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Halis G, Köroğlu A, Şahin O, Dede DÖ, Yilmaz B. Effect of simulated tootbrushing on surface roughness of sealant agent coupled nanohybrid composite resins. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:907-914. [PMID: 35037740 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of toothbrushing on the surface roughness (Ra ) of different sealant agent coupled nanohybrid composite resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred sixty disc-shaped (10 × 2 mm) specimens were prepared from four different nanohybrid composite resins (Z-550, Tetric EvoCeram, Clearfill Majesty, Ice). Specimen groups were divided into four subgroups for conventional polishing (control) and to apply three different surface sealant agents (Palaseal, Optiglaze, Biscover LV) (n = 10). The Ra values of the specimens were recorded before (Ra 0) and after 10,000 cycles of toothbrushing (Ra 1). The surface properties of the specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD, and paired sample t tests. RESULTS Composite resin material, surface treatment, and their interaction were significant on Ra values (p < 0.001). Significant decrease in Ra 0 values observed for surface sealant agent coupled Clearfill Majesty and Tetric EvoCeram composite resin groups compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). After simulated one-year toothbrushing, the control group of Clearfill Majesty had the highest Ra 1 value (p < 0.001). The Ra 1 values of all groups were significantly higher than the Ra 0 values (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Simulated 1-year toothbrushing increased the surface roughness of all nanohybrid composite resin materials. Optiglaze and Biscover LV sealant agents on Tetric EvoCeram, and all tested sealant agents on Clearfill Majesty enabled smoother surfaces than conventional polishing after toothbrushing. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Because toothbrushing increases the surface roughness of tested nanohybrid composite resins, the application of surface sealant agents on some of the tested resins can be considered for smoother surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Halis
- Department of Prosthodontics, Güngören Oral Dental Health Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Köroğlu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Onur Şahin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Doğu Ömür Dede
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA
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Fernandes RA, Strazzi-Sahyon HB, Suzuki TYU, Briso ALF, Dos Santos PH. Effect of dental bleaching on the microhardness and surface roughness of sealed composite resins. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e12. [PMID: 32110540 PMCID: PMC7030961 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microhardness and surface roughness of composite resins before and after tooth bleaching procedures. Materials and Methods Sixty specimens were prepared of each composite resin (Filtek Supreme XT and Opallis), and BisCover LV surface sealant was applied to half of the specimens. Thirty enamel samples were obtained from the buccal and lingual surfaces of human molars for use as the control group. The surface roughness and microhardness were measured before and after bleaching procedures with 35% hydrogen peroxide or 16% carbamide (n = 10). Data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the Fisher test (α = 0.05). Results Neither hydrogen peroxide nor carbamide peroxide treatment significantly altered the hardness of the composite resins, regardless of surface sealant application; however, both treatments significantly decreased the hardness of the tooth samples (p < 0.05). The bleaching did not cause any change in surface roughness, with the exception of the unsealed Opallis composite resin and dental enamel, both of which displayed an increase in surface roughness after bleaching with carbamide peroxide (p < 0.05). Conclusions The microhardness and surface roughness of enamel and Opallis composite resin were influenced by bleaching procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Aparecido Fernandes
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrico Badaoui Strazzi-Sahyon
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís Yumi Umeda Suzuki
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Fraga Briso
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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Gurbuz O, Cilingir A, Dikmen B, Ozsoy A, Mert Eren M. Effect of surface sealant on the surface roughness of different composites and evaluation of their microhardness. Eur Oral Res 2020; 54:1-8. [PMID: 32518904 PMCID: PMC7252534 DOI: 10.26650/eor.20200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a surface sealant on the surface
roughness of different composites and compare their microhardness values. Materials and methods: Sixty disc-shaped specimens were prepared and assigned to 6 groups (n =10).
