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Falshaw R, Furneaux RH, Sims IM, Hinkley SFR, Kidgell JT, Bell TJ. Novel 4-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-3,6-anhydro-l-galactopyranosyl disaccharide units in a polysaccharide from the red alga Pyrophyllon subtumens. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121066. [PMID: 37479460 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Thalli of the endemic epiphytic New Zealand red seaweed Pyrophyllon subtumens are known to contain a high level of xylose and a notable amount of arabinose but the extracted polysaccharide has not been characterised. The linkage/substitution of individual sugars within the water-soluble polysaccharide extract and various derivatives were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods. No 3-linked sugars nor any d-galactose were found, which excluded agar-, carrageenan- or mixed 3-linked/4-linked β-d-xylan-type polysaccharides found in many other red macroalgae. Instead, the polysaccharide backbone contained predominantly 4-linked β-d-xylopyranosyl, 4-linked 3,6-anhydro-l-galactopyranosyl and 4-linked l-galactopyranosyl units. Some of each type of sugar were sulfated at various positions. Some xylosyl units were substituted at the 2- or 3-position with l-arabinosyl units. The polysaccharide is complex and likely contains a range of structures. However, partial sequencing was successfully used to recover and identify a novel disaccharide 4-O-d-xylopyranosyl-3,6-anhdydro-l-galactopyranose, which indicates a unique →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1 → 4)-3,6-anhydro-l-Galp-(1 → repeat unit in the polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Falshaw
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33-436, Petone 5046, New Zealand.
| | - Richard H Furneaux
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33-436, Petone 5046, New Zealand.
| | - Ian M Sims
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33-436, Petone 5046, New Zealand.
| | - Simon F R Hinkley
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33-436, Petone 5046, New Zealand.
| | - Joel T Kidgell
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33-436, Petone 5046, New Zealand.
| | - Tracey J Bell
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33-436, Petone 5046, New Zealand.
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Bergstrom E, Lahnstein J, Collins H, Page TM, Bulone V, Diaz-Pulido G. Cell wall organic matrix composition and biomineralization across reef-building coralline algae under global change. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:111-125. [PMID: 36301224 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are one of the most important benthic substrate consolidators on coral reefs through their ability to deposit calcium carbonate on an organic matrix in their cell walls. Discrete polysaccharides have been recognized for their role in biomineralization, yet little is known about the carbohydrate composition of organic matrices across CCA taxa and whether they have the capacity to modulate their organic matrix constituents amidst environmental change, particularly the threats of ocean acidification (OA) and warming. We simulated elevated pCO2 and temperature (IPCC RCP 8.5) and subjected four mid-shelf Great Barrier Reef species of CCA to 2 months of experimentation. To assess the variability in surficial monosaccharide composition and biomineralization across species and treatments, we determined the monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharides present in the cell walls of surficial algal tissue and quantified calcification. Our results revealed dissimilarity among species' monosaccharide constituents, which suggests that organic matrices are composed of different polysaccharides across CCA taxa. We also observed that species differentially modulate composition in response to ocean acidification and warming. Our findings suggest that both variability in composition and ability to modulate monosaccharide abundance may play a crucial role in surficial biomineralization dynamics under the stress of OA and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Bergstrom
- School of Environment & Science and Australian Rivers Institute - Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Helen Collins
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Tessa M Page
- School of Environment & Science and Australian Rivers Institute - Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Health Sciences Building, Flinders University, Bedford Park Campus, Sturt Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Guillermo Diaz-Pulido
- School of Environment & Science, Coastal & Marine Research Centre and Australian Rivers Institute - Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
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Structural Characterization and Rheological and Antioxidant Properties of Novel Polysaccharide from Calcareous Red Seaweed. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090546. [PMID: 36135735 PMCID: PMC9504466 DOI: 10.3390/md20090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel sulfated xylogalactan (JASX) was extracted and purified from the rhodophyceae Jania adhaerens. JASX was characterized by chromatography (GC/MS-EI and SEC/MALLS) and spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR and 1H/13C NMR) techniques. Results showed that JASX was constituted by repeating units of (→3)-β-d-Galp-(1,4)-3,6-α-l-AnGalp-(1→)n and (→3)-β-d-Galp-(1,4)-α-l-Galp-(1→)n substituted on O-2 and O-3 of the α-(1,4)-l-Galp units by methoxy and/or sulfate groups but also on O-6 of the β-(1,3)-d-Galp mainly by β-xylosyl side chains and less by methoxy and/or sulfate groups. The Mw, Mn, Đ, [η] and C* of JASX were respectively 600 and 160 kDa, 3.7, 102 mL.g−1 and 7.0 g.L−1. JASX exhibited pseudoplastic behavior influenced by temperature and monovalent salts and highly correlated to the power-law model and the Arrhenius relationship. JASX presented thixotropic characteristics, a gel-like viscoelastic behavior and a great viscoelasticity character. JASX showed important antioxidant activities, outlining its potential as a natural additive to produce functional foods.
