediates DGKα activation by αToc. We employed hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX/MS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify the specific binding site of αToc on the 67LR and discovered the conformation of the specific hydrophobic pocket that accommodates αToc. Also, HDX/MS and MD simulations demonstrated the detailed binding of EGCG to a water-exposed hydrophilic site on 67LR, while in contrast αToc binds to a distinct hydrophobic site. We demonstrated that 67LR triggers an important signaling pathway mediating non-antioxidant effects of αToc, such as DGKα activation. This is the first evidence demonstrating a membrane receptor for αToc and one of the underlying mechanisms of a non-antioxidant function for αToc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Seika Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoka Namba
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shuji Ueda
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamanoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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33
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Gao SS, Shi R, Sun J, Tang Y, Zheng Z, Li JF, Li H, Zhang J, Leng Q, Xu J, Chen X, Zhao J, Sy MS, Feng L, Li C. GPI-anchored ligand-BioID2-tagging system identifies Galectin-1 mediating Zika virus entry. iScience 2022; 25:105481. [PMID: 36404916 PMCID: PMC9668739 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of host factors facilitating pathogen entry is critical for preventing infectious diseases. Here, we report a tagging system consisting of a viral receptor-binding protein (RBP) linked to BioID2, which is expressed on the cell surface via a GPI anchor. Using VSV or Zika virus (ZIKV) RBP, the system (BioID2- RBP(V)-GPI; BioID2-RBP(Z)-GPI) faithfully identifies LDLR and AXL, the receptors of VSV and ZIKV, respectively. Being GPI-anchored is essential for the probe to function properly. Furthermore, BioID2-RBP(Z)-GPI expressed in human neuronal progenitor cells identifies galectin-1 on cell surface pivotal for ZIKV entry. This conclusion is further supported by antibody blocking and galectin-1 silencing in A549 and mouse neural cells. Importantly, Lgals1−/− mice are significantly more resistant to ZIKV infection than Lgals1+/+ littermates are, having significantly lower virus titers and fewer pathologies in various organs. This tagging system may have broad applications for identifying protein-protein interactions on the cell surface. A tagging system for identifying ligand-receptor interactions is developed Receptor binding domain determines the specificity of the system Being GPI-anchored is pivotal for the tagging system to function properly Galectin-1 is identified as an entry factor essential for ZIKV infection
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34
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London E. Ordered Domain (Raft) Formation in Asymmetric Vesicles and Its Induction upon Loss of Lipid Asymmetry in Artificial and Natural Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:870. [PMID: 36135889 PMCID: PMC9503047 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid asymmetry, the difference in the lipid composition in the inner and outer lipid monolayers (leaflets) of a membrane, is an important feature of eukaryotic plasma membranes. Investigation of the biophysical consequences of lipid asymmetry has been aided by advances in the ability to prepare artificial asymmetric membranes, especially by use of cyclodextrin-catalyzed lipid exchange. This review summarizes recent studies with artificial asymmetric membranes which have identified conditions in which asymmetry can induce or suppress the ability of membranes to form ordered domains (rafts). A consequence of the latter effect is that, under some conditions, a loss of asymmetry can induce ordered domain formation. An analogous study in plasma membrane vesicles has demonstrated that asymmetry can also suppress domain formation in natural membranes. Thus, it is possible that a loss of asymmetry can induce domain formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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35
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Kotani N, Araki T, Miyagawa-Yamaguchi A, Amimoto T, Nakano M, Honke K. Proximity Labeling and Proteomics: Get to Know Neighbors. Methods Enzymol 2022; 679:131-162. [PMID: 36682860 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are essential in biological reactions and fundamental to cell-cell communication (e.g., the binding of secreted proteins, such as hormones, to cell membrane receptors) and the subsequent intracellular signal transduction cascade. Several studies have been extensively carried out on protein-protein interactions because they have the potential to resolve various problems in molecular biology. Biochemical methods, such as chemical cross-linking and immunoprecipitation, have long been used to analyze which proteins interact with each other. However, there are some problems, such as unphysiological states and non-specific binding, that require the development of more useful experimental methods. This chapter discusses the "proximity labeling (Proteomics)" analysis technique, which has been attracting attention in protein-protein interaction analysis in recent years and is used in many biological studies. "Membrane proximity labeling (proteomics)," which analyzes the interaction of cell membrane proteins, and "intracellular proximity labeling (proteomics)" will be explained in-depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kotani
- Medical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Araki
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Amimoto
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Honke
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
