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Chattopadhyay S, Raychaudhuri U, Chakraborty R. Artificial sweeteners - a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 51:611-21. [PMID: 24741154 PMCID: PMC3982014 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Now a days sugar free food are very much popular because of their less calorie content. So food industry uses various artificial sweeteners which are low in calorie content instead of high calorie sugar. U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved aspartame, acesulfame-k, neotame, cyclamate and alitame for use as per acceptable daily intake (ADI) value. But till date, breakdown products of these sweeteners have controversial health and metabolic effects. On the other hand, rare sugars are monosaccharides and have no known health effects because it does not metabolize in our body, but shows same sweet taste and bulk property as sugar. Rare sugars have no such ADI value and are mainly produced by using bioreactor and so inspite of high demand, rare sugars cannot be produced in the desired quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Chattopadhyay
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Utpal Raychaudhuri
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Runu Chakraborty
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
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2
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Srivani K, Pydi Setty Y. Parametric optimization of xylitol production from xylose by fermentation. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Srivani
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Warangal; India
| | - Y. Pydi Setty
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Warangal; India
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3
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Granström TB, Takata G, Tokuda M, Izumori K. Izumoring. J Biosci Bioeng 2004; 97:89-94. [PMID: 16233597 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Starch, whey or hemicellulosic waste can be used as a raw material for the industrial production of rare sugars. D-glucose from starch, whey and hemicellulose, D-galactose from whey, and D-xylose from hemicellulose are the main starting monosaccharides for production of rare sugars. We can produce all monosaccharides; tetroses, pentoses and hexoses, from these raw materials. This is achieved by using D-tagatose 3-epimerase, aldose isomerase, aldose reductase, and oxidoreductase enzymes or whole cells as biocatalysts. Bioproduction strategies for all rare sugars are illustrated using ring form structures given the name Izumoring.
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Wahlbom CF, Cordero Otero RR, van Zyl WH, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Jönsson LJ. Molecular analysis of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant with improved ability to utilize xylose shows enhanced expression of proteins involved in transport, initial xylose metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:740-6. [PMID: 12570990 PMCID: PMC143595 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.2.740-746.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences between the recombinant xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain TMB 3399 and the mutant strain TMB 3400, derived from TMB 3399 and displaying improved ability to utilize xylose, were investigated by using genome-wide expression analysis, physiological characterization, and biochemical assays. Samples for analysis were withdrawn from chemostat cultures. The characteristics of S. cerevisiae TMB 3399 and TMB 3400 grown on glucose and on a mixture of glucose and xylose, as well as of S. cerevisiae TMB 3400 grown on only xylose, were investigated. The strains were cultivated under chemostat conditions at a dilution rate of 0.1 h(-1), with feeds consisting of a defined mineral medium supplemented with 10 g of glucose liter(-1), 10 g of glucose plus 10 g of xylose liter(-1) or, for S. cerevisiae TMB 3400, 20 g of xylose liter(-1). S. cerevisiae TMB 3400 consumed 31% more xylose of a feed containing both glucose and xylose than S. cerevisiae TMB 3399. The biomass yields for S. cerevisiae TMB 3400 were 0.46 g of biomass g of consumed carbohydrate(-1) on glucose and 0.43 g of biomass g of consumed carbohydrate(-1) on xylose. A K(s) value of 33 mM for xylose was obtained for S. cerevisiae TMB 3400. In general, the percentage error was <20% between duplicate microarray experiments originating from independent fermentation experiments. Microarray analysis showed higher expression in S. cerevisiae TMB 3400 than in S. cerevisiae TMB 3399 for (i) HXT5, encoding a hexose transporter; (ii) XKS1, encoding xylulokinase, an enzyme involved in one of the initial steps of xylose utilization; and (iii) SOL3, GND1, TAL1, and TKL1, encoding enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, the transcriptional regulators encoded by YCR020C, YBR083W, and YPR199C were expressed differently in the two strains. Xylose utilization was, however, not affected in strains in which YCR020C was overexpressed or deleted. The higher expression of XKS1 in S. cerevisiae TMB 3400 than in TMB 3399 correlated with higher specific xylulokinase activity in the cell extracts. The specific activity of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase was also higher for S. cerevisiae TMB 3400 than for TMB 3399, both on glucose and on the mixture of glucose and xylose.
