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Raffaghello L, Vacca A, Pistoia V, Ribatti D. Cancer associated fibroblasts in hematological malignancies. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2589-603. [PMID: 25474039 PMCID: PMC4413603 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression. In hematological malignancies, the bone marrow represents the paradigmatic anatomical site in which tumor microenvironment expresses its morphofunctional features. Among the cells participating in the composition of this microenvironment, cancer associated fibrobasts (CAFs) have received less attention in hematopoietic tumors compared to solid cancers. In this review article, we discuss the involvement of CAFs in progression of hematological malignancies and the potential targeting of CAFs in a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy, National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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2
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RETRACTED: Role of stromal cells-mediated Notch-1 in the invasion of T-ALL cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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3
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Wu KN, Zhao YM, He Y, Wang BS, Du KL, Fu S, Hu KM, Zhang LF, Liu LZ, Hu YX, Wang YJ, Huang H. Rapamycin interacts synergistically with idarubicin to induce T-leukemia cell apoptosis in vitro and in a mesenchymal stem cell simulated drug-resistant microenvironment via Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal-related kinase signaling pathways. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:668-76. [PMID: 23741975 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.811579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs) are clonal lymphoid malignancies with a poor prognosis, and still a lack of effective treatment. Here we examined the interactions between the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin and idarubicin (IDA) in a series of human T-ALL cell lines Molt-4, Jurkat, CCRF-CEM and CEM/C1. Co-exposure of cells to rapamycin and IDA synergistically induced T-ALL cell growth inhibition and apoptosis mediated by caspase activation via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and extrinsic pathway. Combined treatment with rapamycin and IDA down-regulated Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and inhibited the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK). They also played synergistic pro-apoptotic roles in the drug-resistant microenvironment simulated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a feeder layer. In addition, MSCs protected T-ALL cells from IDA cytotoxicity by up-regulating ERK phosphorylation, while rapamycin efficiently reversed this protective effect. Taken together, we confirm the synergistic antitumor effects of rapamycin and IDA, and provide an insight into the potential future clinical applications of combined rapamycin-IDA regimens for treating T-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ni Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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4
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Seke Etet PF, Vecchio L, Nwabo Kamdje AH. Signaling pathways in chronic myeloid leukemia and leukemic stem cell maintenance: key role of stromal microenvironment. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1883-1888. [PMID: 22659137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by the malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem cells in leukemic stem cells. From the introduction of the anti-cancer drug imatinib, the therapy of CML has been positively transformed. However, following treatment most patients display a residual CML disease attributed to the presence of quiescent leukemic stem cells intrinsically resistant to imatinib. Considering that the later cancer cells lose their chemoresistance in vitro, it appears that the stromal microenvironment plays a crucial role in CML-affected cell chemoresistance. In the present review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings on signaling pathways through which stromal cells sustain CML leukemogenesis, as well as leukemic stem cell maintenance and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Seke Etet
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452 Al-Qaseem, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Caicedo-Carvajal CE, Liu Q, Remache Y, Goy A, Suh KS. Cancer Tissue Engineering: A Novel 3D Polystyrene Scaffold for In Vitro Isolation and Amplification of Lymphoma Cancer Cells from Heterogeneous Cell Mixtures. J Tissue Eng 2011; 2011:362326. [PMID: 22073378 PMCID: PMC3168765 DOI: 10.4061/2011/362326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and amplification of primary lymphoma cells in vitro setting is technically and biologically challenging task. To optimize culture environment and mimic in vivo conditions, lymphoma cell lines were used as a test case and were grown in 3-dimension (3D) using a novel 3D tissue culture polystyrene scaffold with neonatal stromal cells to represent a lymphoma microenvironment. In this model, the cell proliferation was enhanced more than 200-fold or 20,000% neoplastic surplus in 7 days when less than 1% lymphoma cells were cocultured with 100-fold excess of neonatal stroma cells, representing 3.2-fold higher proliferative rate than 2D coculture model. The lymphoma cells grew and aggregated to form clusters during 3D coculture and did not maintained the parental phenotype to grow in single-cell suspension. The cluster size was over 5-fold bigger in the 3D coculture by day 4 than 2D coculture system and contained less than 0.00001% of neonatal fibroblast trace. This preliminary data indicate that novel 3D scaffold geometry and coculturing environment can be customized to amplify primary cancer cells from blood or tissues related to hematological cancer and subsequently used for personalized drug screening procedures.