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Varghese PM, Kishore U, Rajkumari R. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Influenza A Virus: Immune evasion and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mukhina T, Brezesinski G, Schneck E. Phase Behavior and Miscibility in Two-Component Glycolipid Monolayers. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6464-6471. [PMID: 35976765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids are known to be involved in the formation of ordered functional domains in biological membranes. Since the structural characterization of such domains is difficult, most studies have so far dealt with lipid mixtures containing only one glycolipid component at a time, although biological membranes usually contain several glycolipid species, which can result in more complex structures and phase behavior. Here, we combine classical isotherm measurements with surface-sensitive grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction to investigate the phase behavior and miscibility in Langmuir monolayers of binary glycolipid mixtures. We find that the phase behavior has a subtle dependence on the saccharide headgroup chemistry. For compatible chemistries, molecular superlattice structures formed by one of the glycolipid species are conserved and can host foreign glycolipids up to a defined stoichiometry. In contrast, for sterically incompatible saccharide chemistries, the superlattice is lost even if both species are able to form such structures in their pure forms. Our results suggest that related phenomena may play important roles also in biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Mukhina
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerald Brezesinski
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Gizzi G, Cataldi S, Mazzeschi C, Delvecchio E, Ceccarini MR, Codini M, Albi E. Hypercholesterolemia in Cancer and in Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis for a Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137466. [PMID: 35806470 PMCID: PMC9267523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cholesterol and cancer has been widely demonstrated. Clinical studies have shown changes in blood cholesterol levels in cancer patients. In parallel, basic research studies have shown that cholesterol is involved in the mechanisms of onset and progression of the disease. On the other hand, anorexic patients have high cholesterol levels and a high susceptibility to cancer. In this review, we first present a brief background on the relations among nutrition, eating disorders and cancer. Using several notable examples, we then illustrate the changes in cholesterol in cancer and in anorexia nervosa, providing evidence for their important relationship. Finally, we show a new possible link between cholesterol disorder in cancer and in anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gizzi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.G.); (C.M.); (E.D.)
| | - Samuela Cataldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Mazzeschi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.G.); (C.M.); (E.D.)
| | - Elisa Delvecchio
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.G.); (C.M.); (E.D.)
| | - Maria Rachele Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Michela Codini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-0755857940
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De Masi R, Orlando S. GANAB and N-Glycans Substrates Are Relevant in Human Physiology, Polycystic Pathology and Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7373. [PMID: 35806376 PMCID: PMC9266668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are one of the four fundamental macromolecular components of living matter, and they are highly regulated in the cell. Their functions are metabolic, structural and modulatory. In particular, ER resident N-glycans participate with the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 highly conserved sequence, in protein folding process, where the physiological balance between glycosylation/deglycosylation on the innermost glucose residue takes place, according GANAB/UGGT concentration ratio. However, under abnormal conditions, the cell adapts to the glucose availability by adopting an aerobic or anaerobic regimen of glycolysis, or to external stimuli through internal or external recognition patterns, so it responds to pathogenic noxa with unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR can affect Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and several neurological and metabolic diseases via the BiP stress sensor, resulting in ATF6, PERK and IRE1 activation. Furthermore, the abnormal GANAB expression has been observed in MS, systemic lupus erythematous, male germinal epithelium and predisposed highly replicating cells of the kidney tubules and bile ducts. The latter is the case of Polycystic Liver Disease (PCLD) and Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCKD), where genetically induced GANAB loss affects polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), resulting in altered protein quality control and cyst formation phenomenon. Our topics resume the role of glycans in cell physiology, highlighting the N-glycans one, as a substrate of GANAB, which is an emerging key molecule in MS and other human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Masi
- Complex Operative Unit of Neurology, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania Orlando
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, “F. Ferrari” Hospital, Casarano, 73042 Lecce, Italy
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136884. [PMID: 35805890 PMCID: PMC9266556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the human pathogenic subset of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC are responsible for severe colon infections associated with life-threatening extraintestinal complications such as the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and neurological disturbances. Endothelial cells in various human organs are renowned targets of Stx, whereas the role of epithelial cells of colon and kidneys in the infection process has been and is still a matter of debate. This review shortly addresses the clinical impact of EHEC infections, novel aspects of vesicular package of Stx in the intestine and the blood stream as well as Stx-mediated extraintestinal complications and therapeutic options. Here follows a compilation of the Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) and their various lipoforms present in primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their distribution in lipid raft-analog membrane preparations. The last issues are the high and extremely low susceptibility of primary renal and colonic epithelial cells, respectively, suggesting a large resilience of the intestinal epithelium against the human-pathogenic Stx1a- and Stx2a-subtypes due to the low content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer in colon epithelial cells. The review closes with a brief outlook on future challenges of Stx research.
