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Parashar D, Satyanarayana T. An Insight Into Ameliorating Production, Catalytic Efficiency, Thermostability and Starch Saccharification of Acid-Stable α-Amylases From Acidophiles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:125. [PMID: 30324103 PMCID: PMC6172347 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the extracellular enzymes of acidophilic bacteria and archaea are stable at acidic pH with a relatively high thermostability. There is, however, a dearth of information on their acid stability. Although several theories have been postulated, the adaptation of acidophilic proteins to low pH has not been explained convincingly. This review highlights recent developments in understanding the structure and biochemical characteristics, and production of acid-stable and calcium-independent α-amylases by acidophilic bacteria with special reference to that of Bacillus acidicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parashar
- Functional Genomic Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulasi Satyanarayana
- Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Abraham BF, Olarewaju SA, Ronke A, Oladipo AE. Antidiabetic and Antidyslipidemic Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Cochlospermum planchonii Leaves in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:553-560. [PMID: 29184263 PMCID: PMC5684376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is considered one of the 5 principal causes of death in the world and is recognized as a global public health issue because of its multifactorial facets affecting essential biochemical processes in the body. This study investigated the antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activities of the aqueous extract of Cochlospermum planchonii (C. planchonii) leaves in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty adult female rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 153±3.41g were randomized into 6 groups of 5 animals each. STZ-induced diabetic rats were orally administered 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, once a day, and their blood glucose levels as well as variations of diabetes-associated biomarkers including alpha amylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and lipid profile by the extract were monitored for 21 days. The results were expressed as means±SEMs and compared with repeated measures using SPSS, Data Editor, version 16.0. RESULTS The aqueous extract of C. planchonii leaves significantly reduced the blood glucose level in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose producing a 74.52% reduction after 21 days of administration, which compared significantly (P<0.01) with the control and metformin-treated groups. Similarly, STZ-induced diabetic mediated alterations in the serum lipids were significantly (P<0.01) restored by the extract. In addition, the aqueous extract of C. planchonii leaves significantly attenuated the decrease in the activity of G6PDH and the increase in the activity of α-AMY in the liver of the STZ-induced diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the aqueous extract of C. planchonii leaves could be used to manage diabetes and other related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamisaye Fisayo Abraham
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biochemistry Unit), Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Sulyman Abdulhakeem Olarewaju
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biochemistry Unit), Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria,Correspondence: Sulyman Abdulhakeem Olarewaju, MS; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biochemistry Unit), Kwara State University, Malete, PMB. 1530, Ilorin, Nigeria Tel: +234 806 8486088
| | - Abegunde Ronke
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biochemistry Unit), Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ajani Emmanuel Oladipo
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biochemistry Unit), Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Mehta D, Satyanarayana T. Bacterial and Archaeal α-Amylases: Diversity and Amelioration of the Desirable Characteristics for Industrial Applications. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1129. [PMID: 27516755 PMCID: PMC4963412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial enzyme market has been projected to reach US$ 6.2 billion by 2020. Major reasons for continuous rise in the global sales of microbial enzymes are because of increase in the demand for consumer goods and biofuels. Among major industrial enzymes that find applications in baking, alcohol, detergent, and textile industries are α-amylases. These are produced by a variety of microbes, which randomly cleave α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch leading to the formation of limit dextrins. α-Amylases from different microbial sources vary in their properties, thus, suit specific applications. This review focuses on the native and recombinant α-amylases from bacteria and archaea, their production and the advancements in the molecular biology, protein engineering and structural studies, which aid in ameliorating their properties to suit the targeted industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi New Delhi, India
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Pervez S, Siddiqui NN, Ansari A, Aman A, Qader SAU. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Aspergillus species for the production of starch-saccharifying amyloglucosidase. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Ozturk HU, Denizci AA, Ogan A, Kazan D. A Maltooligosaccharides Producing α-Amylase fromBacillus subtilisSDP1 Isolated from Rhizosphere ofAcacia cyanophyllaLindley. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2014.963600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kalpana BJ, Sindhulakshmi M, Pandian SK. Amylase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis S8-18: a potential desizing agent from the marine environment. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 61:134-44. [PMID: 23659677 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at developing an economical medium for the production of α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis S8-18, a marine sediment isolate from Palk Bay, with various agricultural by-products that are cheap and rich in starch. These products include wheat bran, wheat husk, rice bran, rice husk, and potato peel and are used to replace soluble starch present in the Luria Bertani (LB) broth (synthetic medium). The rice husk was found to be the best to influence enzyme production significantly (61,186 IU mL⁻¹) when compared with the yield of 30,026 IU mL⁻¹ obtained by commercial starch. Hence, LB broth containing rice husk was considered an economical medium. In addition, the effect of various nutritional and physiological factors on enzyme production was also investigated. Furthermore, the desizing efficiency of α-amylases produced by synthetic and economical media was evaluated through various assays like reducing sugar estimation, weight loss assay, drop absorbency assay, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analyses. In addition, a commercial α-amylase from B. subtilis was also used in desizing analyses for comparative purposes. It revealed that the α-amylase from the economical medium was as effective in desizing the cotton fabrics as that of the commercial enzyme and much superior to the enzyme produced through the synthetic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balu Jancy Kalpana