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Nwabo Kamdje AH, Mosna F, Bifari F, Lisi V, Bassi G, Malpeli G, Ricciardi M, Perbellini O, Scupoli MT, Pizzolo G, Krampera M. Notch-3 and Notch-4 signaling rescue from apoptosis human B-ALL cells in contact with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Blood 2011; 118:380-389. [PMID: 21602525 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-326694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many literature data are available on the role of Notch signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) biology, the importance of this molecular pathway in the development of B-lineage ALL (B-ALL) cells in the BM microenvironment is unknown so far. In this study, we used anti-Notch molecules neutralizing Abs and γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) XII to investigate the role of the Notch signaling pathway in the promotion of human B-ALL cell survival in presence of stromal cell support. The treatment with combinations of anti-Notch molecule neutralizing Abs resulted in the decrease of B-ALL cell survival, either cultured alone or cocultured in presence of stromal cells from normal donors and B-ALL patients. Interestingly, the inhibition of Notch-3 and -4 or Jagged-1/-2 and DLL-1 resulted in a dramatic increase of apoptotic B-ALL cells by 3 days, similar to what is obtained by blocking all Notch signaling with the GSI XII. Our data suggest that the stromal cell-mediated antiapoptotic effect on B- ALL cells is mediated by Notch-3 and -4 or Jagged-1/-2 and DLL-1 in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel Hervé Nwabo Kamdje
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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7
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Vianello F, Villanova F, Tisato V, Lymperi S, Ho KK, Gomes AR, Marin D, Bonnet D, Apperley J, Lam EWF, Dazzi F. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells non-selectively protect chronic myeloid leukemia cells from imatinib-induced apoptosis via the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. Haematologica 2010; 95:1081-9. [PMID: 20179085 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual chronic myeloid leukemia disease following imatinib treatment has been attributed to the presence of quiescent leukemic stem cells intrinsically resistant to imatinib. Mesenchymal stromal cells in the bone marrow may favor the persistence and progression of leukemia by preserving the proliferation and self-renewal capacities of the malignant progenitor cells. DESIGN AND METHODS BV173 or primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells were co-cultured with human mesenchymal stromal cells and imatinib-induced cell death was then measured. The roles of pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins and chemokine CXCL12 in this context were evaluated. We also studied the ability of BV173 cells to repopulate NOD/SCID mice following in vitro exposure to imatinib and mesenchymal stromal cells. RESULTS Whilst imatinib induced dose-dependent apoptosis of BV173 cells and primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells, co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells protected both types of chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Molecular analysis indicated that mesenchymal stromal cells reduced caspase-3 activation and modulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL. Furthermore, chronic myeloid leukemia cells exposed to imatinib in the presence of mesenchymal stromal cells retained the ability to engraft into NOD/SCID mice. We observed that chronic myeloid leukemia cells and mesenchymal stromal cells express functional levels of CXCR4 and CXCL12, respectively. Finally, the CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100 restored apoptosis by imatinib and the susceptibility of the SCID leukemia repopulating cells to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Human mesenchymal stromal cells mediate protection of chronic myeloid leukemia cells from imatinib-induced apoptosis. Disruption of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis restores, at least in part, the leukemic cells' sensitivity to imatinib. The combination of anti-CXCR4 antagonists with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may represent a powerful approach to the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vianello
- Department of Haematology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College, London, UK
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8