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Janot KG, Unda F, Mansfield SD, Martone PT. Evolutionary patterns in chemical composition and biomechanics of articulated coralline algae. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac021. [PMID: 35482591 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds inhabiting wave-battered coastlines are generally flexible, bending with the waves to adopt more streamlined shapes and reduce drag. Coralline algae, however, are firmly calcified, existing largely as crusts that avoid drag altogether or as upright branched forms with uncalcified joints (genicula) that confer flexibility to otherwise rigid thalli. Upright corallines have evolved from crustose ancestors independently multiple times, and the repeated evolution of genicula has contributed to the ecological success of articulated corallines worldwide. Structure and development of genicula are significantly different across evolutionary lineages, and yet biomechanical performance is broadly similar. Because chemical composition plays a central role in both calcification and biomechanics, we explored evolutionary trends in cell wall chemistry across crustose and articulated taxa. We compared the carbohydrate content of genicula across convergently-evolved articulated species, as well as the carbohydrate content of calcified tissues from articulated and crustose species, to search for phylogenetic trends in cell wall chemistry during the repeated evolution of articulated taxa. We also analysed the carbohydrate content of one crustose coralline species that evolved from articulated ancestors, allowing us to examine trends in chemistry during this evolutionary reversal and loss of genicula. We found several key differences in carbohydrate content between calcified and uncalcified coralline tissues, though the significance of these differences in relation to the calcification process requires more investigation. Comparisons across a range of articulated and crustose species indicated that carbohydrate chemistry of calcified tissues was generally similar, regardless of morphology or phylogeny; conversely, chemical composition of genicular tissues was different across articulated lineages, suggesting that significantly different biochemical trajectories have led to remarkably similar biomechanical innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra G Janot
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, 6270 University Blvd., University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 CANADA
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, 2424 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 CANADA
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, 2424 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 CANADA
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, 6270 University Blvd., University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 CANADA
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Structural Features and Rheological Properties of a Sulfated Xylogalactan-Rich Fraction Isolated from Tunisian Red Seaweed Jania adhaerens. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10051655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel sulfated xylogalactan-rich fraction (JSP for J. adhaerens Sulfated Polysaccharide) was extracted from the red Tunisian seaweed Jania adhaerens. JSP was purified using an alcoholic precipitation process and characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with a multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR, 1D and 2D). JSP was then evaluated regarding its physicochemical and rheological properties. Results showed that JSP was mainly composed of an agar-like xylogalactan sharing the general characteristics of corallinans. The structure of JSP was mainly composed of agaran disaccharidic repeating units (→3)-β-d-Galp-(1,4)-α-l-Galp-(1→)n and (→3)-β-d-Galp-(1,4)-3,6-α-l-AnGalp-(1→)n, mainly substituted on O-6 of (1,3)-β-d-Galp residues by β-xylosyl side chains, and less with sulfate or methoxy groups. (1,4)-α-l-Galp residues were also substituted by methoxy and/or sulfate groups in the O-2 and O-3 positions. Mass-average and number-average molecular masses (Mw) and (Mn), intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) for JSP were, respectively, 8.0 × 105 g/mol, 1.0 × 105 g/mol, 76 mL/g and 16.8 nm, showing a flexible random coil conformation in solution. The critical overlap concentration C* of JSP was evaluated at 7.5 g/L using the Williamson model. In the semi-diluted regime, JSP solutions displayed a shear-thinning behavior with a great viscoelasticity character influenced by temperature and monovalent salts. The flow characteristics of JSP were described by the Ostwald model.
