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Kol R, De Somer T, D'hooge DR, Knappich F, Ragaert K, Achilias DS, De Meester S. State-Of-The-Art Quantification of Polymer Solution Viscosity for Plastic Waste Recycling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4071-4102. [PMID: 34324273 PMCID: PMC8519067 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-based recycling is a promising approach for closed-loop recovery of plastic-containing waste. It avoids the energy cost to depolymerize the plastic but still allows to clean the polymer of contaminants and additives. However, viscosity plays an important role in handling the polymer solutions at high concentrations and in the cleaning steps. This Review addresses the viscosity behavior of polymer solutions, available data, and (mostly algebraic) models developed. The non-Newtonian viscosity models, such as the Carreau and Yasuda-Cohen-Armstrong models, pragmatically describe the viscosity of polymer solutions at different concentrations and shear rate ranges. This Review also describes how viscosity influences filtration and centrifugation processes, which are crucial steps in the cleaning of the polymer and includes a polystyrene/styrene case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Kol
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE)Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGraaf Karel De Goedelaan 58500KortrijkBelgium
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistryAristotle University of Thessaloniki54124ThessalonikiGreece
| | - Tobias De Somer
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE)Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGraaf Karel De Goedelaan 58500KortrijkBelgium
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) and Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE)Department of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and ArchitectureGhent UniversityTechnologiepark 125 and 70a9052ZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Fabian Knappich
- Process Development for Polymer RecyclingFraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVVGiggenhauser Straße 3585354FreisingGermany
- Technical University of MunichTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanAlte Akademie 885354FreisingGermany
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer & Material Technologies (CPMT)Department of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering & ArchitectureGhent UniversityTechnologiepark 130B-9052ZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Dimitris S. Achilias
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistryAristotle University of Thessaloniki54124ThessalonikiGreece
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE)Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGraaf Karel De Goedelaan 58500KortrijkBelgium
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Modeling seeded suspension polymerization of core-shell polymer particles using computational fluid dynamics. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ravichandran D, Xu W, Franklin R, Kanth N, Jambhulkar S, Shukla S, Song K. Fabricating Fibers of a Porous-Polystyrene Shell and Particle-Loaded Core. Molecules 2019; 24:E4142. [PMID: 31731728 PMCID: PMC6891604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) polymers have broad applications in protective packaging for food shipping, containers, lids, bottles, trays, tumblers, disposable cutlery and the making of models. Currently, most PS products, such as foams, are not accepted for recycling due to a low density in the porous structure. This poses a challenge for logistics as well as creating a lack of incentive to invest in high-value products. This study, however, demonstrated the use of a dry-jet wet-spinning technique to manufacture continuous PS fibers enabled by an in-house designed and developed spinning apparatus. The manufactured fibers showed porosity in the shell and the capability to load particles in their core, a structure with high potential use in environmentally relevant applications such as water treatment or CO2 collections. A two-phase liquid-state microstructure was first achieved via a co-axial spinneret. Following coagulation procedures and heat treatment, phase-separation-based selective dissolution successfully generated the porous-shell/particle-core fibers. The pore size and density were controlled by the porogen (i.e., PEG) concentrations and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fiber formation dynamics were studied via rheology tests and gelation measurements. The shell components were characterized by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry for mechanical durability and thermal stability analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharneedar Ravichandran
- System Engineering, The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA; (D.R.); (W.X.); (S.J.)
| | - Weiheng Xu
- System Engineering, The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA; (D.R.); (W.X.); (S.J.)
| | - Rahul Franklin
- Materials Science & Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (R.F.); (N.K.)
| | - Namrata Kanth
- Materials Science & Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (R.F.); (N.K.)
| | - Sayli Jambhulkar
- System Engineering, The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA; (D.R.); (W.X.); (S.J.)
| | - Sumedh Shukla
- Manufacturing Engineering, The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA;
| | - Kenan Song
- The Polytechnic School (TPS) & School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy (SEMTE), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
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Weeden GS, Ling L, Soepriatna NH, Wang NHL. Size-exclusion simulated moving bed for separating organophosphorus flame retardants from a polymer. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:99-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Singh GJ, Gupta SK. Viscosity of moderately concentrated solutions of polymethyl-methacrylate in methyl-methacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kwei TK, Nakazawa M, Matsuoka S, Cowman MK, Okamoto Y. Concentration Dependence of Solution Viscosities of Rigid Rod Polymers. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9912002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Echte A, Haaf F, Hambrecht J. Fünf Jahrzehnte Polystyrol – Chemie und Physik einer Pioniersubstanz im Überblick. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19810930408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jayaraman GS, Wallace JF, Geil PH, Baer E. Cold compaction molding and sintering of polystyrene. POLYM ENG SCI 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760160802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miyama H. A Thermistor Method for the Determination of Velocity Coefficients of Vinyl Polymerization. V. The Effect of the Bulk Viscosity on the Velocity of Vinyl Polymerization. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1957. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.30.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fujii S. The Effect of Conversion on the Mechanism of Vinyl Polymerization. II. Methyl Methacrylate. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1954. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.27.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fujii S. The Effect of Conversion on the Mechanism of Vinyl Polymerization. I Styrene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1954. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.27.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ferry JD, Foster EL, Browning GV, Sawyer W. Viscosities of concentrated polyvinyl acetate solutions in various solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1951. [DOI: 10.1016/0095-8522(51)90010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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