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Chandrakant P, Bisaria VS. Simultaneous bioconversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1999; 18:295-331. [PMID: 9887507 DOI: 10.1080/0738-859891224185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin as their main constituents are the most abundant renewable organic resource present on Earth. The conversion of both cellulose and hemicellulose for production of fuel ethanol is being studied intensively with a view to develop a technically and economically viable bioprocess. The fermentation of glucose, the main constituent of cellulose hydrolyzate, to ethanol can be carried out efficiently. On the other hand, although bioconversion of xylose, the main pentose sugar obtained on hydrolysis of hemicellulose, to ethanol presents a biochemical challenge, especially if it is present along with glucose, it needs to be fermented to make the biomass-to-ethanol process economical. A lot of attention therefore has been focussed on the utilization of both glucose and xylose to ethanol. Accordingly, while describing the advancements that have taken place to get xylose converted efficiently to ethanol by xylose-fermenting organisms, the review deals mainly with the strategies that have been put forward for bioconversion of both the sugars to achieve high ethanol concentration, yield, and productivity. The approaches, which include the use of (1) xylose-fermenting yeasts alone, (2) xylose isomerase enzyme as well as yeast, (3) immobilized enzymes and cells, and (4) sequential fermentation and co-culture process are described with respect to their underlying concepts and major limitations. Genetic improvements in the cultures have been made either to enlarge the range of substrate utilization or to channel metabolic intermediates specifically toward ethanol. These contributions represent real significant advancements in the field and have also been adequately dealt with from the point of view of their impact on utilization of both cellulose and hemicellulose sugars to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chandrakant
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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6
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Sadana A. High-Resolution Fractionation Processes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(98)80031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Kern M, Nidetzky B, Kulbe KD, Haltrich D. Effect of nitrogen sources on the levels of aldose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities in the xylose-fermenting yeast Candida tenuis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)86767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Yang VW, Jeffries TW. Regulation of phosphotransferases in glucose- and xylose-fermenting yeasts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997; 63-65:97-108. [PMID: 9170243 DOI: 10.1007/bf02920416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the titers of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and xylulokinase (XUK) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two xylose fermenting yeasts, Pachysolen tannophilus and Candida shehatae, following shifts in carbon source and aeration. Xylose-grown C. shehatae, glucose-grown P. tannophilus, and glucose-grown S. cerevisiae, had the highest specific activities of XUK, HK, and PFK, respectively. XUK was induced by xylose to moderate levels in both P. tannophilus and C. shehatae, but was present only in trace levels in S. cerevisiae. HK activities in P. tannophilus were two to three fold higher when cells were grown on glucose than when grown on xylose, but HK levels were less inducible in C. shehatae. The PFK activities in S. cerevisiae were 1.5 to 2 times higher than in the two xylose-fermenting yeasts. Transfer from glucose to xylose rapidly inactivated HK in P. tannophilus, and transfer from xylose to glucose inactivated XUK in C. shehatae. The patterns of induction and inactivation indicate that the basic regulatory mechanisms differ in the two xylose fermenting yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Yang
- Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705-2398, USA
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Diminished Respirative Growth and Enhanced Assimilative Sugar Uptake Result in Higher Specific Fermentation Rates by the MutantPichia stipitis FPL-061. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997; 63-65:109-16. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02920417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Kruse B, Schügerl K. Investigation of ethanol formation by Pachysolen tannophilus from xylose and glucose/xylose co-substrates. Process Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(95)00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Effect of corn steep liquor on fermentation of mixed sugars byCandida shehatae FPL-702. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02941735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Increased xylose reductase activity in the xylose-fermenting yeastPichia stipitis by overexpression ofXYL1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02941707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Dahn KM, Davis BP, Pittman PE, Kenealy WR, Jeffries TW. Increased xylose reductase activity in the xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis by overexpression of XYL1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996; 57-58:267-76. [PMID: 8669900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-0223-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Pichia stipitis xylose reductase gene (XYL1) was inserted into an autonomous plasmid that P. stipitis maintains in multicopy. The plasmid pXOR with the XYL1 insert or a control plasmid pJM6 without XYL1 was introduced into P. stipitis. When grown on xylose under aerobic conditions, the strain with pXOR had up to 1.8-fold higher xylose reductase (XOR) activity than the control strain. Oxygen limitation led to higher XOR activity in both experimental