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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Biochemical and molecular characterization of recombinant acidic and thermostable raw-starch hydrolysing α-amylase from an extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hyperthermostable, Ca(2+)-independent, and high maltose-forming alpha-amylase production by an extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans: whole cell immobilization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 159:464-77. [PMID: 19280125 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of extracellular alpha-amylase in Geobacillus thermoleovorans was constitutive. The enzyme was secreted in metabolizable carbon sources as well as non-metabolizable synthetic analogues of glucose, but the titers were higher in the former than that in the latter. G. thermoleovorans is a fast-growing facultatively anaerobic bacterium that grows under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and produces an extracellular amylolytic enzyme alpha-amylase with the by-product of lactic acid. G. thermoleovorans is a rich source of various novel thermostable biocatalysts for different industrial applications. alpha-Amylase synthesis was subject to catabolite repression in the presence of high concentrations of glucose. The addition of cAMP to the medium containing glucose did not result in the repression of alpha-amylase synthesis. The addition of maltose (1%) to the starch arginine medium resulted in a twofold enhancement in enzyme titers. Polyurethane foam (PUF)-immobilized cells secreted alpha-amylase, which was higher than that with the free cells. PUF appeared to be a better matrix for immobilization of the thermophilic bacterium than the other commonly used matrices. The repeated use of PUF-immobilized cells was possible over 15 cycles with a sustained alpha-amylase secretion. The use of this enzyme in starch saccharification eliminates the addition of Ca(2+) in starch liquefaction and its subsequent removal by ion exchangers from the product streams.
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Shanmughapriya S, Seghal Kiran G, Selvin J, Gandhimathi R, Bastin Baskar T, Manilal A, Sujith S. Optimization, production, and partial characterization of an alkalophilic amylase produced by sponge associated marine bacterium Halobacterium salinarum MMD047. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Production of raw starch-saccharifying thermostable and neutral glucoamylase by the thermophilic mold Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae in submerged fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 142:221-30. [PMID: 18025583 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among physical and nutritional parameters optimized by "one variable at a time" approach, four cultural variables (sucrose, MgSO4 .7H2O, inoculum size, and incubation period) significantly affected glucoamylase production. These variables were, therefore, selected for optimization using response surface methodology. The p-values of the coefficients for linear effect of sucrose and inoculum size were less than 0.0001, suggesting them to be the key experimental variables in glucoamylase production. The enzyme production (34 U/ml) attained under optimized conditions (sucrose, 2%; MgSO4 .7H2O, 0.13%; yeast extract, 0.1%; inoculum size, 5 x 10(6) spores per 50 ml production medium; incubation time, 48 h; temperature, 40 degrees C; and pH 7.0) was comparable with the value predicted by polynomial model (34.2 U/ml). An over all 3.1-fold higher enzyme titers were attained due to response surface optimization. The experimental model was validated by carrying out glucoamylase production in shake flasks of increasing capacity (0.25-2.0 l) and 22-l laboratory bioreactors (stirred tank and airlift), where the enzyme production was sustainable. Furthermore, the fermentation time was reduced from 48 h in shake flasks to 32 h in bioreactors.
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Akao S, Tsuno H, Horie T, Mori S. Effects of pH and temperature on products and bacterial community in L-lactate batch fermentation of garbage under unsterile condition. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:2636-42. [PMID: 17433400 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Acidogenesis fermentation of artificial garbage without sterile condition was conducted in batch mode to investigate effects of cultivation pH (5.5, 6.0, 6.5) and temperature (45, 50, 55 degrees C). Bacteria exiting natively in the garbage were utilized in this study; in turn, no specific seed was inoculated. The results indicated that only one set of operational conditions (pH 5.5 and 55 degrees C) led to L-lactate fermentation. Obtained yield of lactate based on initial carbohydrate was around 0.5 and optical purity of L-lactate was around 99%. In this study, three typical cases, which were L-lactate, racemic lactate and butyrate fermentation, were observed depended on sets of cultivation pH and temperature. Microbial structures of typical cases were also identified with using 16S rDNA libraries. The analysis indicated that Bacillus coagulans produced L-lactate. Lactobacillus amylolyticus, which produces racemic lactate, and Clostridium thermopalmarium, which produces butyrate, were also detected on each typical sample. L. amylolyticus and C. thermopalmarium would be eliminated by setting cultivation temperature of 55 degrees C and above, and pH 5.5 and below, respectively. From a series of this study, operational conditions of pH 5.5 and temperature of 55 degrees C would be potentially suitable for L-lactate fermentation of garbage with view of efficiency and stability of its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akao
- Department of Social Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101, KoyamaMinami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.
