1
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Jiang Q, Mao R, Li Y, Bi Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li R, Yang Y, Dov B P.
AaCaM
is required for infection structure differentiation and secondary metabolites in pear fungal pathogen
Alternaria alternata. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2631-2641. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Renyan Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Prusky Dov B
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization Rishon LeZion Israel
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2
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Kim JO, Zelter A, Umbreit NT, Bollozos A, Riffle M, Johnson R, MacCoss MJ, Asbury CL, Davis TN. The Ndc80 complex bridges two Dam1 complex rings. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28191870 PMCID: PMC5354518 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong kinetochore-microtubule attachments are essential for faithful segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis. The Dam1 and Ndc80 complexes are the main microtubule binding components of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore. Cooperation between these two complexes enhances kinetochore-microtubule coupling and is regulated by Aurora B kinase. We show that the Ndc80 complex can simultaneously bind and bridge across two Dam1 complex rings through a tripartite interaction, each component of which is regulated by Aurora B kinase. Mutations in any one of the Ndc80p interaction regions abrogates the Ndc80 complex's ability to bind two Dam1 rings in vitro, and results in kinetochore biorientation and microtubule attachment defects in vivo. We also show that an extra-long Ndc80 complex, engineered to space the two Dam1 rings further apart, does not support growth. Taken together, our work suggests that each kinetochore in vivo contains two Dam1 rings and that proper spacing between the rings is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Alex Zelter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Neil T Umbreit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Athena Bollozos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Michael Riffle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Richard Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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3
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Berchtold MW, Villalobo A. The many faces of calmodulin in cell proliferation, programmed cell death, autophagy, and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:398-435. [PMID: 24188867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca(2+) receptor protein mediating a large number of signaling processes in all eukaryotic cells. CaM plays a central role in regulating a myriad of cellular functions via interaction with multiple target proteins. This review focuses on the action of CaM and CaM-dependent signaling systems in the control of vertebrate cell proliferation, programmed cell death and autophagy. The significance of CaM and interconnected CaM-regulated systems for the physiology of cancer cells including tumor stem cells, and processes required for tumor progression such as growth, tumor-associated angiogenesis and metastasis are highlighted. Furthermore, the potential targeting of CaM-dependent signaling processes for therapeutic use is discussed.
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Key Words
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-benzoic acid
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-phenyl)-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methanone
- (−) enantiomer of dihydropyrine 3-methyl-5-3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)-propyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-piridine-3,5-dicarboxylate-hydrochloride (niguldipine)
- 1-[N,O-bis(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine
- 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate
- 2-chloro-(ε-amino-Lys(75))-[6-(4-(N,N′-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-4-yl]-CaM adduct
- 3′-(β-chloroethyl)-2′,4′-dioxo-3,5′-spiro-oxazolidino-4-deacetoxy-vinblastine
- 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- B859-35
- CAPP(1)-CaM
- Ca(2+) binding protein
- Calmodulin
- Cancer biology
- Cell proliferation
- DMBA
- EBB
- FL-CaM
- FPCE
- HBC
- HBCP
- J-8
- KAR-2
- KN-62
- KN-93
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-8-aminooctyl-5-iodo-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-[2-[N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylaminomethyl]phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide
- O-(4-ethoxyl-butyl)-berbamine
- RITC-CaM
- TA-CaM
- TFP
- TPA
- W-12
- W-13
- W-5
- W-7
- fluorescein-CaM adduct
- fluphenazine-N-2-chloroethane
- norchlorpromazine-CaM adduct
- rhodamine isothiocyanate-CaM adduct
- trifluoperazine
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocenter 4-2-09 Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Villalobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Department of Cancer Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Coupling unbiased mutagenesis to high-throughput DNA sequencing uncovers functional domains in the Ndc80 kinetochore protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2013; 195:159-70. [PMID: 23833183 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, kinetochores physically link chromosomes to the dynamic ends of spindle microtubules. This linkage depends on the Ndc80 complex, a conserved and essential microtubule-binding component of the kinetochore. As a member of the complex, the Ndc80 protein forms microtubule attachments through a calponin homology domain. Ndc80 is also required for recruiting other components to the kinetochore and responding to mitotic regulatory signals. While the calponin homology domain has been the focus of biochemical and structural characterization, the function of the remainder of Ndc80 is poorly understood. Here, we utilized a new approach that couples high-throughput sequencing to a saturating linker-scanning mutagenesis screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified domains in previously uncharacterized regions of Ndc80 that are essential for its function in vivo. We show that a helical hairpin adjacent to the calponin homology domain influences microtubule binding by the complex. Furthermore, a mutation in this hairpin abolishes the ability of the Dam1 complex to strengthen microtubule attachments made by the Ndc80 complex. Finally, we defined a C-terminal segment of Ndc80 required for tetramerization of the Ndc80 complex in vivo. This unbiased mutagenesis approach can be generally applied to genes in S. cerevisiae to identify functional properties and domains.