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Iwamoto S, Mihara K, Downing JR, Pui CH, Campana D. Mesenchymal cells regulate the response of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to asparaginase. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1049-57. [PMID: 17380207 PMCID: PMC1821067 DOI: 10.1172/jci30235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their low asparagine synthetase (ASNS) expression and asparagine biosynthesis, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells are exquisitely sensitive to asparagine depletion. Consequently, asparaginase is a major component of ALL therapy, but the mechanisms regulating the susceptibility of leukemic cells to this agent are unclear. In 288 children with ALL, cellular ASNS expression was more likely to be high in T-lineage ALL and low in B-lineage ALL with TEL-AML1 or hyperdiploidy. However, ASNS expression levels in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (MSCs), which form the microenvironment where leukemic cells grow, were on average 20 times higher than those in ALL cells. MSCs protected ALL cells from asparaginase cytotoxicity in coculture experiments. This protective effect correlated with levels of ASNS expression: downregulation by RNA interference decreased the capacity of MSCs to protect ALL cells from asparaginase, whereas enforced ASNS expression conferred enhanced protection. Asparagine secretion by MSCs was directly related to their ASNS expression levels, suggesting a mechanism - increased concentrations of asparagine in the leukemic cell microenvironment - for the protective effects we observed. These results provide what we believe to be a new basis for understanding asparaginase resistance in ALL and indicate that MSC niches in the bone marrow can form a safe haven for leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Iwamoto
- Department of Oncology and
Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Keichiro Mihara
- Department of Oncology and
Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James R. Downing
- Department of Oncology and
Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology and
Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dario Campana
- Department of Oncology and
Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Teachey DT, Obzut DA, Cooperman J, Fang J, Carroll M, Choi JK, Houghton PJ, Brown VI, Grupp SA. The mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 induces apoptosis and inhibits growth in preclinical models of primary adult human ALL. Blood 2005; 107:1149-55. [PMID: 16195324 PMCID: PMC1895910 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adult patients is often resistant to current therapy, making the development of novel therapeutic agents paramount. We investigated whether mTOR inhibitors (MTIs), a class of signal transduction inhibitors, would be effective in primary human ALL. Lymphoblasts from adult patients with precursor B ALL were cultured on bone marrow stroma and were treated with CCI-779, a second generation MTI. Treated cells showed a dramatic decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptotic cells, compared to untreated cells. We also assessed the effect of CCI-779 in a NOD/SCID xenograft model. We treated a total of 68 mice generated from the same patient samples with CCI-779 after establishment of disease. Animals treated with CCI-779 showed a decrease in peripheral-blood blasts and in splenomegaly. In dramatic contrast, untreated animals continued to show expansion of human ALL. We performed immunoblots to validate the inhibition of the mTOR signaling intermediate phospho-S6 in human ALL, finding down-regulation of this target in xenografted human ALL exposed to CCI-779. We conclude that MTIs can inhibit the growth of adult human ALL and deserve close examination as therapeutic agents against a disease that is often not curable with current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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10
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Borrello MA, Palis J, Phipps RP. The relationship of CD5+ B lymphocytes to macrophages: insights from normal biphenotypic B/macrophage cells. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 20:137-55. [PMID: 11342302 DOI: 10.3109/08830180109056727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
For decades, numerous investigators have reported derivation of macrophage-like cells from CD5(+) pre-B cell lymphomas. Recently, it has become clear that biphenotypic CD5(+) B/macrophage cells are not a spurious result of malignancy. Indeed, the existence of normal biphenotypic cells with CD5(+) B lymphocyte and macrophage characteristics has been demonstrated in the mouse. This review considers normal B/macrophage cell function in an evolutionary context where a primitive, flexible cell type could perform dual roles in adaptive and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Borrello
- Vaccinex, L.P., Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Rochester, NY, USA
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11
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Juneja HS, Schmalstieg FC, Lee S, Chen J. CD45 partially mediates heterotypic adhesion between murine leukemia/lymphoma cell line L5178Y and marrow stromal cells. Leuk Res 1998; 22:805-15. [PMID: 9716012 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We raised mAbs to whole L5178Y leukemia/lymphoma (LL) cells to identify adhesion proteins involved in adherence between LL cells and marrow stromal cells. One mAb, 4C, and its subclones 4C.1 and 4C.2 inhibited adherence of L5178Y LL cells to MLT. a nontransformed murine marrow stromal cell line. These MoAbs are directed against CD45RA. Control anti-CD45 mAbs and isotype mAbs were non-inhibitory. Other anti-CD45 mAbs, M1/9.3, RA3-3A1/6.1 and RA3-2C2/1 do not compete with mAb 4C.1 for binding to the L5178Y cell surface, but mAb 4C.1 competes for binding of mAb RA3-2C2/1. Effects of mAb 4C on tyrosine-phosphatase activity of CD45 in L5178Y cells are minimal, suggesting direct involvement of CD45 as an adhesion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Juneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030, USA