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Ciancia M, Matulewicz MC, Tuvikene R. Structural Diversity in Galactans From Red Seaweeds and Its Influence on Rheological Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559986. [PMID: 33013979 PMCID: PMC7511586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Galactans are important components of many plant cell walls. Besides, they are the major polysaccharides in extracellular matrixes from different seaweeds, and other marine organisms, which have an acidic character due to the presence of sulfate groups in their structures. In particular, most of the red seaweeds biosynthesize sulfated galactans with very special linear backbones, constituted by alternating (1→3)-β-d-galactopyranose units (A-unit) and (1→4)-α-galactopyranose residues (B-unit). In the industrially significant seaweeds as source of hydrocolloids, B-units belong either to the d-series and they produce carrageenans (as in the order Gigartinales), or to the l-series, and they are sources of agarose and/or structurally related polymers (i.e., Gelidiales, Gracilariales). In both cases, the latter units appear as cyclized 3,6-anhydro-α-galactose in certain amounts, which can be increased by alkaline cyclization of α-galactose 6-sulfate units. Besides, it has been clearly shown that some red algae produce different amounts of both galactan structures, known as d/l-hybrids. It is not yet clear if they comprise both diasteromeric types of units in the same molecule, or if they are mixtures of carrageenans and agarans that are very difficult to separate. It has been reported that the biosynthesis of these galactans, showing that the nucleotide transport for d-galactopyranose units is UDP-d-Gal, while for l-galactose, it is GDP-l-Gal, so, there is a different pathway in the biosynthesis of agarans. However, at least in those seaweeds that produce carrageenans as major galactans, but also agarans, both synthetic pathways should coexist. Another interesting characteristic of these galactans is the important variation in the sulfation patterns, which modulate their physical behavior in aqueous solutions. Although the most common carrageenans are of the κ/ι- and λ-types (with A-units sulfated at the 4- and 2-positions, respectively) and usually in agarans, when sulfated, is at the 6-position, many other sulfate arrangements have been reported, greatly influencing the functional properties of the corresponding galactans. Other substituents can modify their structures, as methyl ethers, pyruvic acid ketals, acetates, and single stubs of xylose or other monosaccharides. It has been shown that structural heterogeneity at some extent is essential for the proper functional performance of red algal galactans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas (CIHIDECAR,CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Matulewicz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: María Cristina Matulewicz,
| | - Rando Tuvikene
- Tallinn University, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn, Estonia
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Martone PT, Janot K, Fujita M, Wasteneys G, Ruel K, Joseleau JP, Estevez JM. Cellulose-rich secondary walls in wave-swept red macroalgae fortify flexible tissues. PLANTA 2019; 250:1867-1879. [PMID: 31482328 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic secondary walls evolved convergently in coralline red macroalgae, reinforcing tissues against wave-induced breakage, despite differences in cellulose abundance, microfibril orientation, and wall structure. Cellulose-enriched secondary cell walls are the hallmark of woody vascular plants, which develop thickened walls to support upright growth and resist toppling in terrestrial environments. Here we investigate the striking presence and convergent evolution of cellulosic secondary walls in coralline red algae, which reinforce thalli against forces applied by crashing waves. Despite ostensible similarities to secondary wall synthesis in land plants, we note several structural and mechanical differences. In coralline red algae, secondary walls contain three-times more cellulose (~ 22% w/w) than primary walls (~ 8% w/w), and their presence nearly doubles the total thickness of cell walls (~ 1.2 µm thick). Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that cellulose bundles are cylindrical and lack any predominant orientation in both primary and secondary walls. His-tagged recombinant carbohydrate-binding module differentiated crystalline and amorphous cellulose in planta, noting elevated levels of crystalline cellulose in secondary walls. With the addition of secondary cell walls, Calliarthron genicular tissues become significantly stronger and tougher, yet remain remarkably extensible, more than doubling in length before breaking under tension. Thus, the development of secondary walls contributes to the strong-yet-flexible genicular tissues that enable coralline red algae to survive along wave-battered coastlines throughout the NE Pacific. This study provides an important evolutionary perspective on the development and biomechanical significance of secondary cell walls in a non-model, non-vascular plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Martone
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kyra Janot
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miki Fujita
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wasteneys
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katia Ruel
- E.I. LINK-Conseil, 349 rue du Mont-Blanc, 38570, Le Cheylas, France
| | | | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Perez Recalde M, Canelón DJ, Compagnone RS, Matulewicz MC, Cerezo AS, Ciancia M. Carrageenan and agaran structures from the red seaweed Gymnogongrus tenuis. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:1370-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Galactans and Its Applications. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Red algae (Rhodophyta) are known as the source of unique sulfated galactans, such as agar, agarose, and carrageenans. The wide practical uses of these polysaccharides are based on their ability to form strong gels in aqueous solutions. Gelling polysaccharides usually have molecules built up of repeating disaccharide units with a regular distribution of sulfate groups, but most of the red algal species contain more complex galactans devoid of gelling ability because of various deviations from the regular structure. Moreover, several red algae may contain sulfated mannans or neutral xylans instead of sulfated galactans as the main structural polysaccharides. This chapter is devoted to a description of the structural diversity of polysaccharides found in the red algae, with special emphasis on the methods of structural analysis of sulfated galactans. In addition to the structural information, some data on the possible use of red algal polysaccharides as biologically active polymers or as taxonomic markers are briefly discussed.