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Murata M, Matsumori N, Kinoshita M, London E. Molecular substructure of the liquid-ordered phase formed by sphingomyelin and cholesterol: sphingomyelin clusters forming nano-subdomains are a characteristic feature. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:655-678. [PMID: 35791389 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As a model of lipid rafts, the liquid-ordered (Lo) phase formed by sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (Cho) in bilayer membranes has long attracted the attention of biophysics researchers. New approaches and methodologies have led to a better understanding of the molecular basis of the Lo domain structure. This review summarizes studies on model membrane systems consisting of SM/unsaturated phospholipid/Cho implying that the Lo phase contains SM-based nanodomains (or nano-subdomains). Some of the Lo phase properties may be attributed to these nanodomains. Several studies suggest that the nanodomains contain clustered SM molecules packed densely to form gel-phase-like subdomains of single-digit nanometer size at physiological temperatures. Cho and unsaturated lipids located in the Lo phase are likely to be concentrated at the boundaries between the subdomains. These subdomains are not readily detected in the Lo phase formed by saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules, suggesting that they are strongly stabilized by homophilic interactions specific to SM, e.g., between SM amide groups. This model for the Lo phase is supported by experiments using dihydro-SM, which is thought to have stronger homophilic interactions than SM, as well as by studies using the enantiomer of SM having opposite stereochemistry to SM at the 2 and 3 positions and by some molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of lipid bilayers containing Lo-lipids. Nanosized gel subdomains seem to play an important role in controlling membrane organization and function in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan.,ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Masanao Kinoshita
- ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215 USA
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Caveolin-1 Mediated Membrane Curvature. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:225-236. [PMID: 35467110 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 is one of the main protein components of caveolae that acts as a mechanosensor at the cell membrane. The interactions of caveolin-1 with membranes have been shown to lead to complex effects such as curvature and the clustering of specific lipids. Here, we review the emerging concepts on the molecular interactions of caveolin-1, with a focus on insights from coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations. Consensus structural models of caveolin-1 report a helix-turn-helix core motif with flanking domains of higher disorder that could be membrane composition dependent. Caveolin-1 appears to be mainly surface-bound and does not embed very deep in the membrane to which it is bound. The most interesting aspect of caveolin-1 membrane binding is the interplay of cholesterol clustering and membrane curvature. Although cholesterol has been reported to cluster in the vicinity of caveolin-1 by several approaches, simulations show that the clustering is maximal in membrane leaflet opposing the surface-bound caveolin-1. The intrinsic negative curvature of cholesterol appears to stabilize the negative curvature in the opposing leaflet. In fact, the simulations show that blocking cholesterol clustering (through artificial position restraints) blocks membrane curvature, and vice versa. Concomitant with cholesterol clustering is sphingomyelin clustering, again in the opposing leaflet, but in a concentration-dependent manner. The differential stress due to caveolin-1 binding and the inherent asymmetry of the membrane leaflets could be the determinant for membrane curvature and needs to be further probed. The review is an important step to reconcile the molecular level details emerging from simulations with the mesoscopic details provided by state of the art experimental approaches.
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The Neuroprotective Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D Stably Interacts with Specific Subtypes of Detergent-Resistant Membrane Domains in a Basigin-Independent Manner. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4015-4029. [PMID: 35460054 PMCID: PMC9167181 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence points to the lipocalin apolipoprotein D (ApoD), one of the few genes consistently upregulated upon brain ageing and neurodegeneration, as an endogenous controller of the redox state of cellular and extracellular lipid structures. This biochemical function has downstream consequences as apparently varied as control of glycocalyx and myelin compaction, cell viability upon oxidative stress or modulation of signalling pathways. In spite of this knowledge, it is still unclear if ApoD function requires canonical receptor-mediated transductions systems. This work aims to examine ApoD-cell membrane interaction and its dependence on a proposed ApoD receptor, Basigin. Whole and fractionated membrane preparations from the brain, primary astrocytes, glial and neuronal cell lines, reveal ApoD as a very specific component of particular subtypes of detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs). ApoD interacts in vitro with neuronal membranes and is stably associated with astrocytic membranes. ApoD associates with DRMs with specific buoyancy properties that co-fractionate with plasma or late-endosome-lysosome markers. A mass spectrometry analysis reveals that these Triton X-114 DRMs contain both plasma membrane and endosomal-lysosomal compartment lipid raft proteins. ApoD-DRM association is maintained under metabolic and acute oxidative stress conditions. However, ApoD-membrane interaction, its internalization and its lipid-antioxidant function do not require the presence of Basigin. This work supports a stable association of ApoD with membranes, independent of Basigin, and provides the basis to fully understand ApoD antioxidant neuroprotective mechanism as a mechanism taking place in specific membrane subdomains.
