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Park JC, Bae EB, Kim SE, Kim SY, Choi KH, Choi JW, Bae JH, Ryu JJ, Huh JB. Effects of BMP-2 Delivery in Calcium Phosphate Bone Graft Materials with Different Compositions on Bone Regeneration. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9110954. [PMID: 28774075 PMCID: PMC5457269 DOI: 10.3390/ma9110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of loading rhBMP-2 onto biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) on bone regeneration, and to examine the efficacies of BCP and CPP as rhBMP-2 carriers. Specimens were divided into the BCP, CPP, BCP/BMP, and CPP/BMP groups; BCP and CPP were in granules and not coated with rhBMP-2. BCP/BMP and CPP/BMP were prepared as discs, which were treated with rhBMP-2 and collagen. Physical and biological features were investigated using in-vitro and in-vivo tests. New bone area percentages (%) in the BCP/BMP and CPP/BMP groups were significantly greater than in the BCP and CPP groups. At weeks 4 and 8 post-implantation, CPP/BMP showed the most new bone growth. Within the limitations of this study, treatment of BCP and CPP with rhBMP-2 significantly enhanced bone regeneration. CPP was found to be a suitable carrier for rhBMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chul Park
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Eun-Bin Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - Se-Eun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - So-Yun Kim
- School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hee Choi
- Tissue Biotech Institute, Cowellmedi Co., Ltd., Busan 46986, Korea.
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Prosthodontics, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyeon Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - Jae-Jun Ryu
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Jung-Bo Huh
- Department of Prosthodontics, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
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Yao CH, Tsai HM, Chen YS, Liu BS. Fabrication and evaluation of a new composite composed of tricalcium phosphate, gelatin, and Chinese medicine as a bone substitute. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 75:277-88. [PMID: 16025468 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the biological effects of traditional Chinese medicines on the activities of bone cells using rat bone cells. Then, a mixture of a GGT composite, that is, a novel biodegradable composite containing genipin crosslinked gelatin and tricalcium phosphate, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was prepared as a GGT-TCM composite. A cultured neonatal rat calvarias organ was used to measure the potential of GGT-TCM composite for use in promoting the regeneration of defective bone tissue. The mitochondria activity of the bone cells following exposure to various concentrations of crude extracts of five herbal Chinese medicines was measured by colorimetric assay. Biochemical markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) titers were analyzed to evaluate the activities of bone cells. Finally, we examined the organ culture units, which were maintained in cultured medium for 5 weeks. Morphology of tissue was observed, and the quantitative evaluation of the regenerated bone was determined. In a bone cells culture experiment, adding Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (TCM-5) to the bone cells culture clearly promoted the proliferation and differentiation of the osteoblasts from their precursor cells; but the reduced amount of TRAP indicated that the medicine significantly inhibited the osteoclasts activities. Opposite bone cell responses were observed when Loranthus parasiticus Merr. (TCM-3) and Achyranthes bidentata Bl. (TCM-4) were added to the bone cells culture. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (TCM-1) and Dipsacus asper Wall. (TCM-2) potentially influence the proliferation and differentiation of the osteoblasts from their precursor cells, but they did not affect the osteoclasts activities. The finding from the organ culture indicated that Chinese medicine effectively increased the rate of tissue regeneration of damaged bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsu Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Material Science, Chungtai Institute of Health Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Tarallo L, Zaffe D, Adani R, Krajewski A, Ravaglioli A. Extracorporeal hydroxyapatite-chamber for bone and biomaterial studies. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:159-66. [PMID: 17597378 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) spherules and autologous bone (AB) with a central vascular pedicle were housed inside an HA-chamber to form the skeletal segment of specific shape. Experimental chambers were then inserted in a pocket between medial thigh muscles in 13 New Zealand male rabbits for 3 months. Three graft group were scheduled: (A) HA and AB without vascular pedicle, (B) HA with vascular pedicle, (C) HA and AB with vascular pedicle. At term, histology showed tissue and cellular degeneration in group A chambers. Due to spherules coalescence, fibrous tissue is formed in group B chambers. Group C chambers contained living osteocytes in the implanted bone, several newly formed vessels in soft tissue, bone and partial hydroxyapatite erosions. New bone was formed in apposition to both autologous bone and hydroxyapatite. Our study suggests that this experimental model could be used to grow adequately sized vascularized skeletal segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Tarallo