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Xylogalactans from Lithothamnion heterocladum, a crustose member of the Corallinales (Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Jiao G, Yu G, Zhang J, Ewart HS. Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:196-223. [PMID: 21566795 PMCID: PMC3093253 DOI: 10.3390/md9020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides and their lower molecular weight oligosaccharide derivatives from marine macroalgae have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. The present paper will review the recent progress in research on the structural chemistry and the bioactivities of these marine algal biomaterials. In particular, it will provide an update on the structural chemistry of the major sulfated polysaccharides synthesized by seaweeds including the galactans (e.g., agarans and carrageenans), ulvans, and fucans. It will then review the recent findings on the anticoagulant/antithrombotic, antiviral, immuno-inflammatory, antilipidemic and antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides and their potential for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangling Jiao
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada;
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Junzeng Zhang
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Nutrisciences and Health, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - H. Stephen Ewart
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada;
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Zibetti RGM, Duarte MER, Noseda MD, Colodi FG, Ducatti DRB, Ferreira LG, Cardoso MA, Cerezo AS. Galactans from Cryptonemia species. Part II: studies on the system of galactans of Cryptonemia seminervis (Halymeniales) and on the structure of major fractions. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:2364-74. [PMID: 19800614 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptonemia seminervis biosynthesizes a family of D,L-hybrid galactans based on the classical 3-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl-->4-linked alpha-D- and alpha-L-galactopyranosyl alternating sequence (A-units-->B-units) with major amounts of alpha-D- and alpha-L-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-D- and L-galactose and lesser percentages of 3,6-anhydro-2-O-methyl-L-galactose, 2-O-methyl-, 4-O-methyl- and 6-O-methylgalactoses. The dispersion of structures in this family is based on five structural factors, namely: (a) the amount and position of substituent groups as sulfate (major), pyruvic acid ketals, methoxyl and glycosyl side-chain (4-O-methyl galactopyranosyl and/or xylosyl); (b) the ratio galactose/3,6-anhydrogalactose in the B-units; (c) the ratio D,L-galactoses and D,L-3,6-anhydrogalactoses also in the B-units, (d) the formation of diads and (e) the sequence of the diads in the linear backbone. Considering these variables it is not unexpected to find in the fractions studied at least 18 structural units producing highly complex structures. Structural studies carried out in two major fractions (S2S-3 and S2S-4) showed that these galactans were formed mainly by beta-D-galactopyranosyl 2-sulfate (20 and 11.9 mol%), beta-d-galactopyranosyl 2-sulfate 4,6-O-(1'-carboxyethylidene) (8.9 and 6.0 mol%) and beta-D-galactopyranosyl 2,6-sulfate (5.4 and 18.6 mol%), together with 3,6-anhydro-alpha-l-galactopyranosyl (11.4 and 7.3 mol%) and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl 2-sulfate (4.9 and 15.4 mol%) and minor quantities of 12-15 other structural units. Preparative alkaline treatment carried out on fraction (S2S-3) produced a quantitative formation of 3,6-anhydro alpha-L-galactopyranosyl units from precursor units (alpha-L-galactose 6-sulfate and alpha-L-galactose 2,6-sulfate). Kinetic studies on this 3,6-anhydro cyclization show a rate constant of 5.2 x 10(4)s(-1) indicating diads of the type G-->L6S/2,6S. Data from chemical, spectroscopic and kinetic studies suggest that, in S2S-3, the agaran block in the D,L-hybrid galactan is composed of the following diads: G(6R)-->L6S/2,6S and G2S(P)(2,6S)-->LA(2S)(2R)(2M) and the carrageenan block of G2S(P)-->D(2S)(2,3S)(3S)(3,6S) in a molar ratio of agaran to carrageenan structures of approximately 2:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane G M Zibetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box: 19046, CEP: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Navarro DA, Stortz CA. The system of xylogalactans from the red seaweed Jania rubens (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2613-22. [PMID: 18667196 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The main acidic polysaccharides from the red seaweed Jania rubens share the general characteristics of corallinans (agar-like xylogalactans). After fractionation by ion-exchange chromatography, ten fractions were separated and characterized by sugar composition, other components, methylation, ethylation, desulfation-methylation, and NMR analyses. The main group of