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Recent insights, applications and prospects of xylose reductase: a futuristic enzyme for xylitol production. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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2
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Anele UY, Anike FN, Davis-Mitchell A, Isikhuemhen OS. Solid-state fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus improves the nutritive value of corn stover-kudzu biomass. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 66:41-48. [PMID: 32862298 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A batch culture technique was used to evaluate dry matter (DM) digestibility of corn stover (Zea mays L.) and kudzu, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. after solid-state fermentation (SSF) with a white-rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm. Five dietary treatments consisting of mixtures of corn stover (C) and kudzu (K) in varying ratios, (1) 100C:0K, (2) 75C:25K, (3) 50C:50K, (4) 25C:75K, and (5) 0C:100K, were inoculated with P. ostreatus (MBFBL 400) and subjected to SSF for 0, 35, and 77 days. The study was arranged as a 5 × 3 factorial design with 3 replicates. Grass hay was included in the study as a control. Interactions (P < 0.05) between treatments and fermentation time were noted for the fermentation kinetics. Asymptotic gas was the highest (P < 0.05) for 0C:100K and 100C:0K on day 77. Treatment effect (P < 0.001) and treatment × fermentation time interaction (P < 0.001) were noted for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). On day 77, treatment 4 had the highest (P < 0.001) IVDMD value, while treatment 1 had the lowest (P < 0.001) IVDMD. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments 3, 5, and control. Numerically, the ranking of their IVDMD values from the highest to the lowest is 4 > 2 > 5 > control >3 > 1. The results show that the treated corn stover and kudzu mixes were comparable with the control, which is good quality hay. This is the first report that demonstrates the potential use of a combined mixture of corn stover and kudzu in ruminant animal feed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Y Anele
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Felicia N Anike
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Alexia Davis-Mitchell
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Omoanghe S Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA.
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4
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Newly isolate highly potential xylanase producer strain from various environmental sources. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Optimization of the enzyme-assisted extraction of fructans from the wild sotol plant ( Dasylirion wheeleri ). FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Pellis A, Cantone S, Ebert C, Gardossi L. Evolving biocatalysis to meet bioeconomy challenges and opportunities. N Biotechnol 2018; 40:154-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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8
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Galanakis CM. Modeling in food and bioproducts processing using Boltzmann entropy equation: A viewpoint of future perspectives. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Wang C, Li H, Li M, Bian J, Sun R. Revealing the structure and distribution changes of Eucalyptus lignin during the hydrothermal and alkaline pretreatments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:593. [PMID: 28377625 PMCID: PMC5429616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00711-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated pretreatment process based on hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) followed by alkaline pretreatment has been applied to treat Eucalyptus. The chemical composition and structure changes of lignin during the pretreatment were comprehensively characterized. The surface morphology of the cell walls and lignin distribution of the pretreated Eucalyptus were detected by scanning electron and confocal Raman microscopies. It was found that the chemical bonds between lignin and hemicelluloses were cleaved during the pretreatment. The results also indicated that the contents of β-O-4', β-β', and β-5' linkages were decreased with the increase of hydrothermal pretreatment temperature and the cleavage of β-O-4' linkages in lignin was accompanied with repolymerization reactions. 31P NMR analysis showed that the content of aliphatic OH was reduced as the temperature increased and the total phenolic OH was elevated and then declined with the increase of temperature. Raman spectra analysis revealed that the dissolution rate of lignin in the secondary wall regions was faster than that in cell corner middle lamella regions during the pretreatment. These results will enhance the understanding of the cell wall deconstruction during the pretreatment and the mechanism of the integrated pretreatment process acting on Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhou Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hanyin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingfei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Runcang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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10
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Trincone A. Enzymatic Processes in Marine Biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E93. [PMID: 28346336 PMCID: PMC5408239 DOI: 10.3390/md15040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous review articles the attention of the biocatalytically oriented scientific community towards the marine environment as a source of biocatalysts focused on the habitat-related properties of marine enzymes. Updates have already appeared in the literature, including marine examples of oxidoreductases, hydrolases, transferases, isomerases, ligases, and lyases ready for food and pharmaceutical applications. Here a new approach for searching the literature and presenting a more refined analysis is adopted with respect to previous surveys, centering the attention on the enzymatic process rather than on a single novel activity. Fields of applications are easily individuated: (i) the biorefinery value-chain, where the provision of biomass is one of the most important aspects, with aquaculture as the prominent sector; (ii) the food industry, where the interest in the marine domain is similarly developed to deal with the enzymatic procedures adopted in food manipulation; (iii) the selective and easy extraction/modification of structurally complex marine molecules, where enzymatic treatments are a recognized tool to improve efficiency and selectivity; and (iv) marine biomarkers and derived applications (bioremediation) in pollution monitoring are also included in that these studies could be of high significance for the appreciation of marine bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Trincone
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
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11