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5
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Ahn IP. Disturbance of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent signalling pathway is responsible for the resistance of Arabidopsis dnd1 against Pectobacterium carotovorum infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:747-759. [PMID: 20507535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type Col-0 and its mutant, 'defence, no death' (dnd) 1-1, were infected with biotrophic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 and necrotrophic Pectobacterium carotovorum strain KACC 10228, and cellular and molecular responses among them were then analysed. Col-0 wild-type was susceptible to both pathogens. By contrast, neither DC3000 nor KACC 10228 infected dnd1-1 (Yu et al., 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 7819-7824). Neither of the pathogens triggered cell death or accumulation of active oxygen species in dnd1-1. KACC 10228 induced accelerated transcriptions of PDF1.2 and AtEBP genes in wild-type Col-0, while DC3000-induced transcriptions of them were relatively retarded. Neither of the pathogens modified the constitutive transcription of PR1 in dnd1-1. PDF1.2 and AtEBP transcriptions were not induced by the same treatments. Hydrogen peroxide scavengers, catalase and ascorbic acid, and LaCl(3), an inhibitor of Ca(2+) influx, diminished cell death and protected the wild-type plant from KACC 10228 infection, while EGTA inhibited cell death and pathogen growth. Exogenous Ca(2+) nullified resistance against KACC 10228 challenge in dnd1-1. W-7 and chloropromazine, two calmodulin antagonists, also triggered cell death in dnd1-1 and abolished resistance against KACC 10228. In summary, cell death is correlated with KACC 10228 infection and disease development. Furthermore, the resistance of dnd1-1 against P. carotovorum is dependent on calmodulin and inhibition of cytosolic Ca(2+) increment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Pyung Ahn
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
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6
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Yoder TJ, McElwain MA, Francis SE, Bagley J, Muller EGD, Pak B, O'Toole ET, Winey M, Davis TN. Analysis of a spindle pole body mutant reveals a defect in biorientation and illuminates spindle forces. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:141-52. [PMID: 15525672 PMCID: PMC539159 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-08-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle pole body (SPB) is the microtubule organizing center in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An essential task of the SPB is to ensure assembly of the bipolar spindle, which requires a proper balancing of forces on the microtubules and chromosomes. The SPB component Spc110p connects the ends of the spindle microtubules to the core of the SPB. We previously reported the isolation of a mutant allele spc110-226 that causes broken spindles and SPB disintegration 30 min after spindle formation. By live cell imaging of mutant cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Tub1p or Spc97p-GFP, we show that spc110-226 mutant cells have early defects in spindle assembly. Short spindles form but do not advance to the 1.5-microm stage and frequently collapse. Kinetochores are not arranged properly in the mutant cells. In 70% of the cells, no stable biorientation occurs and all kinetochores are associated with only one SPB. Examination of the SPB remnants by electron microscopy tomography and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the Spc110-226p/calmodulin complex is stripped off of the central plaque of the SPB and coalesces to from a nucleating structure in the nucleoplasm. The central plaque components Spc42p and Spc29p remain behind in the nuclear envelope. The delamination is likely due to a perturbed interaction between Spc42p and Spc110-226p as detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis. We suggest that the force exerted on the SPB by biorientation of the chromosomes pulls the Spc110-226p out of the SPB; removal of force exerted by coherence of the sister chromatids reduced fragmentation fourfold. Removal of the forces exerted by the cytoplasmic microtubules had no effect on fragmentation. Our results provide insights into the relative contributions of the kinetochore and cytoplasmic microtubules to the forces involved in formation of a bipolar spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tennessee J Yoder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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7