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Morzy D, Bastings M. Significance of Receptor Mobility in Multivalent Binding on Lipid Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114167. [PMID: 34982497 PMCID: PMC9303963 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerous key biological processes rely on the concept of multivalency, where ligands achieve stable binding only upon engaging multiple receptors. These processes, like viral entry or immune synapse formation, occur on the diffusive cellular membrane. One crucial, yet underexplored aspect of multivalent binding is the mobility of coupled receptors. Here, we discuss the consequences of mobility in multivalent processes from four perspectives: (I) The facilitation of receptor recruitment by the multivalent ligand due to their diffusivity prior to binding. (II) The effects of receptor preassembly, which allows their local accumulation. (III) The consequences of changes in mobility upon the formation of receptor/ligand complex. (IV) The changes in the diffusivity of lipid environment surrounding engaged receptors. We demonstrate how understanding mobility is essential for fully unravelling the principles of multivalent membrane processes, leading to further development in studies on receptor interactions, and guide the design of new generations of multivalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Morzy
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maartje Bastings
- Programmable Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bag N, London E, Holowka DA, Baird BA. Transbilayer Coupling of Lipids in Cells Investigated by Imaging Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2325-2336. [PMID: 35294838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membranes host numerous receptors, sensors, and ion channels involved in cellular signaling. Phase separation within the plasma membrane has emerged as a key biophysical regulator of signaling reactions in multiple physiological and pathological contexts. There is much evidence that plasma membrane composition supports the coexistence of liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases or domains at physiological conditions. However, this phase/domain separation is nanoscopic and transient in live cells. It has been recently proposed that transbilayer coupling between the inner and outer leaflets of the plasma membrane is driven by their asymmetric lipid distribution and by dynamic cytoskeleton-lipid composites that contribute to the formation and transience of Lo/Ld phase separation in live cells. In this Perspective, we highlight new approaches to investigate how transbilayer coupling may influence phase separation. For quantitative evaluation of the impact of these interactions, we introduce an experimental strategy centered around Imaging Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (ImFCS), which measures membrane diffusion with very high precision. To demonstrate this strategy, we choose two well-established model systems for transbilayer interactions: cross-linking by multivalent antigen of immunoglobulin E bound to receptor FcεRI and cross-linking by cholera toxin B of GM1 gangliosides. We discuss emerging methods to systematically perturb membrane lipid composition, particularly exchange of outer leaflet lipids with exogenous lipids using methyl alpha cyclodextrin. These selective perturbations may be quantitatively evaluated with ImFCS and other high-resolution biophysical tools to discover novel principles of lipid-mediated phase separation in live cells in the context of their pathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Bag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - David A Holowka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Barbara A Baird
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Bernat-Silvestre C, Ma Y, Johnson K, Ferrando A, Aniento F, Marcote MJ. Characterization of Arabidopsis Post-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins Phospholipase 3 Like Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817915. [PMID: 35222477 PMCID: PMC8874281 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid remodeling of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors is required for their maturation and may influence the localization and function of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). Maturation of GPI-anchors is well characterized in animals and fungi but very little is known about this process in plants. In yeast, the GPI-lipid remodeling occurs entirely at the ER and is initiated by the remodeling enzyme Bst1p (Post-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins inositol deacylase 1 -PGAP1- in mammals and Arabidopsis). Next, the remodeling enzyme Per1p (Post-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins phospholipase 3 -PGAP3- in mammals) removes a short, unsaturated fatty acid of phosphatidylinositol (PI) that is replaced with a very long-chain saturated fatty acid or ceramide to complete lipid remodeling. In mammals, lipid remodeling starts at the ER and is completed at the Golgi apparatus. Studies of the Arabidopsis PGAP1 gene showed that the lipid remodeling of the GPI anchor is critical for the final localization of GPI-APs. Here we characterized loss-of-function mutants of Arabidopsis Per1/PGAP3 like genes (AtPGAP3A and AtPGAP3B). Our results suggest that PGAP3A function is required for the efficient transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the ER to the plasma membrane/cell wall. In addition, loss of function of PGAP3A increases susceptibility to salt and osmotic stresses that may be due to the altered localization of GPI-APs in this mutant. Furthermore, PGAP3B complements a yeast strain lacking PER1 gene suggesting that PGAP3B and Per1p are functional orthologs. Finally, subcellular localization studies suggest that PGAP3A and PGAP3B cycle between the ER and the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Bernat-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Johnson