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Mihono K, Ohtsu T, Ohtani M, Yoshimoto M, Kamimura A. Modulation of cellulase activity by charged lipid bilayers with different acyl chain properties for efficient hydrolysis of ionic liquid-pretreated cellulose. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:198-203. [PMID: 27318965 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The stability of cellulase activity in the presence of ionic liquids (ILs) is critical for the enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose pretreated with ILs. In this work, cellulase was incorporated in the liposomes composed of negatively charged 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG) and zwitterionic phosphatidylcholines (PCs) with different length and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains. The liposomal cellulase-catalyzed reaction was performed at 45°C in the acetate buffer solution (pH 4.8) with 2.0g/L CC31 as cellulosic substrate. The crystallinity of CC31 was reduced by treating with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) at 120°C for 30min. The liposomal cellulase continuously catalyzed hydrolysis of the pretreated CC31 for 48h producing glucose in the presence of 15wt% [Bmim]Cl. The charged lipid membranes were interactive with [Bmim](+), as elucidated by the [Bmim]Cl-induced alterations in fluorescence polarization of the membrane-embedded 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) molecules. The charged membranes offered the microenvironment where inhibitory effects of [Bmim]Cl on the cellulase activity was relieved. The maximum glucose productivity GP of 10.8 mmol-glucose/(hmol-lipid) was obtained at the reaction time of 48h with the cellulase incorporated in the liposomes ([lipid]=5.0mM) composed of 50mol% POPG and 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosohocholine (DLPC) with relatively short and saturated acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Mihono
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohtsu
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Mai Ohtani
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Akio Kamimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, 755-8611, Japan
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12
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Djilali Y, Elandaloussi EH, Aziz A, de Ménorval LC. Alkaline treatment of timber sawdust: A straightforward route toward effective low-cost adsorbent for the enhanced removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Principles and Challenges Involved in the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Materials at High Total Solids. GREEN FUELS TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30205-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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14
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Zhou C, Liu Z, Huang ZL, Dong M, Yu XL, Ning P. A new strategy for co-composting dairy manure with rice straw: Addition of different inocula at three stages of composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 40:38-43. [PMID: 25837785 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In considering the impact of inoculation time and the characteristics of composting material and inoculants on the usefulness of inoculation, a new composting strategy has been proposed and studied, in which three inocula were inoculated at three stages of composting process respectively: inoculum A (Thermoactinomyces sp. GF1 and GF2) was inoculated before fermentation to increase or maintain high temperature of pile, inoculum B (Coprinus cinerea and Coprinus comatus) was inoculated after thermophilic phase to promote degradation of lignin, and inoculum C (Trichoderma harzianum and Rhizopus oryzae) was inoculated after 30-day fermentation to promote degradation of cellulose. The results showed that the inoculations could significantly enhance the temperature of pile and the degradation of lignocelluloses. When inocula A, B, and C were inoculated into pile, temperature increased from 25°C to 65°C, from 33°C to 39°C and from 33°C to 38°C respectively and 35% lignin and 43% cellulose had been degraded in inoculated pile compared to the degradation of 15% lignin and 25% cellulose in control pile. As a result, the C/N ratio dropped more rapidly degraded in the inoculated pile (reached 20 after 33-day fermentation) than that in the control pile (reached 21.7 after 45-day fermentation). In addition, the volume loss in inoculated pile (76.5%) was higher than that in control pile (53.2%). The study, therefore, indicated that inoculating proper microorganisms at appropriate time improved the composting process and our new composting strategy would be propitious to the co-composting dairy manure with rice straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Zhang Liu
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Huang
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Long Yu
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ping Ning
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China
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15
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Stopnisek N, Zühlke D, Carlier A, Barberán A, Fierer N, Becher D, Riedel K, Eberl L, Weisskopf L. Molecular mechanisms underlying the close association between soil Burkholderia and fungi. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 10:253-64. [PMID: 25989372 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial species belonging to the genus Burkholderia have been repeatedly reported to be associated with fungi but the extent and specificity of these associations in soils remain undetermined. To assess whether associations between Burkholderia and fungi are widespread in soils, we performed a co-occurrence analysis in an intercontinental soil sample collection. This revealed that Burkholderia significantly co-occurred with a wide range of fungi. To analyse the molecular basis of the interaction, we selected two model fungi frequently co-occurring with Burkholderia, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani, and analysed the proteome changes caused by cultivation with either fungus in the widespread soil inhabitant B. glathei, whose genome we sequenced. Co-cultivation with both fungi led to very similar changes in the B. glathei proteome. Our results indicate that B. glathei significantly benefits from the interaction, which is exemplified by a lower abundance of several starvation factors that were highly expressed in pure culture. However, co-cultivation also gave rise to stress factors, as indicated by the increased expression of multidrug efflux pumps and proteins involved in oxidative stress response. Our data suggest that the ability of Burkholderia to establish a close association with fungi mainly lies in the capacities to utilize fungal-secreted metabolites and to overcome fungal defense mechanisms. This work indicates that beneficial interactions with fungi might contribute to the survival strategy of Burkholderia species in environments with sub-optimal conditions, including acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Stopnisek
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Aurélien Carlier
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Albert Barberán
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Noah Fierer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leo Eberl
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laure Weisskopf
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