- Department of Emergency/Urgency, Section of Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del pozzo 71, Policlinico, Modena 41100, Italy
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Koo S, König B, Allegrini S, Yoshimoto M, Carbonari MJ, Mitri-Luiz FF. Titanium implant osseointegration with calcium pyrophosphate in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 76:373-80. [PMID: 16184530 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize calcium pyrophosphate material, evaluate its in vitro cytotoxicity, and assess its ability to induce bone formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine crystallinity and phases present in material. Serial dilutions of extracts, from 10-day dissolution tests in modified Eagle's medium, were exposed for 24 h to mouse fibroblasts and cytotoxicity assessed via viable staining. In vivo performance was determined by placing Ti screws with and without calcium pyrophosphate agglutinated with marrow adipose tissue in the tibiae of eight rabbits. New bone formation around test and control implants was evaluated histomorphometrically by using three fluorochrome labels: alizarin, calcein, and tetracycline. After 8 postoperative weeks, the animals were killed and specimens were retrieved and processed for fluorescence and light microscopic analysis. Calcium pyrophosphate showed no cytotoxicity and the XRD showed that the main phase of the analyzed sample corresponded to beta-calcium pyrophosphate. The largest fluorochrome labeling area occurred during the fourth and fifth postoperative weeks, in both control and experimental groups. Histologically, the bone neoformation occurred in regions where the calcium pyrophosphate was resorbed. The morphometric analysis showed implants placed with calcium pyrophosphate resulted in smaller polyfluorochrome labeling area (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Koo
- Center for Implantology, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 100 East Newton St., Suite G308, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Sun JS, Chang WHS, Chen LT, Huang YC, Juang LW, Lin FH. The influence on gene-expression profiling of osteoblasts behavior following treatment with the ionic products of sintered β-dicalcium pyrophosphate dissolution. Biomaterials 2004; 25:607-16. [PMID: 14607498 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sintered dicalcium pyrophosphate (SDCP) is biocompatible to bone tissue both in the in vivo and in vitro model. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediated these processes have yet to be identified. In this study, we investigated the influence of SDCP ions on in vitro osteoblasts behavior. The powder of sintered beta-dicalcium pyrophosphate (SDCP) was dissolved by HCl and then diluted into different concentration of solutions by culture medium used in the osteoblast cell culture. The effects of various concentration of SDCP on bone cell activities were evaluated by using MTT assay. For the differentiation of osteoblasts, alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining, von Kossa stain for mineralized nodules and bone markers messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) isolation and identification were performed at 3h, days 1, 3, 7 and 14. In the presence of 10(-8)M SDCP for 14 days, the osteoblasts population was still significantly higher than that of control. In the qualitative analysis for the formation of AP staining colonies and mineralization nodules formation were not affected by SDCP ions. When osteoblasts cultured in the presence of 10(-8)M SDCP ions, the osteocalcin mRNA expression was up-regulated; while the collagen, osteonectin and osteopontin mRNA expression were down-regulated. In this study, we demonstrated that the elevated concentration of calcium and pyrophosphate ions can activate genes of the bone cells. This study will contribute to a better understanding of cell/biomaterial interactions and mechanisms that SDCP affect the bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Sheng Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Yao CH, Liu BS, Hsu SH, Chen YS, Tsai CC. Biocompatibility and biodegradation of a bone composite containing tricalcium phosphate and genipin crosslinked gelatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 69:709-17. [PMID: 15162413 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A biodegradable composite (GGT) containing tricalcium phosphate ceramic particles and genipin crosslinked gelatin was developed for use as a bone substitute. The objective of this study was to assess the biocompatibility and the osteoconductivity of the GGT composite on new bone formation in vitro. Additionally, biodegradation and biocompatibility of the GGT composite in animals were investigated. Results of the GGT composites cocultured with osteoblasts showed that the concentration of genipin used as a crosslinking agent should be <0.5 wt % to avoid cytotoxicity. For in vivo degradation studies, we found that when the concentration of genipin in the composite <0.5 wt % was not enough to fully crosslink the gelatin, it results in a rapid degradation of the gelatin-genipin mixture. However, we also found that the foreign body capsule surrounding the GGT composite containing 1.0 wt % of the genipin was much thicker than that in the other three groups, that is, the composites containing 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt % of the genipin. We therefore concluded that the ideal concentration of genipin used in the GGT was 0.5 wt %. Finally, we examined the organ culture units, which were maintained in cultured medium for 5 weeks. Morphology of tissue was observed and the quantitative evaluation of the regenerated bone was determined. We found that the GGT composites containing 0.5 wt % of the genipin had an excellent biocompatibility and could produce osteoconduction for the regenerating bone tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsu Yao
