1
|
FLT3 Amplification as Double Minute Chromosomes in a Patient with Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:9932837. [PMID: 34194582 PMCID: PMC8203365 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9932837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes (dmins) are a form of gene amplification presenting as small spherical paired chromatin bodies. Dmins are rare in hematologic malignancies and are generally associated with a poor prognosis. Some case reports identified MYC or MLL gene amplification performing as dmin in myeloid neoplasms. FLT3 (FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3) acts as an oncogene in myeloid neoplasms which is associated with several signal transduction pathways. Genomic amplification of FLT3 has not been reported in hematological disease. The current study attempts to demonstrate the existence of double minute chromosomes via FLT3 gene amplification in a patient diagnosed with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Routine G-banded karyotype, array-based comparative genomic hybridization, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses were used to characterize the cytogenetic abnormality in the patient's bone marrow. FLT3 amplification as dmins in a patient with CMML was revealed. This case study reports a rare double minute chromosome via FLT3 amplification in CMML by using array-based comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. The study also proposed another possible mechanism of FLT3 genes in leukemogenesis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghetti M, Vannini I, Storlazzi CT, Martinelli G, Simonetti G. Linear and circular PVT1 in hematological malignancies and immune response: two faces of the same coin. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:69. [PMID: 32228602 PMCID: PMC7104523 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as regulators of human carcinogenesis by affecting the expression of key tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. They are divided into short and long ncRNAs, according to their length. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are included in the second group and were recently discovered as being originated by back-splicing, joining either single or multiple exons, or exons with retained introns. The human Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1 (PVT1) gene maps on the long arm of chromosome 8 (8q24) and encodes for 52 ncRNAs variants, including 26 linear and 26 circular isoforms, and 6 microRNAs. PVT1 genomic locus is 54 Kb downstream to MYC and several interactions have been described among these two genes, including a feedback regulatory mechanism. MYC-independent functions of PVT1/circPVT1 have been also reported, especially in the regulation of immune responses. We here review and discuss the role of both PVT1 and circPVT1 in the hematopoietic system. No information is currently available concerning their transforming ability in hematopoietic cells. However, present literature supports their cooperation with a more aggressive and/or undifferentiated cell phenotype, thus contributing to cancer progression. PVT1/circPVT1 upregulation through genomic amplification or rearrangements and/or increased transcription, provides a proliferative advantage to malignant cells in acute myeloid leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, multiple myeloma (linear PVT1) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (circPVT1). In addition, PVT1 and circPVT1 regulate immune responses: the overexpression of the linear form in myeloid derived suppressor cells induced immune tolerance in preclinical tumor models and circPVT1 showed immunosuppressive properties in myeloid and lymphoid cell subsets. Overall, these recent data on PVT1 and circPVT1 functions in hematological malignancies and immune responses reflect two faces of the same coin: involvement in cancer progression by promoting a more aggressive phenotype of malignant cells and negative regulation of the immune system as a novel potential therapy-resistance mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ghetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Ivan Vannini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ohanian M, Bueso-Ramos C, Ok CY, Lin P, Patel K, Alattar ML, Khoury JD, Rozovski U, Estrov Z, Huh YO, Cortes J, Abruzzo LV. Acute myeloid leukemia with MYC rearrangement and JAK2 V617F mutation. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:571-4. [PMID: 26382622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about MYC dysregulation in myeloid malignancies, and the authors were unable to find published studies that evaluated MYC protein expression in primary cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Herein, we describe the clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic findings in two MDS/AML cases that contained both MYC rearrangement and the JAK2 V617F mutation. We also demonstrate MYC protein expression by immunohistochemistry in both patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maro Ohanian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Carlos Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chi Young Ok