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Nano-sawdust-OSO3H as a new, cheap and effective nanocatalyst for one-pot synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Rao AB, George SA, Alavala S, Meshram HM, Shekar KC. Metal Salts Assisted Enzyme-Based Extraction of Stevioside from the Leaves of <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> Bertoni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2015.612075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Kaffenberger JT, Schilling JS. Comparing lignocellulose physiochemistry after decomposition by brown rot fungi with distinct evolutionary origins. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:4885-97. [PMID: 25181619 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among wood-degrading fungi, lineages holding taxa that selectively metabolize carbohydrates without significant lignin removal (brown rot) are polyphyletic, having evolved multiple times from lignin-removing white rot fungi. Given the qualitative nature of the 'brown rot' classifier, we aimed to quantify and compare the temporal sequence of carbohydrate removal among brown rot clades. Lignocellulose deconstruction was compared among fungi using distinct plant substrates (angiosperm, conifer, grass). Specifically, aspen, pine and corn stalk were harvested over a 16-week time series from microcosms containing Gloeophyllum trabeum, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ossicaulis lignatilis, Fistulina hepatica, Serpula lacrymans, Wolfiporia cocos or Dacryopinax sp. After quantifying plant mass loss, a thorough compositional analysis was complemented by a saccharification test to determine wood cell wall accessibility. Mass loss and accessibility varied depending on fungal decomposer and substrate, and trajectories of loss for hemicellulosic components and cellulose differed among plant tissue types. At any given stage of decomposition, however, lignocellulose accessibility and the fraction remaining of carbohydrates and lignin within a plant tissue type were generally the same, regardless of fungal isolate. This suggests that the sequence of plant component removal at this typical scale of characterization is shared among these brown rot lineages, despite their diverse genomes and secretomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Kaffenberger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jonathan S Schilling
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 1954 Buford Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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19
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Production, optimization and evaluation of multicomponent holocellulase produced by Streptomyces sp. ssr-198. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Coffman AM, Li Q, Ju LK. Effect of Natural and Pretreated Soybean Hulls on Enzyme Production by Trichoderma reesei. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Ochsenreither K, Fischer C, Neumann A, Syldatk C. Process characterization and influence of alternative carbon sources and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on organic acid production by Aspergillus oryzae DSM1863. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5449-60. [PMID: 24604500 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
L-Malic acid and fumaric acid are C4 dicarboxylic organic acids and considered as promising chemical building blocks. They can be applied as food preservatives and acidulants in rust removal and as polymerization starter units. Molds of the genus Aspergillus are able to produce malic acid in large quantities from glucose and other carbon sources. In order to enhance the production potential of Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863, production and consumption rates in an established bioreactor batch-process based on glucose were determined. At 35 °C, up to 42 g/L malic acid was produced in a 168-h batch process with fumaric acid as a by-product. In prolonged shaking flask experiments (353 h), the suitability of the alternative carbon sources xylose and glycerol at a carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 200:1 and the influence of different C/N ratios in glucose cultivations were tested. When using glucose, 58.2 g/L malic acid and 4.2 g/L fumaric acid were produced. When applying xylose or glycerol, both organic acids are produced but the formation of malic acid decreased to 45.4 and 39.4 g/L, respectively. Whereas the fumaric acid concentration was not significantly altered when cultivating with xylose (4.5 g/L), it is clearly enhanced by using glycerol (9.3 g/L). When using glucose as a carbon source, an increase or decrease of the C/N ratio did not influence malic acid production but had an enormous influence on fumaric acid production. The highest fumaric acid concentrations were determined at the highest C/N ratio (300:1, 8.44 g/L) and lowest at the lowest C/N ratio (100:1, 0.7 g/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany,
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22
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Subhedar PB, Gogate PR. Intensification of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose Using Ultrasound for Efficient Bioethanol Production: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401286z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti B. Subhedar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai−400
019, India
| | - Parag R. Gogate
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai−400
019, India
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DiCosimo R, McAuliffe J, Poulose AJ, Bohlmann G. Industrial use of immobilized enzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6437-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35506c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 897] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Lei H, Cybulska I, Julson J. Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jsbs.2013.34034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Yousuf A. Biodiesel from lignocellulosic biomass--prospects and challenges. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:2061-2067. [PMID: 22475852 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel can be a potential alternative to petroleum diesel, but its high production cost has impeded its commercialization in most parts of the world. One of the main drivers for the generation and use of biodiesel is energy security, because this fuel can be produced from locally available resources, thereby reducing the dependence on imported oil. Many countries are now trying to produce biodiesel from plant or vegetable oils. However, the consumption of large amounts of vegetable oils for biodiesel production could result in a shortage in edible oils and cause food prices to soar. Alternatively, the use of animal fat, used frying oils, and waste oils from restaurants as feedstock could be a good strategy to reduce the cost. However, these limited resources might not meet the increasing demand for clean, renewable fuels. Therefore, recent research has been focused the use of residual materials as renewable feedstock in order to lower the cost of producing biodiesel. Microbial oils or single cell oils (SCOs), produced by oleaginous microorganisms have been studied as promising alternatives to vegetable or seed oils. Various types of agro-industrial residues have been suggested as prospective nutritional sources for microbial cultures. Since the most abundant residue from agricultural crops is lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), this byproduct has been given top-priority consideration as a source of biomass for producing biodiesel. But the biological transformation of lignocellulosic materials is complicated due to their crystalline structure. So, pretreatment is required before they can be converted into fermentable sugar. This article compares and scrutinizes the extent to which various microbes can accumulate high levels of lipids as functions of the starting materials and the fermentation conditions. Also, the obstacles associated with the use of LCB are described, along with a potentially viable approach for overcoming the obstacles that currently preclude the commercial production of biodiesel from agricultural biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Yousuf
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Polymer Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh.