fractions carry the agaran disaccharidic repeating unit [-->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1-->4)-alpha-L-Gal-(1-->] substituted mainly on O-6 of the beta-D-Gal unit by beta-xylosyl side stubs, and less with sulfate or methoxyl groups, and also on O-2 of the alpha-l-Gal unit with methoxyl or sulfate, or less on O-3 of the same unit with methoxyl groups. These features are somehow common to the four members of the order already studied. However, a sugar uncommon to the order appears in moderate proportions for all the fractions: it is 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose (partly sulfated or methoxylated on O-2) replacing the L-Gal unit. Besides, several other structural features never found in the order (and uncommon in any polysaccharide) appear in some minor fractions: the presence of side stubs of 2,3-di- and 3-O-methyl-D-galactose, and also part of the 3-O-methyl-L-galactose acting as side stubs. These results show that, although the main features of the corallinean xylogalactans are common to all the species studied, each one has minor characteristics of its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Navarro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Navarro DA, Flores ML, Stortz CA. Microwave-assisted desulfation of sulfated polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zibetti RGM, Noseda MD, Cerezo AS, Duarte MER. The system of galactans from Cryptonemia crenulata (Halymeniaceae, Halymeniales) and the structure of two major fractions. Kinetic studies on the alkaline cyclization of the unusual diad G2S→D(L)6S. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:711-22. [PMID: 15721344 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptonemia crenulata biosynthesizes a family of dl-hybrid galactans that are based on the classical 3-linked beta-d-galactopyranosyl-->4-linked alpha-galactopyranosyl alternating sequence (A-units-->B-units). The dispersion of structures in these galactans is based on four factors, namely: (a) the amount and position of substituent groups as sulfate (major), pyruvic acid ketals, methoxyl and side substituents of beta-D-xylose and/or beta-D-galactose; (b) the ratio galactose/3,6-anhydrogalactose in the B-units; (c) the ratio D-/L-galactoses and 3,6-anhydrogalactoses also in the B-units and (d) the sequence of the diads in the linear backbone. Alkali treatment carried out on the major fraction produced a nearly quantitative formation of 3,6-anhydrogalactose units from precursor units (alpha-galactose 6-sulfate (major) and alpha-galactose 2,6-sulfate, minor). Kinetic studies show a rate constant, for the diad G2S-D(L) 6-S, of 1.7 x 10(4)s(-1) indicating a reaction faster than in lambda-carrageenans but slower than in porphyrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane G M Zibetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia, Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19046, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
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Estevez JM, Ciancia M, Cerezo AS. The system of galactans of the red seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, with emphasis on its minor constituents. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:2575-92. [PMID: 15476719 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The galactans extracted with hot water from Kappaphycus alvarezii, after previous extraction at room temperature, are mainly composed of kappa-carrageenans (approximately 74%) and micro-carrageenans (approximately 3%). However, a significant percentage of these galactans (at least 14%) is composed of sulfated agarans and, possibly, agaran-type sulfated DL-hybrid galactans. These agarans are partially substituted on C-2 or C-4 or disubstituted on both positions of the beta-D-galactose units and on C-3 or C-2 and C-3 of the alpha-L-galactose residues with sulfate groups or single stubs of beta-D-xylopyranose, D-glucopyranose, and galactose or with D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D-glucopyranose side chains. Significant quantities of 2-O-methyl- and 3-O-methyl-L-galactose units are also present. A great tendency to retain Ca2+ and Mg2+, in spite of massive treatments with Na+ and K+ salts, was observed. The complexation between agarans and agarans-kappa-carrageenans through divalent cations and the possible zipper-type carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions would be two complementary mechanisms of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Estevez