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Sullivan DS, Biggins S, Rose MD. The yeast centrin, cdc31p, and the interacting protein kinase, Kic1p, are required for cell integrity. J Cell Biol 1998; 143:751-65. [PMID: 9813095 PMCID: PMC2148137 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.143.3.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/1998] [Revised: 10/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc31p is the yeast homologue of centrin, a highly conserved calcium-binding protein of the calmodulin superfamily. Previously centrins have been implicated only in microtubule-based processes. To elucidate the functions of yeast centrin, we carried out a two-hybrid screen for Cdc31p-interacting proteins and identified a novel essential protein kinase of 1,080 residues, Kic1p (kinase that interacts with Cdc31p). Kic1p is closely related to S. cerevisiae Ste20p and the p-21- activated kinases (PAKs) found in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms. Cdc31p physically interacts with Kic1p by two criteria; Cdc31p coprecipitated with GST-Kic1p and it bound to GST-Kic1p in gel overlay assays. Furthermore, GST-Kic1p exhibited in vitro kinase activity that was CDC31-dependent. Although kic1 mutants were not defective for spindle pole body duplication, they exhibited a variety of mutant phenotypes demonstrating that Kic1p is required for cell integrity. We also found that cdc31 mutants, previously identified as defective for spindle pole body duplication, exhibited lysis and morphological defects. The cdc31 kic1 double mutants exhibited a drastic reduction in the range of permissive temperature, resulting in a severe lysis defect. We conclude that Kic1p function is dependent upon Cdc31p both in vivo and in vitro. We postulate that Cdc31p is required both for SPB duplication and for cell integrity/morphogenesis, and that the integrity/morphogenesis function is mediated through the Kic1p protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1014, USA
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins of the IQGAP family have been identified as candidate effectors for the Rho family of GTPases; however, little is known about their cellular functions. The domain structures of IQGAP family members make them excellent candidates as regulators of the cytoskeleton: their sequences include an actin-binding domain homologous to that found in calponin, IQ motifs for interaction with calmodulin, and a GTPase-binding domain. RESULTS The genomic sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed a single gene encoding an IQGAP family member (denoted IQGAP-related protein: Iqg1). Iqg1 and IQGAPs share similarity along their entire length, with an amino-terminal calponin-homology (CH) domain, IQ repeats, and a conserved carboxyl terminus. In contrast to IQGAPs, Iqg1 lacks an identifiable GAP motif, a WW domain, and IR repeats, although the functions of these domains in IQGAPs are not well defined. Deletion of the IQG1 gene resulted in lethality. Cellular defects included a deficiency in cytokinesis, altered actin organization, aberrant nuclear segregation, and cell lysis. The primary defect appeared to be a cytokinesis defect, and the other problems possibly arose as a consequence of this initial defect. Consistent with a role in cytokinesis, Iqg1 co-localizes with an actin ring encircling the mother-bud neck late in the cell cycle -a putative cytokinetic ring. IQG1 overexpression resulted in premature actin-ring formation, suggesting that Iqg1 activity temporally controls formation of this structure during the cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS Yeast IQGAP-related protein, Iqg1, is an important regulator of cellular morphogenesis, inducing actin-ring formation in association with cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Epp
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Harvard University 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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9
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Geier BM, Wiech H, Schiebel E. Binding of centrins and yeast calmodulin to synthetic peptides corresponding to binding sites in the spindle pole body components Kar1p and Spc110p. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:28366-74. [PMID: 8910460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.45.28366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrins contain four potential Ca2+ binding sites, known as EF-hands, and have essential functions in centrosome duplication and filament contraction. Here we report that centrins from yeast, green algae, and humans bound with high affinity to a peptide of the yeast centrosomal component Kar1p. Interestingly, centrin binding was regulated by physiological relevant changes in [Ca2+], and this Ca2+ dependence was influenced by acidic amino acids within the Kar1p peptide, which also prevented efficient binding of the related yeast calmodulin. However, a hybrid protein with the third and fourth EF-hands from the yeast centrin Cdc31p and the amino-terminal half from yeast calmodulin behaved more like Cdc31p, indicating that the carboxyl-terminal half of Cdc31p influences binding specificity. Besides Kar1p, centrins bound to a yeast calmodulin binding site, explaining the dosage-dependent suppression of a calmodulin mutant by CDC31. Consistent with an essential role of Ca2+ for centrin functions, mutations in the first or the fourth EF-hands of Cdc31p, impairing the Ca2+-induced conformational change of Cdc31p, resulted in nonfunctional proteins in vivo. Our results suggest that centrins are involved in Ca2+ signaling, likely by influencing the properties of target proteins in response to changes in [Ca2+].