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Ooshima H, Sakata M, Harano Y. Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by surfactant. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 28:1727-34. [PMID: 18555287 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260281117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effects of surfactants on enzymatic saccharification of cellulose have been studied. Nonionic, amphoteric, and cationic surfactants enhanced the saccharification, while anionic surfactant did not. Cationic and anionic surfactants denatured cellulase in their relatively low concentrations, namely, more than 0.008 and 0.001%, respectively. Using nonionic surfactant Tween 20, which is most effective to the enhancement (e.g., the fractional conversion attained by 72 h saccharification of 5 wt % Avicel in the presence of 0.05 wt % Tween 20 is increased by 35%), actions of surfactant have been examined. As the results, it was suggested that Tween 20 plays an important role in the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose and that Tween 20 disturbs the adsorption of endoglucanase on cellulose, i.e., varies the adsorption balance of endo- and exoglucanase, resulting in enhancing the reaction. The influence of Tween 20 to the saccharification was found to remain in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Avicel.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ooshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558, Japan
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27
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Puri M, Sharma D, Barrow CJ, Tiwary AK. Optimisation of novel method for the extraction of steviosides from Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Food Chem 2011; 132:1113-1120. [PMID: 29243590 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside, a diterpene glycoside, is well known for its intense sweetness and is used as a non-caloric sweetener. Its potential widespread use requires an easy and effective extraction method. Enzymatic extraction of stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana leaves with cellulase, pectinase and hemicellulase, using various parameters, such as concentration of enzyme, incubation time and temperature, was optimised. Hemicellulase was observed to give the highest stevioside yield (369.23±0.11μg) in 1h in comparison to cellulase (359±0.30μg) and pectinases (333±0.55μg). Extraction from leaves under optimised conditions showed a remarkable increase in the yield (35 times) compared with a control experiment. The extraction conditions were further optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was used for experimental design and analysis of the results to obtain optimal extraction conditions. Based on RSM analysis, temperature of 51-54°C, time of 36-45min and the cocktail of pectinase, cellulase and hemicellulase, set at 2% each, gave the best results. Under the optimised conditions, the experimental values were in close agreement with the prediction model and resulted in a three times yield enhancement of stevioside. The isolated stevioside was characterised through 1H-NMR spectroscopy, by comparison with a stevioside standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Puri
- Centre for Biotechnology, Chemistry and System Biology (BioDeakin), Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (ITRI), Deakin University, Victoria 3217, Australia; Fermentation and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Punjab 147002, India.