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Alejandro Ferrando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Mukhina T, Brezesinski G, Shen C, Schneck E. Phase behavior and miscibility in lipid monolayers containing glycolipids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:786-796. [PMID: 35176545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Glycolipids in biological membranes are ubiquitous and believed to be involved in the formation of ordered functional domains. However, our current knowledge about such glycolipid-enriched domains is limited because they are inherently difficult to characterize. EXPERIMENTS We use grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, isotherm measurements, and Brewster angle microscopy to investigate the phase behavior and miscibility in Langmuir lipid monolayers containing glycolipids. FINDINGS Glycolipid-enriched domains give rise to distinct diffraction patterns that allow for a systematic structural investigation and reveal a rich phenomenology, ranging from near-complete demixing to the formation of mixed domains with unique features. The phase behavior is governed by the headgroup chemistry and by the length and saturation of the tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Mukhina
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Gerald Brezesinski
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Chen Shen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Suresh P, London E. Using cyclodextrin-induced lipid substitution to study membrane lipid and ordered membrane domain (raft) function in cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183774. [PMID: 34534531 PMCID: PMC9128603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Methods for efficient cyclodextrin-induced lipid exchange have been developed in our lab. These make it possible to almost completely replace the lipids in the outer leaflet of artificial membranes or the plasma membranes of living cells with exogenous lipids. Lipid replacement/substitution allows detailed studies of how lipid composition and asymmetry influence the structure and function of membrane domains and membrane proteins. In this review, we both summarize progress on cyclodextrin exchange in cells, mainly by the use of methyl-alpha cyclodextrin to exchange phospholipids and sphingolipids, and discuss the issues to consider when carrying out lipid exchange experiments upon cells. Issues that impact interpretation of lipid exchange are also discussed. This includes how overly naïve interpretation of how lipid exchange-induced changes in domain formation can impact protein function.
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Levic DS, Bagnat M. Self-organization of apical membrane protein sorting in epithelial cells. FEBS J 2022; 289:659-670. [PMID: 33864720 PMCID: PMC8522177 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells are characterized by the asymmetric distribution of proteins between apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. This asymmetry is highly conserved and is fundamental to epithelial cell physiology, development, and homeostasis. How proteins are segregated for apical or basolateral delivery, a process known as sorting, has been the subject of considerable investigation for decades. Despite these efforts, the rules guiding apical sorting are poorly understood and remain controversial. Here, we consider mechanisms of apical membrane protein sorting and argue that they are largely driven by self-organization and biophysical principles. The preponderance of data to date is consistent with the idea that apical sorting is not ruled by a dedicated protein-based sorting machinery and relies instead on the concerted effects of oligomerization, phase separation of lipids and proteins in membranes, and pH-dependent glycan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Levic
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Correspondence to Michel Bagnat: or Dan Levic:
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Correspondence to Michel Bagnat: or Dan Levic:
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Nieto-Garai JA, Lorizate M, Contreras FX. Shedding light on membrane rafts structure and dynamics in living cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183813. [PMID: 34748743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes are fundamental building blocks regulating an extensive repertoire of biological functions. These structures contain lipids and membrane proteins that are known to laterally self-aggregate in the plane of the membrane, forming defined membrane nanoscale domains essential for protein activity. Membrane rafts are described as heterogeneous, dynamic, and short-lived cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane nanodomains (10-200 nm) induced by lipid-protein and lipid-lipid interactions. Those membrane nanodomains have been extensively characterized using model membranes and in silico methods. However, despite the development of advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques, undoubted nanoscale visualization by imaging techniques of membrane rafts in the membrane of unperturbed living cells is still uncompleted, increasing the skepticism about their existence. Here, we broadly review recent biochemical and microscopy techniques used to investigate membrane rafts in living cells and we enumerate persistent open questions to answer before unlocking the mystery of membrane rafts in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto-Garai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain; Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain
| | - F-Xabier Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain; Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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