Groups were prepared as follows; Group 1 (Herculite XRV Ultra), Group 2 (Beautifil
Bulk Restorative) and Group 3 (Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative). Groups 4, 5,
and 6 were prepared by applying a surface sealant (BisCover LV) on the specimens
in groups 1, 2 and 3. Surface hardness of the discs in group 1, 2, and 3 and surface
roughness of the discs in all groups were measured using the Vickers hardness test
and a profilometer, respectively. One-way ANOVA was used to test for differences
among the groups. Results: No significant differences were observed in the microhardness and roughness
between the experimental and control groups for each restorative materials. Group
3 showed the highest surface hardness and group 4 showed the lowest surface
roughness values. Conclusion: Using the BisCover LV resin after the polishing step has no significant effect on
the surface roughness. The highest hardness values were obtained for the Filtek
Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative after the polishing step. The smoothest surfaces were
obtained for all experimental groups using the BisCover LV resin after the polishing
step, Herculite XRV Ultra showed lower average roughness values than the other
materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Gurbuz
- Istanbul Medipol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul,Turkey
| | - Aylin Cilingir
- Trakya University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Benin Dikmen
- Istanbul Medipol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul,Turkey
| | - Alev Ozsoy
- Istanbul Medipol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul,Turkey
| | - Meltem Mert Eren
- Altınbas University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul,Turkey
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Kim DH, Kwon TY. In vitro study of Streptococcus mutans adhesion on composite resin coated with three surface sealants. Restor Dent Endod 2016; 42:39-47. [PMID: 28194363 PMCID: PMC5299754 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2017.42.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the coating of surface sealants to dental composite resin may potentially reduce bacterial adhesion, there seems to be little information regarding this issue. This preliminary in vitro study investigated the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on the dental composite resins coated with three commercial surface sealants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Composite resin (Filtek Z250) discs (8 mm in diameter, 1 mm in thickness) were fabricated in a mold covered with a Mylar strip (control). In group PoGo, the surfaces were polished with PoGo. In groups PS, OG, and FP, the surfaces polished with PoGo were coated with the corresponding surface sealants (PermaSeal, PS; OptiGuard, OG; Fortify Plus, FP). The surfaces of the materials and S. mutans cells were characterized by various methods. S. mutans adhesion to the surfaces was quantitatively evaluated using flow cytometry (n = 9). RESULTS Group OG achieved the lowest water contact angle among all groups tested (p < 0.001). The cell surface of S. mutans tested showed hydrophobic characteristics. Group PoGo exhibited the greatest bacterial adhesion among all groups tested (p < 0.001). The sealant-coated groups showed statistically similar (groups PS and FP, p > 0.05) or significantly lower (group OG, p < 0.001) bacterial adhesion when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS The application of the surface sealants significantly reduced S. mutans adhesion to the composite resin polished with the PoGo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hye Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Engineering, Graduate School, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-Yub Kwon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Daegu, Korea.; Institute for Biomaterials Research and Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Dos Santos PH, Brogin FF, Catelan A, Suzuki TYU, Guedes APA, Pavan S, Assunção WG, Briso ALF. Effect of whitening and desensitizing dentifrices on composite surfaces treated with surface sealants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:101-6. [PMID: 23073986 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of different dentifrices on the microhardness and surface roughness of composite surfaces covered by surface sealants. METHODS Samples of Filtek P60 were made and divided into groups, in accordance with surface treatments: G1 - Fortify; G2 - Fortify Plus; G3 - control (none). For Knoop microhardness evaluation, the specimens were placed in a microdurometer, under a load of 50 g for 15 sec. The analyses of surface roughness were carried out individually in a profilometer. The specimens were submitted to toothbrushing using dentifrices: Colgate Maximum Protection Anti-caries, Colgate Whitening or Sensodyne, diluted in distilled water (1:3) for 30 000 cycles. RESULTS The results showed that the control group (G3) presented the highest microhardness values. The control group presented, before toothbrushing, the lowest surface roughness values, and after toothbrushing there were no differences among the experimental groups. CONCLUSION The maintenance of the lowest values of microhardness demonstrated the effectiveness of these sealant materials to support the abrasive wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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SILVA SANTANA SORAIAVELOSO, BOMBANA ANTONIOCARLOS, FLÃRIO FLÃMARTÃ, BASTING ROBERTATARKANY. Effect of Surface Sealants on Marginal Microleakage in Class V Resin Composite Restorations. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2009; 21:397-404. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.2009.00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Delfino CS, Duarte S. Effect of the composite surface sealant application moment on marginal sealing of compactable composite resin restoration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:2257-61. [PMID: 17562141 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An analysis was carried out to observe whether the application or not of a composite surface sealant (CSS), as well the moment for CSS application were able to reduce marginal microleakage in compactable composite resin restoration. All the preparations were restored with a compactable composite resin. The restored teeth were randomly assessed. G1 (control group): finished and polished; G2: finished, polished, etched and cover with CSS; G3: immediately after the restoration done the CSS was applied, then finished and polished; G4: CSS applied immediately after the restoration was done, the finished and polished, etched, and covered with CSS. The specimens were isolated with nail polish, thermocycled, immersed in aqueous solution of silver nitrate, and followed in a photo developing solution. The microleakage scores obtained from the occlusal and cervical walls were analyzed with the Kruskall-Wallis nonparametric test. No microleakage was found at the enamel margins. Comparing the microleakage scores at dentin/cementum margins (p < 0.05) it was found that G3 (p = 0.0162) and G4 (p = 0.0187) were able to reduce microleakage when compared with group G2. However the results were not statistically different from the control group. The application of CSS was not able to completely eliminate marginal microleakage at the dentin/cementum margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sinclér Delfino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of São Paulo at São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Lee YK, Powers JM. Combined effects of staining substances on resin composites before and after surface sealant application. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:685-91. [PMID: 17136609 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to measure the combined effect of mucin, chlorhexidine and tea solution on the staining of four dental resin composites, and to determine the effect of surface sealant on staining. One side of cured resin composite specimens of 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. One group of specimens (n = 5) was treated with a surface sealant [BisCover, Bisco, USA; SS (surface sealant) group], and the other group was not (NO group; control). Specimens were sequentially immersed in the following substances: Mucin in phosphate buffered saline (PBS); chlorhexidine; tea solution; and ultrasonic cleaning and then immersion in PBS. Color was measured on a reflection spectrophotometer. Changes in color (DeltaE (*) (ab)) and color parameters, such as hue, chroma and value, after immersion in tea solution and subsequent cleaning were analyzed by repeated measures, analysis of variance at the 0.05 level of significance. The range of DeltaE (*) (ab) values after immersion in tea solution was 11.4-21.1 for NO group and 10.5-19.6 for SS group, and that after cleaning was 2.4-10.0 for NO group and 2.7-8.3 for SS group. After staining, CIE L (*) value (lightness) decreased, and CIE a (*) and b (*) values increased. Color changes of resin composites were not acceptable after sequential immersion treatment (DeltaE (*) ( ab ) > 3.3). The changes in color and color parameters of sealant applied group were not significantly different from those of control group except for a few combinations of color parameters and resin composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Keun Lee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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D'Alpino PH, Pereira JC, Rueggeberg FA, Svizero NR, Miyake K, Pashley DH. Efficacy of composite surface sealers in sealing cavosurface marginal gaps. J Dent 2006; 34:252-9. [PMID: 16169655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability of commercially available composite surface sealers to penetrate and seal a controlled gap formed in all-enamel margin, Class V in vitro resin composite restorations in human bicuspids was examined. METHODS A fluorescent red dye (Rhodamine B) was incorporated to a variety of commercially available composite surface sealers. The teeth were restored using acid etching, a dentin bonding agent, and a photo-activated microfilled composite, finished, polished, and sealed. The teeth were thermocycled and then immersed in an aqueous solution of a green fluorescent dye (Dextran-Fluorescein) to evaluate the sealing ability and penetration of surface sealers into the controlled gaps formed at unbonded margins. Teeth were embedded, sectioned, and images recorded using confocal microscopy. RESULTS All sealers leaked, and use of a dentin-bonding agent to seal the gap performed better than the commercial sealing products. CONCLUSIONS Commercial surface sealers evaluated were not able to totally seal controlled-size cavosurface gaps, and sealer penetration into the controlled gap varied greatly. Composite restorative procedures should be performed to obtain ideal marginal sealing, minimizing the need for composite surface sealers, which were found to not totally seal an exposed cavosurface margin. Use of a dentin-bonding agent may provide better sealing than commercial products developed specifically for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H D'Alpino