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Fermentation and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Biotechnology, Chemistry and System Biology (BioDeakin), Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (ITRI), Deakin University, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - A K Tiwary
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Punjab 147002, India
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28
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Pessani NK, Atiyeh HK, Wilkins MR, Bellmer DD, Banat IM. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Kanlow switchgrass by thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3: the effect of enzyme loading, temperature and higher solid loadings. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:10618-10624. [PMID: 21955879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) was subjected to hydrothermolysis pretreatment and then used to study the effect of enzyme loading and temperature in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with the thermotolerant yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 at 8% solid loading. Various loadings of Accellerase 1500 between 0.1 and 1.1 mL g(-1) glucan were tested in SSF at 45 °C (activity of enzyme was 82.2 FPU mL(-1)). The optimum enzyme loading was 0.7 mL g(-1) glucan based on the six different enzyme loadings tested. SSFs were performed at 37, 41 and 45 °C with an enzyme loading of 0.7 mL g(-1) glucan. The highest ethanol concentration of 22.5 g L(-1) was obtained after 168 h with SSF at 45 °C, which was equivalent to 86% yield. Four different batch and fed-batch strategies were evaluated using a total solid loading of 12% (dry basis). About 32 g L(-1) ethanol was produced with the four strategies, which was equivalent to 82% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Pessani
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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29
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Abdel-Rahman MA, Tashiro Y, Sonomoto K. Lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars using lactic acid bacteria: overview and limits. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:286-301. [PMID: 21729724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid is an industrially important product with a large and rapidly expanding market due to its attractive and valuable multi-function properties. The economics of lactic acid production by fermentation is dependent on many factors, of which the cost of the raw materials is very significant. It is very expensive when sugars, e.g., glucose, sucrose, starch, etc., are used as the feedstock for lactic acid production. Therefore, lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for lactic acid production considering its great availability, sustainability, and low cost compared to refined sugars. Despite these advantages, the commercial use of lignocellulose for lactic acid production is still problematic. This review describes the "conventional" processes for producing lactic acid from lignocellulosic materials with lactic acid bacteria. These processes include: pretreatment of the biomass, enzyme hydrolysis to obtain fermentable sugars, fermentation technologies, and separation and purification of lactic acid. In addition, the difficulties associated with using this biomass for lactic acid production are especially introduced and several key properties that should be targeted for low-cost and advanced fermentation processes are pointed out. We also discuss the metabolism of lignocellulose-derived sugars by lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Abdel-Rahman
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Lyagin E, Drews A, Bhattacharya S, Kraume M. Continuous membrane-based screening system for biocatalysis. MEMBRANES 2011; 1:70-9. [PMID: 24957497 PMCID: PMC4056578 DOI: 10.3390/membranes1010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of membrane reactors for enzymatic and co-factor regenerating reactions offers versatile advantages such as higher conversion rates and space-time-yields and is therefore often applied in industry. However, currently available screening and kinetics characterization systems are based on batch and fed-batch operated reactors and were developed for whole cell biotransformations rather than for enzymatic catalysis. Therefore, the data obtained from such systems has only limited transferability for continuous membrane reactors. The aim of this study is to evaluate and to improve a novel screening and characterization system based on the membrane reactor concept using the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose as a model reaction. Important aspects for the applicability of the developed system such as long-term stability and reproducibility of continuous experiments were very high. The concept used for flow control and fouling suppression allowed control of the residence time with a high degree of precision (±1% accuracy) in a long-term study (>100 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenij Lyagin
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. MA 5-7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Drews
- HTW Berlin, Department of Engineering II, School of Life Science Engineering, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75a, 12459 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Subhamoy Bhattacharya
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. MA 5-7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. MA 5-7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Karmakar M, Ray R. Current Trends in Research and Application of Microbial Cellulases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2011.41.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Liu J, Lu J, Cui Z. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in a membrane bioreactor: assessment of operating conditions. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2010; 34:525-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-010-0501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Chandra RP, Au-Yeung K, Chanis C, Roos AA, Mabee W, Chung PA, Ghatora S, Saddler JN. The influence of pretreatment and enzyme loading on the effectiveness of batch and fed-batch hydrolysis of corn stover. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 27:77-85. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Zheng P, Fang L, Xu Y, Dong JJ, Ni Y, Sun ZH. Succinic acid production from corn stover by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Actinobacillus succinogenes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:7889-94. [PMID: 20570141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) technique was applied for succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes in a 5-l stirred bioreactor with corn stover as the raw material. The process parameters of SSF, including corn stover pretreatment condition, substrate concentration, enzyme loading and fermentation temperature were investigated. Results indicated that pretreating corn stover with diluted alkaline was beneficial for the succinic acid production, and succinic acid yield could be significantly increased when adding the cellulase supplemented with cellobiase. The maximal succinic acid concentration and yield could reach 47.4 g/l and 0.72 g/g-substrate, respectively. The corresponding operation conditions were summarized as follows: SSF operation at 38 °C for 48 h, diluted alkaline pretreated corn stover as substrate with concentration of 70 g/l, enzyme loading of 20FPU cellulase and 10 U cellobiase per gram substrate. This result suggested an industrial potential of succinic acid production by using SSF and corn stover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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35