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12
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Filshie R, Gottlieb D, Bradstock K. VLA-4 is involved in the engraftment of the human pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line NALM-6 in SCID mice. Br J Haematol 1998; 102:1292-300. [PMID: 9753059 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of human pre-B leukaemic cells to human or murine bone marrow stromal cells in vitro is largely mediated by the beta1 integrin VLA-4 binding to VCAM-1. Cells subsequently migrate within the stroma, a process also involving VLA-4. A variant of the pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line NALM-6, designated 4A1, lacking expression of VLA-4, was generated by radiation-induced mutagenesis followed by several rounds of negative selection with immunomagnetic beads, fluorescence activated cell sorting and clonal expansion. In vitro assays using 4A1 cells showed reduced binding to, and migration under, the murine stromal line M2-10B4. Sublethally irradiated mice (n=19) with severe combined immunodeficiency were injected intravenously with NALM-6 cells. Animals developed signs of leukaemia with hind-limb paralysis at a median of 30 d (95% confidence interval 28-30). Although there were no gross abnormal findings at autopsy, histological analysis revealed extensive marrow replacement and focal liver infiltration with leukaemic blasts, which were confirmed to be of human origin by flow cytometry. 12 mice were injected with a similar number of cells from the VLA-4-negative variant cell line 4A1. Six mice developed signs of leukaemia after 43-74d, with the remaining six being free of signs of disease after > 100d (P<0.001). Mice in this group with leukaemia had a lower incidence of hind-limb paralysis and less leukaemic infiltration in the marrow, but in some cases had large tumour nodules elsewhere. After a single 500 microg intraperitoneal injection of anti-murine VCAM-1 monoclonal antibody (MK2.7), five additional mice were injected with an identical number of wild-type (VLA-4+) NALM-6. All animals developed signs of leukaemia after a similar period to those injected with wild-type NALM-6 only. These results demonstrate that the beta1 integrin VLA-4 is involved in the engraftment of the pre-B-cell leukaemic cell line NALM-6 in SCID mice, although the interaction with VCAM-1 is unlikely to be the sole explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Filshie
- Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Patrick CW, Smith TW, McIntire LV, Juneja HS. Cellular interactions among marrow stromal and normal/neoplastic pre-B- and B-lymphoblastic cells. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22:205-19. [PMID: 8819069 DOI: 10.3109/10428199609051751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The direct interaction between B-cells, both normal and neoplastic, and marrow stromal cells (MSC) or MSC-secreted extracellular matrix proteins is believed to play a decisive role in lymphopoiesis as well as in the sustained proliferation and homing of lymphoid malignancies. Although information has been accruing on possible obligatory cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion molecules, our current state of knowledge regarding B-cell interaction with the marrow microenvironment is rather limited. We discuss in this review what is currently known regarding adhesion molecules involved in the apposition between B-cells and MSC. In addition, we describe how the cellular interactions are modulated by cytokines present in the marrow microenvironment. Further, we present possible signal transduction pathways activated by B-cell/MSC apposition and attempt to integrate in vitro data with in vivo observations. We close this review by providing implications for novel clinical and therapeutic applications based on the current knowledge of B-cell/MSC adhesion mechanisms and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Patrick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston 77030, USA
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14