and control strains grown on xylose. However, the XOR activities of the two strains grown on xylose were similar under oxygen limitation. When grown on glucose under aerobic or oxygen-limited conditions, the experimental strain had XOR activity up to 10 times higher than that of the control strain. Ethanol production was not improved, but rather it decreased with the introduction of pXOR compared to the control, and this was attributed to nonspecific effects of the plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Dahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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Hallborn J, Walfridsson M, Penttilä M, Keränen S, Hahn-Hägerdal B. A short-chain dehydrogenase gene from Pichia stipitis having D-arabinitol dehydrogenase activity. Yeast 1995; 11:839-47. [PMID: 7483848 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An NAD(+)-dependent D-arabinitol dehydrogenase (polyol dehydrogenase) gene was isolated from Pichia stipitis CBS 6054 and cloned in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The gene was isolated by screening of a lambda-cDNA library with a zymogram technique. D-Arabinitol, xylitol, D-glucitol and galactitol are substrates for the recombinant protein. With D-arabinitol as substrate the reaction product is D-ribulose. The molecular weight of the native tetramer enzyme is 110,000 Da and the monomer is 30,000 Da. The amino acid sequence is homologous to the short-chain dehydrogenase family. It is 85.5% identical to a D-arabinitol dehydrogenase from Candida albicans. The gene in P. stipitis was induced by D-arabinitol and P. stipitis was able to grow on D-arabinitol. The physiological role of D-arabinitol metabolism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hallborn
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden
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Hahn-Hägerdal B, Jeppsson H, Skoog K, Prior B. Biochemistry and physiology of xylose fermentation by yeasts. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Biesterveld S, Kok MD, Dijkema C, Zehnder AJ, Stams AJ. D-xylose catabolism in Bacteroides xylanolyticus X5-1. Arch Microbiol 1994; 161:521-7. [PMID: 8048843 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The xylose metabolism of Bacteroides xylanolyticus X5-1 was studied by determining specific enzyme activities in cell free extracts, by following 13C-label distribution patterns in growing cultures and by mass balance calculations. Enzyme activities of the pentose phosphate pathway and the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway were sufficiently high to account for in vivo xylose fermentation to pyruvate via a combination of these two pathways. Pyruvate was mainly oxidized to acetyl-CoA, CO2 and a reduced cofactor (ferredoxin). Part of the pyruvate was converted to acetyl-CoA and formate by means of a pyruvate-formate lyase. Acetyl-CoA was either converted to acetate by a combined action of phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase or reduced to ethanol by an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and an ethanol dehydrogenase. The latter two enzymes displayed both a NADH- and a NADPH-linked activity. Cofactor regeneration proceeded via a reduction of intermediates of the metabolism (i.e. acetyl-CoA and acetaldehyde) and via proton reduction. According to the deduced pathway about 2.5 mol ATP are generated per mol of xylose degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biesterveld
- Department of Microbiology, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Tantirungkij M, Seki T, Yoshida T. Genetic improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production from xylose. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 721:138-47. [PMID: 8010664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb47386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Tantirungkij
- International Center of Cooperative Research in Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
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Fed-batch fermentation of xylose by a fast-growing mutant of xylose-assimilating recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00166074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Steiner B, Omelková J, Proksa B, Sasinková V, Koós M. Aliphatic 1,2-alkanolamines--inhibitors of beta-glucanase from Candida utilis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1993; 38:392-4. [PMID: 8262450 DOI: 10.1007/bf02898763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic 1,2-alkanolamines inhibited beta-glucanase from Candida utilis. The highest inhibitory effect was observed with 1-dodecylamino-3-chloro-2-propanol (Ki = 1.0 mumol/L) and it was much higher than that of D-glucono-delta-lactone. Simple 1,2-alkanolamines, like 2-aminoethanol or 2-methylaminoethanol, did not exhibit any significant inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Steiner
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
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23
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Purification and characterization of d-xylulokinase from the pentose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis NCYC 1541. Enzyme Microb Technol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Machov� E. Induction of aldose reductase and polyol dehydrogenase activities in Aureobasidium pullulans by d-xylose, l-arabinose and d-galactose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00210995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Kossaczká Z, Machová E, Vojtková-Lepšiková A. abetd-Xylose metabolism in Aureobasidium pullulans: effects of aeration and vitamins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00208159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Palnitkar SS, Lachke AH. Efficient simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of agricultural residues by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida shehatae. The D-xylose fermenting yeast. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1990; 26:151-8. [PMID: 2091527 DOI: 10.1007/bf02921531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) experiments were carried out on agricultural residues using culture filtrate of Sclerotium rolfsii, which produces high levels of cellulases and hemicellulases for the saccharification of rice straw and bagasse, and Candida shehatae--the D-xylose fermenting yeast, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both separately and in coculture, for fermenting the released sugars. The coculture system showed efficient utilization of hydrolyzed sugars with 30-38% and 10-13% increase in ethanol production as compared to C. shehatae and S. cerevisiae, respectively, when cultivated separately. SSF simulation studies were carried out using standard sugar mixtures of glucose, xylose, and cellobiose. Both organisms could not use cellobiose, whereas glucose was used preferentially. C. shehatae was capable of utilizing xylose in the presence of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Palnitkar
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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27
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Taylor KB, Beck MJ, Huang DH, Sakai TT. The fermentation of xylose: studies by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01576174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Ho NW, Chang SF. Cloning of yeast xylulokinase gene by complementation of E. coli and yeast mutations. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Stevis PE, Ho NWY. Construction of yeast xylulokinase mutant by recombinant dna techniques. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02936493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Intermediary metabolite concentrations in xylose fermentingCandida tropicalis at varying oxygen limitations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01876212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Fermentation of D-xylose is of interest in enhancing the yield of ethanol obtainable from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Such hydrolysates can contain both pentoses and hexoses, and while technology to convert hexoses to ethanol is well established, the fermentation of pentoses had been problematical. To overcome the difficulty, yeasts and fungi have been sought and identified in recent years that can convert D-xylose into ethanol. However, operation of their cultures in the presence of the pentose to obtain rapid and efficient ethanol production is somewhat more complex than in the archetype alcoholic fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D-glucose. The complexity stems, in part, from the association of ethanol accumulation in cultures where D-xylose is the sole carbon source with conditions that limit growth, by oxygen in particular, although limitation by other nutrients might also be implicated. Aspects of screening for appropriate organisms and of the parameters that play a role in determining culture variables, especially those associated with ethanol productivity, are reviewed. Performance with D-xylose as sole carbon source, in sugar mixtures, and in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is discussed. A model that involves biochemical considerations of D-xylose metabolism is presented that rationalizes the effects of oxygen on cultures where D-xylose is the sole carbon source, notably effects of the specific rate of oxygen use on the rate and extent of ethanol accumulation. Alternate methods to direct fermentation of D-xylose have been developed that depend on its prior isomerization to D-xylose, followed by fermentation of the pentulose by certain yeasts and fungi. Factors involved in the biochemistry, use, and performance of these methods, which with some organisms involves sensitivity to oxygen, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schneider
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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32
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Levels of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes from Candida shehatae grown in continuous culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00251717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Levels of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes fromCandida shehatae grown in continuous culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01982917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Chang SF, Ho NW. Cloning the yeast xylulokinase gene for the improvement of xylose fermentation. Scientific note. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1988; 17:313-8. [PMID: 2843089 DOI: 10.1007/bf02779165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S F Chang
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Stevis PE, Huang JJ, Ho NW. Cloning of the
Pachysolen tannophilus
Xylulokinase Gene by Complementation in
Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2975-7. [PMID: 16347513 PMCID: PMC204233 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.12.2975-2977.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene coding for xylulokinase has been isolated from the yeast
Pachysolen tannophilus
by complementation of
Escherichia coli
xylulokinase (
xylB
) mutants. Through subcloning, the gene has been localized at one end of a 3.2-kilobase
Eco
RI-
Pst
I fragment. Expression of the cloned gene was insensitive to glucose inhibition. Furthermore, the cloned gene did not cross-hybridize with
E. coli
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
xylulokinase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Stevis
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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36
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Manderson G, Newland M. Sodium azide enhancement and inhibition of ethanol production from d-xylose Pachysolen tannophilus. J Biotechnol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(87)90054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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