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Lyagin E, Drews A, Bhattacharya S, Ansorge-Schumacher MB, Kraume M. Continuous screening system for inhibited enzyme catalysis: A membrane reactor approach. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:813-21. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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BYERS JAMESP, FOURNIER RONALDL, VARANASI SASIDHAR. A FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE CONVERSION OF XYLOSE TO ETHANOL. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00986449208935999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JAMES P. BYERS
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Toledo , Toledo, OH, 43606
| | - RONALD L. FOURNIER
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Toledo , Toledo, OH, 43606
| | - SASIDHAR VARANASI
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Toledo , Toledo, OH, 43606
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37
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Lynd LR, Grethlein HE. Hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated mixed hardwood and purified microcrystalline cellulose by cell-free broth from Clostridium thermocellum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 29:92-100. [PMID: 18561134 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260290114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cellulase activity in cell-free broths from the thermophilic, ethanol-producing anaerobic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum is examined on both dilute-acid-pretreated mixed hardwood (90% maple, 10% birch) and Avicel. Experiments were conducted in vitro in order to distinguish properties of the cellulase from properties of the organism and to evaluate the effectiveness of C. thermocellum cellulase in the hydrolysis of a naturally occurring, lignin-containing substrate. The results obtained establish that essentially quantitative hydrolysis of cellulose from pretreated mixed hardwood is possible using this enzyme system. Pretreatment with 1% H(2)SO(4) and a 9-s residence time at 220, 210, 200, and 180 degrees C allowed yields after enzymatic hydrolysis (percentage of glucan solubilized/ glucan potentially solubilized) of 97.8, 86.1, 82.0, and 34.6%, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of mixed hardwood with no pretreatment resulted in a yield of 10.1%. Hydrolysis yields of >95% were obtained from approximately 0.6 g/L mixed hardwood pretreated at 220 degrees C in 7 h at broth strengths of 60 and 80% (v/v) and in approximately 48 h with 33% broth. Hydrolysis of pretreated mixed hardwood is compared to hydrolysis of Avicel, a pure microcrystalline cellulose studied previously. The initial rate of Avicel hydrolysis saturates with respect to enzyme, whereas the initial rate of hydrolysis of pretreated wood is proportional to the amount of enzyme present. Initial hydrolysis rates for pretreated wood and Avicel at 0.6 g/L are greater for wood at low broth dilutions (1.25: 1 to 5 :1) by up to 2.7-fold and greater for Avicel at high broth dilutions (5 : 1 to 50 : 1) by up to 4.3-fold. Maximum rates of hydrolysis are achieved at <2 g substrate/L for both pretreated wood and Avicel. The substrate concentration at one-half the maximum observed rate for C. thermocellum broths is smaller for pretreated mixed hardwood than for Avicel and decreases with increasing broth dilution for both substrates. An initial activity per volume broth of approximately 11 mumol soluble glucose equivalent produced/L broth/min is observed for mixed hardwood pretreated at 220 degrees C and for Avicel at high broth dilutions; the initial activity per volume broth for Avicel is lower at low broth dilutions. The results indicate that pretreated wood is hydrolyzed at rates comparable to Avicel under many conditions and at rates significantly faster than Avicel under several conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Lynd
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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38
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Peiji G. A simple method for estimating cellobiase activity by determination of reducing sugar. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 29:903-5. [PMID: 18576537 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260290714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Peiji
- Institute of Microbiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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39
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Bolen PL, Detroy RW. Induction of NADPH-linked D-xylose reductase and NAD-linked xylitol dehydrogenase activities in Pachysolen tannophilus by D-xylose, L-arabinose, or D-galactose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 27:302-7. [PMID: 18553673 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260270314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Considerable interest in the D-xylose catabolic pathway of Pachysolen tannophilus has arisen from the discovery that this yeast is capable of fermenting D-xylose to ethanol. In this organism D-xylose appears to be catabolized through xylitol to D-xylulose. NADPH-linked D-xylose reductase is primarily responsible for the conversion of D-xylose to xylitol, while NAD-linked xylitol dehydrogenase is primarily responsible for the subsequent conversion of xylitol to D-xylulose. Both enzyme activities are readily detectable in cell-free extracts of P. tannophilus grown in medium containing D-xylose, L-arabinose, or D-galactose and appear to be inducible since extracts prepared from cells growth in media containing other carbon sources have only negligible activities, if any. Like D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galactose were found to serve as substrates for NADPH-linked reactions in extracts of cells grown in medium containing D-xylose, L-arabinose, or D-galactose. These L-arabinose and D-galactose NADPH-linked activities also appear to be inducible, since only minor activity with L-arabinose and no activity with D-galactose is detected in extracts of cells grown in D-glucose medium. The NADPH-linked activities obtained with these three sugars may result from the actions of distinctly different enzymes or from a single aldose reductase acting on different substrates. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography of in vitro D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-galactose NADPH-linked reactions confirmed xylitol, L-arabitol, and galactitol as the respective conversion products of these sugars. Unlike xylitol, however, neither L-arabitol nor galactitol would support comparable NAD-linked reaction(s) in cellfree extracts of induced P. tannophilus. Thus, the metabolic pathway of D-xylose diverges from those of L-arabinose or D-galactose following formation of the pentitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bolen
- Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA
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40