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Bradstock KF, Gottlieb DJ. Interaction of acute leukemia cells with the bone marrow microenvironment: implications for control of minimal residual disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 18:1-16. [PMID: 8580810 DOI: 10.3109/10428199509064917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for an interaction between acute leukemia cells and the microenvironment of the bone marrow. Blast cells from cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) bind to cellular and extracellular matrix components of the bone marrow stroma. In AML, adhesion to stroma is mediated by the combined action of beta 1 (principally VLA-4) and beta 2 integrins, while in precursor-B ALL VLA-4 and VLA-5 integrins play a major role. Adhesion molecules such as CD31, CD44, non-beta 1, beta 2 integrins, growth factor receptors such as c-kit, and other molecules are also likely to play a role. Binding of acute leukemia blasts to ligands on stroma has several pathophysiological consequences. Stromal contact is able to inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis) in a proportion of cases of both AML and ALL. In ALL, diffusible molecules derived from stroma appear to contribute. Marrow stroma also plays a part in regulating leukemic cell proliferation. While this is partly due to stromal production of hemopoietic growth factors, in soluble or transmembrane form or bound to extracellular matrix, signalling mediated directly by binding of adhesion molecules on leukemic cells may also have a role. Contact of ALL blasts with marrow fibroblasts is followed by migration of leukemic cells, utilizing VLA-4 and VLA-5 integrins, potentially allowing homing of blasts to favourable microenvironmental sites, or controlling egress into the circulation. AML cells compete for stromal binding sites with natural killer cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes, which are known to inhibit their clonogenic growth. We speculate that these complex interactions between leukemic blasts, cellular and matrix components of stroma, and cytotoxic lymphocytes, play a critical role in determining the fate of small numbers of leukemic cells surviving after cytotoxic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Bradstock
- Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Australia
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15
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Kubonishi I, Takeuchi S, Uemura Y, Kamioka M, Asahi Y, Ohtsuki Y, Miyoshi I. Direct transplantation of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells into nude mice and establishment of a leukemic stem cell (Ph1+, CD34+) line dependent on mouse bone marrow stromal cells in vitro. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86:451-9. [PMID: 7540608 PMCID: PMC5920846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood cells from a female patient with Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis were serially transplanted in BALB/c nude mice for 16 passages. This in vivo cell line, designated CML-N-1, had Ph1 chromosome abnormality and BCR gene rearrangement. The cells expressed CD11b, CD13, CD33, CD34, CD38, and HLA-DR antigens until the 11th passage and subcutaneous tumors produced by these passages were composed of admixtures of immature and maturing cells that differentiated to basophils when cultured in vitro. From the 12th passage on, the tumors became composed mainly of immature cells expressing CD13, CD34, and HLA-DR, and no longer differentiated to basophils even upon in vitro culture. In contrast to the vigorous proliferation in vivo, CML-N-1 cells from any passage failed to proliferate in vitro under standard liquid culture conditions with or without growth factors, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, monocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 3, interleukin 6 and stem cell factor. However, a continuously growing cell line, designated CML-C-1, was established by culturing CML-N-1 cells on feeder layers of mouse bone marrow stromal cells. This mouse bone marrow stromal cell-dependent cell line showed immature cell morphology and expressed early myeloid phenotype positive for CD13, CD34, and HLA-DR. These results indicate that mouse bone marrow stromal cells provide a certain growth factor(s) active on human leukemia cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD34
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/immunology
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Stem Cells/pathology
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kubonishi
- Department of Medicine, Kochi Medical School
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16
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Ashley DM, Bol SJ, Kannourakis G. Viable bone marrow stromal cells are required for the in vitro survival of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells. Leuk Res 1995; 19:113-20. [PMID: 7869739 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(94)00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The growth of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemic (BCP ALL) cells in vitro is dependent on interactions with bone marrow (BM) stromal cells. We have recently demonstrated that the rate of cell division of BCP ALL cells increases when cultured in direct contact with BM stromal cells. A number of studies have examined the binding of BCP ALL cells to BM stromal cells and extracellular matrix components. To date there have been no studies examining the effect of such binding on the growth and survival of BCP ALL cells. In this study, by measuring the growth parameters of these cells with use of a lipophilic fluorescent probe, PKH 26 GL, we demonstrate the positive effect of viable BM stromal cells on BCP ALL cell survival in 10 patient samples. At the same time, by comparing these cultures with cultures of the same patient samples in the presence of glutaraldehyde-fixed stromal cells, deoxycholic acid-derived stromal cell matrices, purified laminin, collagen or fibronectin, the role of various stromal cell-derived contact components in BCP ALL survival was tested. It was shown that the survival of BCP ALL cells in vitro was dependent upon viable BM stromal cells present in co-culture as the various contact components did not show any functional effect on BCP ALL cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ashley