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lopes GC, Vieira LCC, Araujo E. Direct Composite Resin Restorations: A Review of Some Clinical Procedures to Achieve Predictable Results in Posterior Teeth. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2004; 16:19-31; discussion 32. [PMID: 15259540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.2004.tb00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interest of patients in having tooth-colored restorations and the development of techniques and materials that make these restorations easier have contributed to make the esthetic restoration of posterior teeth popular. The direct use of composites in posterior teeth is a technique-sensitive procedure. Some difficulties, nevertheless, can be overcome or at least minimized by a heedful clinician by paying thorough attention to the various stages of the restorative technique. The present article seeks to review some concepts about this adhesive restorative procedure and to illustrate the possibilities of the technique with clinical reports. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The direct posterior composite restorative technique offers the possibility of closely matching the natural optical characteristics of the lost tooth structure. Aimed at showing the potential of this technique, this article presents two step-by-step case reports and also reviews some concepts related to these clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Carpena Lopes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Terry DA, McGuire MK, McLaren E, Fulton R, Swift EJ. Perioesthetic Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Carious and Noncarious Cervical Lesions: Part II. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2003; 15:284-96. [PMID: 14620659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.2003.tb00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several classes of tooth-colored materials are available for restoring carious and noncarious cervical lesions. Included are the composite resins, which can be bonded into the cervical area to provide predictable form, function, and esthetics. Part I of this two-part report reviewed the etiology of noncarious cervical lesions and provided a series of clinical case reports showing the importance of the periodontal aspect of lesion management. In part II we present information about adhesive preparation design and esthetic restoration of the noncarious cervical lesion. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE When used with proper attention to preparation design and restoration placement and finishing, resin composites can be used to successfully restore form, function, and esthetics to defective cervical areas of teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Terry
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An in vitro device has been developed to predict the long-term clinical performance of posterior composite resins. In contrast to most systems, it is based on three-bodied wear--the type of wear generated by food bolus during mastication. METHODS The authors wear-tested two groups of materials that included posterior composite resins, a castable ceramic, an amalgam and an unsalinated composite resin. After the wear-testing device concluded 400,000 cycles, the authors evaluated replicas of restoration surfaces for material loss. They used scanning electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of wear. RESULTS The authors detected considerable differences in wear among the various materials included in the study. All of the differences, however, fell within the range of results obtained from the positive and negative controls (unsilanated composite resin and ceramic, respectively). A comparison of the in vitro wear values with the wear values obtained from a series of ongoing clinical studies at the same institution revealed a high level of agreement. Furthermore, replicas of the laboratory-tested composite resin samples revealed the same wear patterns as those generated from clinical restorations. The variation coefficients for the in vitro data generally did not exceed 5 percent, whereas those for the clinical data commonly averaged 20 percent. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, the authors conclude that the in vitro testing device is reliably capable of predicting long-term clinical wear values. The results obtained after 92 hours of wear testing correlated closely with those obtained after three years of clinical testing. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Long-term clinical studies are both time-consuming and expensive. Reliable in vitro wear-testing techniques allow manufacturers to develop or modify composite resin systems in considerably shorter periods.
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Castro JJ, Keogh TP, Llamas Cadaval R, Jiménez Planas A. A new system for the transferral of the occlusal morphology in posterior direct composite resin restorations. JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC DENTISTRY 1998; 9:311-6. [PMID: 9477844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.1997.tb00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Castro
- Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Odontology, University of Seville, Spain
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Hickel R, Dasch W, Janda R, Tyas M, Anusavice K. New direct restorative materials. FDI Commission Project. Int Dent J 1998; 48:3-16. [PMID: 9779078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.1998.tb00688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
People worldwide have become increasingly aware of the potential adverse effects on the environment, of pollution control and of toxic effects of food, drugs and biomaterials. Amalgam and its potential toxic side effects (still scientifically unproven) continue to be discussed with increasing controversy by the media in some countries. Consequently, new direct restorative materials are now being explored by dentists, materials scientists and patients who are searching for the so-called 'amalgam substitute' or 'amalgam alternative'. From a critical point of view some of the new direct restorative materials are good with respect to aesthetics, but all material characteristics must be considered, such as mechanical properties, biological effects, and longterm clinical behaviour.
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Jendresen MD, Allen EP, Bayne SC, Donovan TE, Hansson TL, Klooster J, Kois JC. Annual review of selected dental literature: report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 1994; 72:39-77. [PMID: 8083840 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(94)90214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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