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Duguid KB, Montross MD, Radtke CW, Crofcheck CL, Wendt LM, Shearer SA. Effect of anatomical fractionation on the enzymatic hydrolysis of acid and alkaline pretreated corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:5189-95. [PMID: 19560347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to concerns with biomass collection systems and soil sustainability there are opportunities to investigate the optimal plant fractions to collect for conversion. An ideal feedstock would require a low severity pretreatment to release a maximum amount of sugar during enzymatic hydrolysis. Corn stover fractions were separated manually and analyzed for glucan, xylan, acid soluble lignin, acid insoluble lignin, and ash composition. The stover fractions were also pretreated with either 0%, 0.4%, or 0.8% NaOH for 2 h at room temperature, washed, autoclaved and saccharified. In addition, dilute sulfuric acid pretreated samples underwent simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) to ethanol. In general, the two pretreatments produced similar trends with cobs, husks, and leaves responding best to the pretreatments, the tops of stalks responding slightly less, and the bottom of the stalks responding the least. For example, corn husks pretreated with 0.8% NaOH released over 90% (standard error of 3.8%) of the available glucan, while only 45% (standard error of 1.1%) of the glucan was produced from identically treated stalk bottoms. Estimates of the theoretical ethanol yield using acid pretreatment followed by SSF were 65% (standard error of 15.9%) for husks and 29% (standard error of 1.8%) for stalk bottoms. This suggests that integration of biomass collection systems to remove sustainable feedstocks could be integrated with the processes within a biorefinery to minimize overall ethanol production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Duguid
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, 128 CE Barnhart Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0276, United States
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41
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Wang SA, Li FL, Bai FY. Candida laoshanensis sp. nov. and Candida qingdaonensis sp. nov., anamorphic, ascomycetous yeast species isolated from decayed wood. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 60:1697-1701. [PMID: 19684309 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.015230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During a study of newly isolated yeast strains utilizing d-xylose as sole carbon source, eight strains, isolated from decayed wood, were found to represent two novel anamorphic, ascomycetous yeast species based on sequence analysis of the 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain and internal transcribed spacer region, and phenotypic characterization. The names Candida laoshanensis sp. nov. (type strain MLRW 6-2(T)=AS 2.4030(T)=CBS 11389(T)) and Candida qingdaonensis sp. nov. (type strain MLRW 7-1(T)=AS 2.4031(T)=CBS 11390(T)) are proposed for these two novel species; the closest relatives of the two novel species are Candida pomicola and Candida marilandica, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-An Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Fu-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Feng-Yan Bai
- Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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42
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Ortega N, Busto MD, Perez-Mateos M. Enzymatic Saccharification of Pretreated Wheat Straw byT. ReeseiCellulases andA. Nigerβ-Glucosidase. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420009015254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Kovacs K, Macrelli S, Szakacs G, Zacchi G. Enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-pretreated lignocellulosic materials with Trichoderma atroviride enzymes produced in-house. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2009; 2:14. [PMID: 19580644 PMCID: PMC2717933 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvement of the process of cellulase production and development of more efficient lignocellulose-degrading enzymes are necessary in order to reduce the cost of enzymes required in the biomass-to-bioethanol process. RESULTS Lignocellulolytic enzyme complexes were produced by the mutant Trichoderma atroviride TUB F-1663 on three different steam-pretreated lignocellulosic substrates, namely spruce, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse. Filter paper activities of the enzymes produced on the three materials were very similar, while beta-glucosidase and hemicellulase activities were more dependent on the nature of the substrate. Hydrolysis of the enzyme preparations investigated produced similar glucose yields. However, the enzymes produced in-house proved to degrade the xylan and the xylose oligomers less efficiently than a commercial mixture of cellulase and beta-glucosidase. Furthermore, accumulation of xylose oligomers was observed when the TUB F-1663 supernatants were applied to xylan-containing substrates, probably due to the low beta-xylosidase activity of the enzymes. The efficiency of the enzymes produced in-house was enhanced by supplementation with extra commercial beta-glucosidase and beta-xylosidase. When the hydrolytic capacities of various mixtures of a commercial cellulase and a T. atroviride supernatant produced in the lab were investigated at the same enzyme loading, the glucose yield appeared to be correlated with the beta-glucosidase activity, while the xylose yield seemed to be correlated with the beta-xylosidase level in the mixtures. CONCLUSION Enzyme supernatants produced by the mutant T. atroviride TUB F-1663 on various pretreated lignocellulosic substrates have good filter paper activity values combined with high levels of beta-glucosidase activities, leading to cellulose conversion in the enzymatic hydrolysis that is as efficient as with a commercial cellulase mixture. On the other hand, in order to achieve good xylan conversion, the supernatants produced by the mutant have to be supplemented with additional beta-xylosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Kovacs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefano Macrelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - George Szakacs
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Guido Zacchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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44
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of xylose reductase with higher activity from Candida tropicalis. J Microbiol 2009; 47:351-7. [PMID: 19557353 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Xylose reductase (XR) is a key enzyme in xylose metabolism because it catalyzes the reduction of xylose to xylitol. In order to study the characteristics of XR from Candida tropicalis SCTCC 300249, its XR gene (xyll) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The fusion protein was purified effectively by Ni2+-chelating chromatography, and the kinetics of the recombinant XR was investigated. The Km values of the C. tropicalis XR for NADPH and NADH were 45.5 microM and 161.9 microM, respectively, which demonstrated that this XR had dual coenzyme specificity. Moreover, this XR showed the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat =1.44 x 10(4) min(-1)) for xylose among the characterized aldose reductases. Batch fermentation was performed with Saccharomyces serivisiae W303-lA:pYES2XR, and resulted in 7.63 g/L cell mass, 93.67 g/L xylitol, and 2.34 g/L x h xylitol productivity. This XR coupled with its dual coenzyme specificity, high activity, and catalytic efficiency proved its utility in in vitro xylitol production.