- L.A.R.C.H. Cancer Research Unit, Department of Clinical Hematology and Oncology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Tanaka T, Okamura S, Yasumoto S, Takeichi N, Kobayashi H, Niho Y. Differentiation of the rat myelomonocytic leukemia cell line c-WRT-7 by in vitro culture with the rat bone marrow preadipocyte cell line REC A16. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1993; 119:335-41. [PMID: 8449970 DOI: 10.1007/bf01208841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of the rat myelomonocytic leukemia cell line (c-WRT-7) was investigated, by co-culture with a rat embryonic bone marrow preadipose cell line (REC A16). Co-cultivation with REC A16, or with conditioned medium from REC A16 cultures (REC-CM), induced differentiation of c-WRT-7 cells to macrophages. A soluble factor(s) produced by REC A16 appeared to be responsible for the differentiation of c-WRT-7. Because REC-CM was associated with colony-stimulating activity on murine marrow progenitors, c-WRT-7 cells were cultured with various colony-stimulating factors (CSF) and it was found that macrophage CSF (M-CSF) significantly induced differentiation of c-WRT-7. We further demonstrated that both the colony-stimulating and differentiation-inducing activities of REC-CM were significantly blocked by anti-M-CSF antiserum. These results suggest that the differentiation of c-WRT-7 is due to M-CSF produced by REC A16. Co-culture of these two cell lines should provide a useful model to study the mechanisms of interaction between leukemia cells and marrow stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Cancer Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Japan
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18
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Kubota A, Okamura S, Shimoda K, Niho Y. Augmented production of interleukin 6 by co-culture of human bone marrow adherent cells and human leukemic cells. Biomed Pharmacother 1993; 47:379-84. [PMID: 8068859 DOI: 10.1016/0753-3322(93)90102-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Dexter-type culture of bone marrow (BM) cells maintains long-term hematopoiesis in the presence of an adherent stromal layer. These BM adherent cells produce hematopoietic growth factors constitutively or inducively and support developing hematopoietic cells. To elucidate the ability of cytokine production by BM adherent cells, the cytokine levels of the culture supernatant of BM adherent cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Constitutive production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) by the unstimulated BM adherent cells was demonstrated. Levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were below detectable levels (< 10 pg/ml). The IL-6 level was significantly increased in the co-culture supernatant with KG1 cells or U937 cells (P < 0.01: P < 0.05, respectively). Even when the adherent cells and cell line cells were separated by a membrane filter, the IL-6 level was significantly higher than the control culture (P < 0.01). Co-culture with these cell lines was supposed to induce the increased production of IL-6, which was mediated by some soluble cytokines. The GM-CSF level was not increased in the supernatant co-cultured with any of the cell lines, except with K562 cells. However, K562 cells alone secreted a detectable level of GM-CSF and the increased level of GM-CSF was considered to be due to the production of GM-CSF by K562 cells. G-CSF was not detectable in the supernatant co-cultured with any cell line cells. This result indicates that the cytokine production was regulated by the interaction of BM adherent cells and some leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kubota
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Kreissman SG, Gelber RD, Cohen HJ, Clavell LA, Leavitt P, Sallan SE. Incidence of secondary acute myelogenous leukemia after treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 1992; 70:2208-13. [PMID: 1394053 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19921015)70:8<2208::aid-cncr2820700832>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports of secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occurring in children previously treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) prompted a review of patients with ALL treated at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute consortium (DFCI) between 1973 and 1987. Seven hundred fifty-two of 779 children treated for ALL entered complete remission. The