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pei Lin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keyur Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mona Lisa Alattar
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Uri Rozovski
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang O Huh
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynne V Abruzzo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
PVT1: a rising star among oncogenic long noncoding RNAs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:304208. [PMID: 25883951 PMCID: PMC4391155 DOI: 10.1155/2015/304208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that short and long noncoding RNAs critically participate in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and (mis)function. However, while the functional characterization of short non-coding RNAs has been reaching maturity, there is still a paucity of well characterized long noncoding RNAs, even though large studies in recent years are rapidly increasing the number of annotated ones. The long noncoding RNA PVT1 is encoded by a gene that has been long known since it resides in the well-known cancer risk region 8q24. However, a couple of accidental concurrent conditions have slowed down the study of this gene, that is, a preconception on the primacy of the protein-coding over noncoding RNAs and the prevalent interest in its neighbor MYC oncogene. Recent studies have brought PVT1 under the spotlight suggesting interesting models of functioning, such as competing endogenous RNA activity and regulation of protein stability of important oncogenes, primarily of the MYC oncogene. Despite some advancements in modelling the PVT1 role in cancer, there are many questions that remain unanswered concerning the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its functioning.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nagoshi H, Taki T, Hanamura I, Nitta M, Otsuki T, Nishida K, Okuda K, Sakamoto N, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto-Sugitani M, Tsutsumi Y, Kobayashi T, Matsumoto Y, Horiike S, Kuroda J, Taniwaki M. Frequent PVT1 rearrangement and novel chimeric genes PVT1-NBEA and PVT1-WWOX occur in multiple myeloma with 8q24 abnormality. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4954-62. [PMID: 22869583 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 8q24 rearrangements are occasionally found in multiple myeloma and are associated with tumor progression. The 8q24 rearrangements were detected by FISH in 12 of 54 patients with multiple myeloma (22.2%) and in 8 of 11 multiple myeloma cell lines (72.7%). The breakpoints of 8q24 in 10 patients with multiple myeloma and in all multiple myeloma cell lines were assigned to a 360 kb segment, which was divided into 4 regions: approximately 120 kb centromeric to MYC (5' side of MYC), the region centromerically adjacent to PVT1 (~ 170 kb region, including MYC, of 5' side of PVT1), the PVT1 region, and the telomeric region to PVT1. PVT1 rearrangements were most common and found in 7 of 12 patients (58.3%) and 5 of 8 cell lines (62.5%) with 8q24 abnormalities. A combination of spectral karyotyping (SKY), FISH, and oligonucleotide array identified several partner loci of PVT1 rearrangements, such as 4p16, 4q13, 13q13, 14q32, and 16q23-24. Two novel chimeric genes were identified: PVT1-NBEA in the AMU-MM1 cell line harboring t(8;13)(q24;q13) and PVT1-WWOX in RPMI8226 cell line harboring der(16)t(16;22)ins(16;8)(q23;q24). The PVT1-NBEA chimera in which PVT1 exon 1 was fused to NBEA exon 2 and the PVT1-WWOX in which PVT1 exon 1 was fused to WWOX exon 9 were associated with the expression of abnormal NBEA and WWOX lacking their N-terminus, respectively. These findings suggest that PVT1 rearrangements may represent a novel molecular paradigm underlying the pathology of 8q24 rearrangement-positive multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Nagoshi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huppi K, Pitt JJ, Wahlberg BM, Caplen NJ. The 8q24 gene desert: an oasis of non-coding transcriptional activity. Front Genet 2012; 3:69. [PMID: 22558003 PMCID: PMC3339310 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional effects of the wide-range of aberrant genetic characteristics associated with the human chromosome 8q24 region in cancer remains daunting due to the complexity of the locus. The most logical target for study remains the MYC proto-oncogene, a prominent resident of 8q24 that was first identified more than a quarter of a century ago. However, many of the amplifications, translocation breakpoints, and viral integration sites associated with 8q24 are often found throughout regions surrounding large expanses of the MYC locus that include other transcripts. In addition, chr.8q24 is host to a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with cancer risk. Yet, the lack of a direct correlation between cancer risk alleles and MYC expression has also raised the possibility that MYC is not always the target of these genetic associations. The 8q24 region has been described as a "gene desert" because of the paucity of functionally annotated genes located within this region. Here we review the evidence for the role of other loci within the 8q24 region, most of which are non-coding transcripts, either in concert with MYC or independent of MYC, as possible candidate gene targets in malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Huppi