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica (CIHIDECAR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ponce NMA, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Flores ML, Stortz CA. Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: extraction methods, antiviral activity and structural studies. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:153-65. [PMID: 12526839 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis (family Adenocystaceae, order Ectocarpales sensu lato) was extracted in parallel with three solvents usually utilized for obtaining fucoidans: distilled water, 2% calcium chloride solution and diluted hydrochloric acid (pH 2) solution. In each case, the extraction was effected at room temperature and then at 70 degrees C. The extraction yields and characteristics of the products were similar in the three cases, with only minor differences. The analytical features of the products indicate that two different types of fucoidans are present in this seaweed. One of them, mostly extracted at room temperature, is composed mainly of L-fucose, D-galactose and ester sulfate (the 'galactofucan'). The other product (the 'uronofucoidan') is the major component of the extracts obtained at 70 degrees C. It is composed mainly of fucose, accompanied by other monosaccharides (mostly Man, but also Glc, Xyl, Rha and Gal), significant amounts of uronic acids and low proportions of sulfate ester. Fractionation with the cationic detergent cetrimide has allowed achieving a better separation of the galactofucan and uronofucoidan components. The galactofucans show a high inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, with no cytotoxicity, whereas the uronofucoidans carry no antiviral activity. Structural studies on the galactofucan fractions were carried out by methylation analysis, desulfation and NMR spectroscopy. The fucan constituent is mainly composed of 3-linked alpha-L-fucopyranosyl backbone, mostly sulfated at C-4, and branched at C-2 with non-sulfated fucofuranosyl and fucopyranosyl units, and 2-sulfated fucopyranosyl units. The galactan moiety is more heterogeneous, with predominant D-galactopyranose units linked on C-3 and C-6, and sulfation mostly on C-4, even in terminal non-reducing units. It may be inferred that at least some of these galactose units carry the alpha-configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M A Ponce
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Univ. Buenos Aires, Pab.2 Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Estevez JM, Ciancia M, Cerezo AS. The system of low-molecular-weight carrageenans and agaroids from the room-temperature-extracted fraction of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Carbohydr Res 2000; 325:287-99. [PMID: 10839122 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The room-temperature-extracted fraction from the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii consists mainly of low-molecular-weight carrageenans, with structural dispersion around a basic kappa-pattern. This dispersion results from: (a) low percentages of 3,6-anhydrogalactose and the presence of precursor units; (b) important quantities of 6-O-methyl beta-D-galactose (4-sulfate) residues; (c) significant amounts of iota-repeating structure, and (d) small amounts of non-sulfated and disulfated beta-D-galactose residues. Significant quantities of alpha-L-galactose units suggest the presence of agaroids, as it has been reported in several other carrageenophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Estevez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (CIHIDECAR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, Argentina
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Stortz CA, Cases MR, Cerezo AS. The system of agaroids and carrageenans from the soluble fraction of the tetrasporic stage of the red seaweed Iridaea undulosa. Carbohydr Polym 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(97)00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Usov AI, Bilan MI, Shashkov AS. Structure of a sulfated xylogalactan from the calcareous red alga Corallina pilulifera P. et R. (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae). Carbohydr Res 1997; 303:93-102. [PMID: 9345756 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the calcareous red alga Corallina pilulifera was studied by methylation analysis before and after desulfation or Smith degradation, as well as by 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was shown to consist of D-galactose, L-galactose, 2-O-methyl-L-galactose, 3-O-methyl-L-galactose, 6-O-methyl-D-galactose, D-xylose, and sulfate in a molar ratio of 29:20:5:2:1:20:23. Its agaran-like backbone built up of alternating 3-linked beta-D-galactopyranose and 4-linked alpha-L-galactopyranose residues bears single beta-D-xylopyranosyl substituents at position 6 of beta-D-galactose residues, whereas sulfate and O-methyl groups occupy positions 2 and 3 of alpha-L-galactose and position 6 of beta-D-galactose residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Usov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Cases MR, Cerezo AS, Stortz CA. Separation and quantitation of enantiomeric galactoses and their mono-O-methylethers as their diastereomeric acetylated 1-deoxy-1-(2-hydroxypropylamino) alditols. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00370-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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