mean follow-up time for the 752 patients was 4.4 years. Two children had AML develop 12 and 13 months after the diagnosis of ALL, respectively. METHODS The estimated overall risk of secondary AML was calculated for the patient population as instances per 1000 patient-years of follow-up. This was compared with recent reported cases from another institution. RESULTS The estimated overall risk of secondary AML was 0.61 instances per 1000 patient-years of follow-up (95% confidence interval: 0.15, 4.4). The difference between the risk of 0.61 among DFCI patients versus previously reported risk of 5.8 among a differently treated group of patients with ALL was statistically significant (P = 0.0008). No epipodophyllotoxin was used in the patients in the DFCI consortium. In contrast, an epipodophyllotoxin was used in 12 of 13 previously reported patients who had secondary AML develop. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that the use of epipodophyllotoxins may be associated with an increased risk of having secondary AML develop in patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kreissman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Otsuka T, Satoh H, Ogo T, Bairy O, Glück U, Zipori D, Nakano T, Okamura S, Niho Y. Long-term survival of human myeloid progenitor cells induced by a mouse bone marrow stromal cell line. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CELL CLONING 1992; 10:153-60. [PMID: 1613265 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mouse endothelial-adipocyte cell line (14F1.1), which induces proliferation of mouse stem cells in culture, is also capable of supporting long-term survival in culture of human myeloid progenitor cells; colony forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) was recovered from cultures incubated with the 14F1.1 cell line after over a month of incubation. The CFU-GM population increased beyond the input number, whereas, in control cultures initiated without stromal cells, the number of progenitors gradually declined. Addition of a relatively low concentration of human colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) into the cultures promoted the formation of "cobblestone areas," where mouse stroma and human hemopoietic cells closely interacted. 14F1.1 supernatant alone did not support the survival of human CFU-GM but synergized with the function of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to stimulate adherent macrophage proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Otsuka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Denkers IA, Beelen RH, Ossenkoppele GJ, de Jong-de Boer AJ, Langenhuijsen MM. Differences of cellular composition and adhesion molecule expression in "leukemic" as compared with "normal" human long-term bone marrow cultures. Ann Hematol 1992; 64:210-6. [PMID: 1623055 DOI: 10.1007/bf01738298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human long-term bone marrow cultures (HLTBMCs) were established with bone marrow samples collected from 15 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and compared with HLTBMCs from eight healthy volunteers. During 6 weeks of culture, the cellular composition of HLTBMCs was quantitatively studied. The cells of the HLTBMCs were divided into three main categories: fibroblasts, macrophages, and 'other cells' (endothelial cells, hematopoietic cells and undefined cells). HLTBMCs derived from healthy volunteers demonstrated a very consistent development. The number of fibroblasts increased during culture and the number of macrophages decreased, resulting in a steady state after 3 weeks of culture. In contrast, HLTBMCs derived from patients with AML showed a strikingly different pattern of irregular development and a steady state was not reached under our conditions. The APAAP technique was used to demonstrate expression of adhesion molecules. VLA2, VLA5, VLA6, LFA1, Mac1, p150/95, beta 2-chain, HCAM, ICAM1, NCAM, and VCAM1 were more expressed on 'normal' as compared with 'leukemic' bone marrow stromal cells, although this reached significance only for beta 2-chain and NCAM. VLA1, 3, and 4 were expressed in a higher percentage on 'leukemic' stroma (not significant). More expression was seen on 'normal' as opposed to 'leukemic' macrophages for the adhesion molecules tested, except for VLA5. The differences reached significance for the majority of molecules tested. It is concluded that striking differences exist in cellular composition and adhesion molecule expression between HLTBMCs from healthy individuals and those from patients with AML. This may have an impact on the pathogenesis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Denkers
- Department of Hematology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
To date, various models have been proposed to explain the diversification of haemopoietic stem cells along one of at least six pathways of differentiation. Consideration of evidence for and against particular models leads to the conclusion that a precise lineage map for the haemopoietic system is, as yet, unavailable. However, recently available cell and molecular biology techniques provide the means to resolve this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brown