- Department of Radiological Technology, Chungtai Institute of Health Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Pelissier P, Villars F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Bareille R, Lafage-Proust MH, Vilamitjana-Amedee J. Influences of vascularization and osteogenic cells on heterotopic bone formation within a madreporic ceramic in rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111:1932-41. [PMID: 12711955 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000055044.14093.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research in biomaterials for bone reconstruction has led to elaborate osteogenic composites that combine porous ceramics with bone marrow stromal cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of direct vascularization of such composites on osteogenesis and the ability to produce a vascularized bone substitute transplant in an ectopic muscular site. Sixty-four coralline biomaterials were implanted in 32 Fisher rats under four conditions: (1) alone (reference group M, n = 16), (2) coated with bone marrow stromal cells (group MC, n = 16), (3) combined with a vascular pedicle (group MV, n = 16), or (4) coated with bone marrow stromal cells and combined with a vascular pedicle (MCV group, n = 16). The number of vessels in the pores (vessel-pore ratio) of the implants and the proportion of pores showing bone ingrowth (bone-pore ratio) were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks on four implants of each group. Compared with the reference group, angiogenesis was higher when the biomaterial was combined with a vascular pedicle or was coated with osteoprogenitor cells. The association of both vascular pedicle and osteoprogenitor cells increased vascularization by 60 percent (p = 0.003) and osteogenesis by 62 percent (p < 0.001). A combination of both vascular pedicle and bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells in coralline implants enhances neovascularization and osteogenesis after implantation in ectopic intramuscular sites to a greater extent than either does alone.
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Sun JS, Tsuang YH, Lin FH, Chen LT, Hang YS, Liu HC. The application potential of sintered beta-dicalcium pyrophosphate in total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2003; 18:352-60. [PMID: 12728430 DOI: 10.1054/arth.2003.50054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro bone cell culture model was used to evaluate the potential application of sintered beta-dicalcium pyrophosphate (SDCP) in arthroplasty surgery. Primary osteoclasts and osteoblasts were cocultured with different sizes of SDCP particles. The changes in cell counts and the synthesis and secretion of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and prostaglandin E(2) in response to the SDCP particles were monitored. When bone cells were cultured with SDCP particles smaller than 53 microm, both the osteoblast and osteoclast cell counts decreased significantly. When the SDCP particles were larger than 177 microm, although the osteoblast population increased significantly, the osteoclast population decreased significantly. Simultaneously, the titer of prostaglandin E(2) in the medium and the cytoplasmic prostaglandin E(2) increased significantly. We concluded that SDCP is a potentially useful bioceramic for the prevention of osteoclast-mediated periprosthetic osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Sheng Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Liu HC, Yao CH, Sun JS, Lee CJ, Huang CW, Lin FH. Osteogenic evaluation of glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin composite with fetal rat calvarial culture model. Artif Organs 2001; 25:644-54. [PMID: 11531717 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1594.2001.025008644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of the synthetic bone substitute composed of tricalcium phosphate and glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin (GTG) were evaluated by osteoblast cell culture. In a previous study, the GTG composites were soaked in distilled water for 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days, and then the solutions (or extracts) were cocultured with osteoblasts to evaluate the cytotoxicity of GTG composites by alive cell counting. In this study, the extracts were cocultured with the osteoblasts; thereafter, the concentration of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the medium was analyzed to strictly reflect the biological effects of GTG composites on the growth of osteoblasts. In order to investigate the osteoconductive potential of the GTG composites on new bone formation in a relative short term, a model of neonatal rat calvarial organ culture was designed prior to animal experiments. Three experimental materials of 4, 8, and 12% GTG composites were evaluated by fetal rat