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Geier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Genzentrum, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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10
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Muller EG. A glutathione reductase mutant of yeast accumulates high levels of oxidized glutathione and requires thioredoxin for growth. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7:1805-13. [PMID: 8930901 PMCID: PMC276027 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.7.11.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A glutathione reductase null mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated in a synthetic lethal genetic screen for mutations which confer a requirement for thioredoxin. Yeast mutants that lack glutathione reductase (glr1 delta) accumulate high levels of oxidized glutathione and have a twofold increase in total glutathione. The disulfide form of glutathione increases 200-fold and represents 63% of the total glutathione in a glr1 delta mutant compared with only 6% in wild type. High levels of oxidized glutathione are also observed in a trx1 delta, trx2 delta double mutant (22% of total), in a glr1 delta, trx1 delta double mutant (71% of total), and in a glr1 delta, trx2 delta double mutant (69% of total). Despite the exceptionally high ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione, the glr1 delta mutant grows with a normal cell cycle. However, either one of the two thioredoxins is essential for growth. Cells lacking both thioredoxins and glutathione reductase are not viable under aerobic conditions and grow poorly anaerobically. In addition, the glr1 delta mutant shows increased sensitivity to the thiol oxidant diamide. The sensitivity to diamide was suppressed by deletion of the TRX2 gene. The genetic analysis of thioredoxin and glutathione reductase in yeast runs counter to previous studies in Escherichia coli and for the first time links thioredoxin with the redox state of glutathione in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Muller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7350, USA
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11
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Spang A, Grein K, Schiebel E. The spacer protein Spc110p targets calmodulin to the central plaque of the yeast spindle pole body. J Cell Sci 1996; 109 ( Pt 9):2229-37. [PMID: 8886974 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109.9.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast calmodulin (CaM) was found to be localized to the microtubule organizing centre, the spindle pole body. The spindle pole body is a multi-layered structure consisting of outer, central and inner plaques. In this paper, we report that a fraction of CaM is in association with the central plaque of the spindle pole body. This localization is dependent on the calmodulin-binding site of another spindle pole body component, Spc110p, which serves as a spacer connecting the inner plaque with the central plaque. Since the CaM-binding site of Spc110p is located near the carboxy terminus, Spc110p-dependent localization of calmodulin defines the orientation of Spc110p with the carboxy terminus towards the central plaque and the amino terminus towards the inner plaque. This orientation of Spc110p was confirmed using antibodies specific for the amino-terminal end of Spc110p, which predominantly labelled the inner plaque. In addition, synthetic peptides corresponding to the calmodulin-binding site of Spc110p bound to calmodulin with a Kd in the nanomolar range and nearly independent of Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Spang
- Max-Planck Institut für Biochemie, Genzentrum, Martinsried, Germany
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12
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Harris E, Yaswen P, Thorner J. Gain-of-function mutations in a human calmodulin-like protein identify residues critical for calmodulin action in yeast. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 247:137-47. [PMID: 7753022 DOI: 10.1007/bf00705643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A human epithelial cell-specific transcript (NB-1) encodes a calmodulin-like protein (hCLP), which is identical in length and 85% identical in amino acid sequence to authentic human calmodulin (hCaM). Although hCaM shares only 60% amino acid sequence identity with yeast calmodulin (CMD1 gene product), hCaM was able to substitute functionally for Cmd1 in yeast cells. In contrast, hCLP was unable to support either spore germination or vegetative growth in Cmd1-deficient yeast cells, even when stably expressed at a level at least an order of magnitude above that of hCaM. Thus, hCLP provides an indicator protein for discerning those residues that are critical for calmodulin function in vivo. In addition to 20 conservative amino acid replacements, hCLP differs from hCaM (and other vertebrate calmodulins that are able to complement a cmd1 null mutation) by only three nonconservative substitutions. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to convert these three positions back to residues more typical of those found in authentic calmodulins and to prepare all possible combinations of these three mutations, specifically: three single mutants (R58V, R112N, and A128E), three double mutants (R58V A128E, R112N A128E, and R58V R112N), and the triple mutant (R58V R112N A128E). The triple mutant and one of the double mutants (R58V A128E) were able to restore an apparently normal growth rate to a cmd1 delta strain, indicating that the altered hCLPs have acquired the ability to behave as functional calmodulins in yeast. The other two double mutants were able to support growth of Cmd1-deficient cells only weakly, but cells expressing the R112N A128E mutant grew noticeably better than those expressing the R58V R112N mutant. Remarkably, one single mutant (A128E), but not the other two single mutants, was also reproducibly able to support weak growth of a cmd1 delta strain. The properties of these gain-of-function, or neomorphic, mutations implicate E128, and to a lesser extent V58, as residues critical for calmodulin action in vivo. Molecular modeling of these positions within the structure of a Ca(2+)-calmodulin.peptide complex indicates that E128 projects directly into the central cavity occupied by the bound peptide. Thus, E128 may contribute a contact that is vital for the interaction of Cmd1 with one or more of the targets that are essential for yeast cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3202, USA