- Department of Immunology, University of Birmingham, U.K
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23
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Itoh K, Sasaki R, Ono K, Tezuka H, Sakoda H, Sawada H, Hitomi K, Nakane H, Uchiyama T, Uchino H. Stromal cell-dependent growth of leukemic cells from murine erythroblastic leukemia. Jpn J Cancer Res 1988; 79:931-7. [PMID: 2460423 PMCID: PMC5917611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1988.tb00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantable erythroblastic leukemia was induced by 300-rad irradiation of C3H mice. Conditions for in vitro growth of the leukemic cells were studied. None of interleukin-3, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin could support the growth of the cells in vitro. In contrast, the leukemic cells grew into a stroma-dependent cell line, ELM-D, in close contact with the stromal cell layer of 900-rad-irradiated long-term bone marrow culture. A stroma-independent cell line, termed ELM-I-1, was further established from the non-adherent population in the co-culture of the leukemic cells, ELM-D, with stromal cells. Reverse transcriptase activity was not detectable in ELM-D or ELM-I-1 cells. Studies on binding and cross-linking of 125I-erythropoietin showed that ELM-I-1 cells had erythropoietin receptors, and two major radiolabeled protein products with molecular weights of 120 kDa and 140 kDa were detected on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Itoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University
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Juneja HS, Lee S. In-vivo and in-vitro association between leukemic cells and marrow stromal cells: a murine model. Leuk Res 1988; 12:631-6. [PMID: 3184979 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(88)90096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several reports indicate that marrow stromal cells are conducive to development of both myeloid and lymphoid leukemic cell lines in vitro. We present data on an in-vitro/in-vivo murine model that establishes that: (i) murine LL cell lines (L5178Y, P388 and L1210) invade the bone marrow when injected via the tail vein; (ii) degree of marrow invasion by LL can be determined quantitatively; (iii) there is a close association or adherence between MSC and LL cells in vivo; and (iv) in-vitro adherence of murine LL cells to MSC can be quantitated. This in-vitro/in-vivo murine model will be helpful in deciphering the importance of heterotypic adherence between marrow stromal cells and leukemic cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Juneja
- Mary Jeane Price-Jones Kempner Laboratory for Hematology Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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25
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Umiel T, Nadler LM, Cohen IJ, Levine H, Stark B, Mammon Z, Dzaldetti M, Rechavi G, Simoni F, Katzir N. Undifferentiated leukemia of infancy with t(11:17) chromosomal rearrangement. Coexpressing myeloid and B cell restricted antigens. Cancer 1987; 59:1143-9. [PMID: 3102033 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870315)59:6<1143::aid-cncr2820590618>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the malignant transformation, in some of the acute leukemias, may involve totipotent stem cells resulting in a biphenotypic leukemia expressing both myeloid, and lymphoid characteristics. We describe here a hybrid cell acute leukemia, in a 16-day-old infant, in whom leukemic cells coexpressed myeloid and lymphoid B cell antigens. Blast cells in the bone marrow showed L2 morphology according to the French American British (FAB) classification, with positive periodic-acid Schiff, and nonspecific esterase staining. Sudan black, and specific esterase were negative. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, was strongly positive in 5% of blasts, and faintly reactive with the rest. Karyotypic analysis demonstrated a translocation of t(11:17);(q23;p13). Immunoglobulin gene analysis revealed rearrangement of the heavy chain genes. The blasts' phenotype was HLA/DR+ B4+ My7+ My9+ common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) B1- T11-. Dual immunofluorescence staining using anti My7, and My9 fluorescein isothiocyanate, and anti B4 pycoerythrin conjugated monoclonal antibodies, and flow cytofluorometry, revealed a labeling pattern of 25% B4+; 10% to 15% My7+; 17% My9+; and 50% of cells coexpressing B4 My7, and My9 antigens. These results provide evidence for a hybrid leukemia with lymphomyeloblasts being part of a single clone, which may indicate the origin of this leukemic clone from a pluripotent (lymphoid/myeloid) stem cell.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
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Zipori D. Self-renewal is modulated by the composition and density of hemopoietic cell populations. Leuk Res 1986; 10:1485-6. [PMID: 3796037 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(86)90017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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