calvarial organ culture for their ability for bone regeneration. Deproteinized bovine and porcine cancellous bone matrixes were used as the controlled materials. All the organ culture units were maintained in cultured medium for 5 weeks. Following the culture period, the morphology of tissue was observed under an optical microscope, and the quantitative evaluation of the new generation bone was determined by using a semiautomatic histomorphometeric method. Except in the initial 4 days, the concentration of TGF-beta1 of 4% and 8% GTG composites was higher than that of the blank group for all the other experimental time periods. The PGE2 concentration for 4% and 8% GTG composites was lower than that of the blank group. It revealed that the 4% and 8% GTG composites would not lead to inflammation and would promote osteoblast growth. The morphology and activity of the osteoblasts were not transformed or changed by the 2 GTG composites. For the 12% GTG composite, the performance of the in vitro condition was inferior to the blank group and the other 2 GTG composites. Although the concentration of TGF-beta1 and PGE2 was gradually back to normal after 14 days, the morphology of the osteoblasts was abnormal with features such as contracted cytoplast structures. The osteoblast was damaged perhaps in the initial stage. We suggested that the 4% and 8% GTG composites should be soaked in distilled water at least for 4 days before medical applications. The 12% GTG composite and the composites with a concentration of glutaraldehyde solution higher than 12% were not recommended as a medical prostheses in any condition. The fetal rat calvaria culture also showed the same results with the analysis of TGF-beta1 and PGE2. From the study, we could predict the results of animal experiments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Cong Z, Jianxin W, Huaizhi F, Bing L, Xingdong Z. Repairing segmental bone defects with living porous ceramic cylinders: an experimental study in dog femora. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2001; 55:28-32. [PMID: 11426394 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(200104)55:1<28::aid-jbm40>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one porous hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate ceramic cylinders 1.5 cm long and 1.2 cm in diameter were swathed with fresh autogenetic periostea taken from 21 dogs and implanted in the same animals' muscles to get living ceramic bone substitutes. These substitutes contained autogenetic growth stimulators including osteoblasts and other multipotential cells. One month later, they were transferred to the segmental bone defect sites created in femoral diaphysis of the same animals. The roentgenograms showed that in time the boundaries between the cylinders and bone sections became vague. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the spectra of the samples tended to be similar to those of natural bones by 6 months postoperatively. Their bending strengths also increased gradually. After the cylinders were transferred from muscles to the bone defect sites, newly formed bone tissues rapidly increased and the cylinders gradually fused with the contacted bones 2 months later. By 4 and 6 months, bone tissue occupied most areas of the materials. The ratio of newly formed bone tissue had a large lead over the materials. Haversian systems were clearly observed and matured bone tissues filled the ceramic pores and connected with each other. Results suggested that culturing complexes that consist of autogenetic periostea and biomaterials, taking advantage of living organic culturing medium, should be an effective approach to get satisfactory bioactive bone substitutes. It also provides a basis for clinically repairing bone defects in bearing sites with complex bioceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 452nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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Sun JS, Tsuang YH, Liao CJ, Liu HC, Hang YS, Lin FH. The effect of sintered beta-dicalcium pyrophosphate particle size on newborn Wistar rat osteoblasts. Artif Organs 1999; 23:331-8. [PMID: 10226697 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1594.1999.06235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, sintered dicalcium phosphate (SDCP) has been shown to be an effective artificial bone filler for repairing bone defects. The goal of this study was to elucidate the effect of SDCP particle size on osteoblasts. Osteoblasts were mixed and cultured with various sized SDCP particles (0.5-3.0, 37-63, 177-250, and 420-841 microns) for 1 h, 3 h, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days and then analyzed. The results show that the adding of smaller sized SDCP particles (0.5-3.0 and 37-63 microns) into osteoblast culture can significantly affect the cell counts of osteoblasts. The secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1, alkaline phosphatase, and prostaglandin E2 in culture medium increased significantly. The changes were most significant and persisted longer in smaller particle groups. Small sintered dicalcium phosphate particles can inhibit the proliferation of the osteoblasts. The inhibitory effects of the smaller sized SDCP particles on the osteoblasts were mediated by the promotion of osteoblast differentiation and the increased synthesis of prostaglandin E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, ROC.
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