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13
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Harris E, Watterson DM, Thorner J. Functional consequences in yeast of single-residue alterations in a consensus calmodulin. J Cell Sci 1994; 107 ( Pt 11):3235-49. [PMID: 7699020 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.107.11.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic gene encoding a ‘consensus’ calmodulin (synCaM) was able to substitute for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae calmodulin gene (CMDI), even though synCaM is only 60% identical in primary amino acid sequence to yeast Cmd1. Twelve different synCaM mutants were also expressed in yeast. Seven of the 12 mutant synCaMs supported germination and growth of Cmd1-deficient spores. Five of the 12 mutant synCaMs were incapable of supporting germination of Cmd1-deficient spores and, of these, four were also incapable of supporting vegetative growth of Cmd1-deficient haploid cells. The five nonfunctional synCaM mutants were expressed at levels equivalent to, or higher than, the seven synCaM mutants that were able to substitute for Cmd1; thus, the inability to function was not simply due to inadequate expression or rapid degradation. All nonfunctional synCaM mutants shared a single charge reversal mutation in the central helix (E84K), which was found to be sufficient to confer the lethal phenotype. The ability of another mutant synCaM (S101F) to support growth of Cmd1-deficient cells was dependent on cell ploidy. Another mutant (K115Y) supported spore germination and vegetative growth, but not meiosis and sporulation. The terminal phenotype of cells lacking a functional calmodulin included a dramatic accumulation of polymerized microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley 94720-3202
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14
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Abstract
Genetic analysis in yeast is helping to dissect the multiple functions of calmodulin: mutations have been made that uncouple calmodulin from single targets among many.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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15
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Abstract
Calmodulin, a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein, is indispensable for eukaryotic cell growth. Examination of 14 temperature-sensitive yeast mutants bearing one or more phenylalanine to alanine substitutions in the single essential calmodulin gene of yeast (CMD1) revealed diverse essential functions. Mutations could be classified into four intragenic complementation groups. Each group showed different characteristic functional defects in actin organization, calmodulin localization, nuclear division, or bud emergence. Phenylalanine residues implicated in calmodulin localization and nuclear division are located in the amino-terminal half of the protein, whereas those implicated in actin organization and bud emergence are located in the carboxyl-terminal half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohya
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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16
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Abstract
Budding and fission yeast present significant advantages for studies of the actin cytoskeleton. The application of classical and molecular genetic techniques provides a facile route for the analysis of structure/function relationships, for the isolation of novel proteins involved in cytoskeletal function, and for deciphering the signals that regulate actin assembly in vivo. This review focuses on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and also identifies some recent advances from studies on the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, for which studies on the actin cytoskeleton are still in their infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Franklin JL, Johnson EM. Suppression of programmed neuronal death by sustained elevation of cytoplasmic calcium. Trends Neurosci 1992; 15:501-8. [PMID: 1282751 DOI: 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90103-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic depolarization greatly increases the survival of many types of neurons in culture. In at least some cases this enhancement of survival consists of the suppression of programmed cell death, a type of death occurring in developing neurons deprived of sufficient neurotrophic factor support. Available evidence suggests that the effect of depolarization on survival is mediated by a sustained rise of cytoplasmic free Ca2+, apparently caused by influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated channels. This review discusses what is known about the mechanism by which prolonged depolarization and increased intracellular Ca2+ promote survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Franklin
- Dept of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
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