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Alkali-thermostable and cellulase-free xylanase production by an extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Anto H, Trivedi UB, Patel KC. Glucoamylase production by solid-state fermentation using rice flake manufacturing waste products as substrate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2006; 97:1161-6. [PMID: 16006122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucoamylase production has been investigated by solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes generated during the processing of paddy to rice flakes (categorized as coarse, medium and fine waste), along with wheat bran and rice powder by a local soil isolate Aspergillus sp. HA-2. Highest enzyme production was obtained with wheat bran (264 +/- 0.64 U/gds) followed by coarse waste (211.5 +/- 1.44 U/gds) and medium waste (192.1 +/- 1.15 U/gds) using 10(6) spores/ml as inoculum at 28 +/- 2 degrees C, pH 5. A combination of wheat bran and coarse waste (1:1) gave enzyme yield as compared to wheat bran alone. Media supplementation with carbon source (0.04 g/gds) as sucrose in wheat bran and glucose in coarse and medium waste increased enzyme production to 271.2 +/- 0.92, 220.2 +/- 0.75 and 208.2 +/- 1.99 U/gds respectively. Organic nitrogen supplementation (yeast extract and peptone, 0.02 g/gds) showed a higher enzyme production compared to inorganic source. Optimum enzyme activity was observed at 55 degrees C, pH 5. Enzyme activity was enhanced in the presence of calcium whereas presence of EDTA gave reverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Anto
- Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, India
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Guven K, Togrul S, Uyar F, Ozant S, De Pomerai DI. A comparative study of bioassays based on enzyme biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis exposed to heavy metals and organic pesticides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Malhotra R, Noorwez SM, Satyanarayana T. Production and partial characterization of thermostable and calcium-independent alpha-amylase of an extreme thermophile Bacillus thermooleovorans NP54. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 31:378-84. [PMID: 11069641 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM An investigation was carried out on the production of alpha-amylase by Bacillus thermooleovorans NP54, its partial purification and characterization. METHODS AND RESULTS The thermophilic bacterium was grown in shake flasks and a laboratory fermenter containing 2% soluble starch, 0.3% tryptone, 0.3% yeast extract and 0.1% K2HPO4 at 70 degrees C and pH 7.0, agitated at 200 rev min(-1) with 6-h-old inoculum (2% v/v) for 12 h. When the enzyme was partially purified using acetone (80%[v/v] saturation), a 43.7% recovery of enzyme with 6.2-fold purification was recorded. The KM and Vmax (soluble starch) values were 0.83 mg ml(-1) and 250 micromol mg(-1) protein min(-1), respectively. The enzyme was optimally active at 100 degrees C and pH 8.0 with a half-life of 3 h at 100 degrees C. Both alpha-amylase activity and production were Ca2+ independent. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus thermooleovorans NP54 produced calcium-independent and thermostable alpha-amylase. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The calcium-independent and thermostable alpha-amylase of B. thermooleovorans NP54 will be extremely useful in starch saccharification since the alpha-amylases used in the starch industry are calcium dependent. The use of this enzyme in starch hydrolysis eliminates the use of calcium in starch liquefaction and subsequent removal by ion exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Marchal LM, Jonkers J, Franke GT, de Gooijer CD, Tramper J. The effect of process conditions on the alpha-amylolytic hydrolysis of amylopectin potato starch: An experimental design approach. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 62:348-57. [PMID: 10099546 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990205)62:3<348::aid-bit11>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of amylopectin potato starch with Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (Maxamyl) was studied under industrially relevant conditions (i.e. high dry-weight concentrations). The following ranges of process conditions were chosen and investigated by means of an experimental design: pH [5.6-7.6]; calcium addition [0-120 microg/g]; temperature [63-97 degrees C]; dry-weight concentration [3-37% [w/w]]; enzyme dosage [27.6-372.4 microL/kg] and stirring [0-200 rpm]. The rate of hydrolysis was followed as a function of the theoretical dextrose equivalent. The highest rate (at a dextrose equivalent of 10) was observed at high temperature (90 degrees C) and low pH (6). At a higher pH (7.2), the maximum temperature of hydrolysis shifted to a lower value. Also, high levels of calcium resulted in a decrease of the maximum temperature of hydrolysis. The pH, temperature, and the amount of enzyme added showed interactive effects on the observed rate of hydrolysis. No product or substrate inhibition was observed. Stirring did not effect the rate of hydrolysis. The oligosaccharide composition after hydrolysis (at a certain dextrose equivalent) did depend on the reaction temperature. The level of maltopentaose [15-24% [w/w]], a major product of starch hydrolysis by B. licheniformis alpha-amylase, was influenced mostly by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Marchal
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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