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45
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Pan C, Zhang M, Fan Y, Xing Y, Hou H. Production of cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen from solid-state enzymatic treated cornstalk: a two-stage process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2732-2738. [PMID: 19334755 DOI: 10.1021/jf803779b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage process combining cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen production from solid-state enzymatic treated cornstalk was investigated in this study. A three-factor, five-level central composite design (CCD) with temperature (X(1)), compound enzyme dosage (X(2)) and time (X(3)) as the independent variables was applied to optimizing technological parameters of solid-state enzymatic hydrolysis of cornstalk for cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen production. Experimental results showed that X(1), X(2) and X(3) all had an individual significant influence on ethanol production, but were insignificant on the subsequent hydrogen production. In the first stage, the maximum ethanol yield from cornstalk by Pachysolen tannophilus As2.1585 was 234.1 mg/g-total volatile solid (TVS) at 47.9 degrees C of temperature, 0.054 g/g-cornstalk of compound enzyme dosage and 10.46 days of reaction time. In the second stage, 66.9 mL/g-TVS of hydrogen was produced from the effluent of the first stage by mixed culture. The energy recovery of 50.9% showed that combine ethanol-hydrogen production possessed high energy efficiency. The ethanol was attributed to the bioconversion of the generated soluble sugars from the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stalk and the hydrogen was mainly due to the biodegradation of hemicellulose and cellulose from residue of corn stalk after producing ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
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Keshwani DR, Cheng JJ. Switchgrass for bioethanol and other value-added applications: a review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:1515-23. [PMID: 18976902 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass is a promising feedstock for value-added applications due to its high productivity, potentially low requirements for agricultural inputs and positive environmental impacts. The objective of this paper is to review published research on the conversion of switchgrass into bioethanol and other value-added products. Environmental benefits associated with switchgrass include the potential for carbon sequestration, nutrient recovery from runoff, soil remediation and provision of habitats for grassland birds. Pretreatment of switchgrass is required to improve the yields of fermentable sugars. Based on the type of pretreatment, glucose yields range from 70% to 90% and xylose yields range from 70% to 100% after hydrolysis. Following pretreatment and hydrolysis, ethanol yields range from 72% to 92% of the theoretical maximum. Other value-added uses of switchgrass include gasification, bio-oil production, newsprint production and fiber reinforcement in thermoplastic composites. Future prospects for research include increased biomass yields, optimization of feedstock composition for bioenergy applications, and efficient pentose fermentation to improve ethanol yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak R Keshwani
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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Doran-Peterson J, Jangid A, Brandon SK, DeCrescenzo-Henriksen E, Dien B, Ingram LO. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and partial saccharification and co-fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 581:263-80. [PMID: 19768628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-214-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol production by fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugars involves a fairly ancient art and an ever-evolving science. Production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is not avant-garde, and wood ethanol plants have been in existence since at least 1915. Most current ethanol production relies on starch- and sugar-based crops as the substrate; however, limitations of these materials and competing value for human and animal feeds is renewing interest in lignocellulose conversion. Herein, we describe methods for both simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and a similar but separate process for partial saccharification and cofermentation (PSCF) of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production using yeasts or pentose-fermenting engineered bacteria. These methods are applicable for small-scale preliminary evaluations of ethanol production from a variety of biomass sources.
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Kim SK, Lee T. Degradation of lignocellulosic materials under sulfidogenic and methanogenic conditions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 29:224-227. [PMID: 18407485 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays, typically used to assess anaerobic biodegradability of liquid wastes with added nutrients and bacteria, were adapted to compare hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material under sulfidogenic and methanogenic environments. A method based on selective inhibition of microorganism activity, by 3% toluene, was used to measure the hydrolysis rate of lignocellulosic material and the accumulation of sugar. The neutral sugars, galactose, glucose, and xylose, which were released from lignocellulosic material such as office paper and newspaper in the presence 3% toluene, clearly accumulated over time under sulfidogenic conditions. The accumulation rates of sugars, glucose, and xylose, were higher in the sulfidogenic condition than in the methanogenic condition, indicating a faster degradation of lignocellulosic materials under the sulfidogenic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Ku Kim
- Construction Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 411-712, South Korea.
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Liao W, Liu Y, Wen Z, Frear C, Chen S. Kinetic modeling of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in differently pretreated fibers from dairy manure. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:441-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bisaria R, Bisaria VS, Hobson PN. An Integrated Approach to Utilization of Agro-Residues ThroughPleurotusCultivation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558709148490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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