- Gene Silencing Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meyer KB, Maia AT, O'Reilly M, Ghoussaini M, Prathalingam R, Porter-Gill P, Ambs S, Prokunina-Olsson L, Carroll J, Ponder BAJ. A functional variant at a prostate cancer predisposition locus at 8q24 is associated with PVT1 expression. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002165. [PMID: 21814516 PMCID: PMC3140991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mapping studies have identified multiple cancer susceptibility regions at chromosome 8q24, upstream of the MYC oncogene. MYC has been widely presumed as the regulated target gene, but definitive evidence functionally linking these cancer regions with MYC has been difficult to obtain. Here we examined candidate functional variants of a haplotype block at 8q24 encompassing the two independent risk alleles for prostate and breast cancer, rs620861 and rs13281615. We used the mapping of DNase I hypersensitive sites as a tool to prioritise regions for further functional analysis. This approach identified rs378854, which is in complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs620861, as a novel functional prostate cancer-specific genetic variant. We demonstrate that the risk allele (G) of rs378854 reduces binding of the transcription factor YY1 in vitro. This factor is known to repress global transcription in prostate cancer and is a candidate tumour suppressor. Additional experiments showed that the YY1 binding site is occupied in vivo in prostate cancer, but not breast cancer cells, consistent with the observed cancer-specific effects of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Using chromatin conformation capture (3C) experiments, we found that the region surrounding rs378854 interacts with the MYC and PVT1 promoters. Moreover, expression of the PVT1 oncogene in normal prostate tissue increased with the presence of the risk allele of rs378854, while expression of MYC was not affected. In conclusion, we identified a new functional prostate cancer risk variant at the 8q24 locus, rs378854 allele G, that reduces binding of the YY1 protein and is associated with increased expression of PVT1 located 0.5 Mb downstream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin B Meyer
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rayeroux KC, Campbell LJ. Gene amplification in myeloid leukemias elucidated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 193:44-53. [PMID: 19602463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene amplification in hematologic malignancies is uncommon. When karyotyping leukemia cells, gene amplification is generally seen as double-minute (dmin) chromosomes and homogeneously staining regions (hsr). One of the more commonly amplified regions is MYC at 8q24.21, but amplification of MLL at 11q23 and regions on 9p, 19q, and elsewhere on 11q have been reported. Increased copy number of these genes has been associated with poor prognosis. Over an 11-year period, we identified 31 cases of possible gene amplification, 27 of which had enough sample material for further investigations. A total of 17 cases had dmin only, 13 cases had hsr only, and 1 case had both dmin and hsr in the karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis identified amplification of MYC in 12 cases, all on dmin, and amplification of MLL in eight cases, all on hsr. Regions other than MYC and MLL were amplified in eight cases and, using multicolor FISH and multicolor banding, we identified a number of novel regions of amplification: 13q11 approximately q12.1, 15q26.1 approximately q26.3, and 17q12. We also identified one case where two different chromosomal regions were simultaneously amplified in the same cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Rayeroux
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, P.O. Box 2900, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blast cells with nuclear extrusions in the form of micronuclei are associated with MYC amplification in acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 185:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Huppi K, Volfovsky N, Runfola T, Jones TL, Mackiewicz M, Martin SE, Mushinski JF, Stephens R, Caplen NJ. The Identification of MicroRNAs in a Genomically Unstable Region of Human Chromosome 8q24. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:212-21. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Gebhart E. Double minutes, cytogenetic equivalents of gene amplification, in human neoplasia - a review. Clin Transl Oncol 2006; 7:477-85. [PMID: 16373058 DOI: 10.1007/bf02717000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Double minutes are tiny spherical chromatin bodies of a few mega-base pairs of size which are found occasionally in hematopoietic neoplasia and more or less often in human solid tumors. They have been associated with worse prognosis and poor outcome of the malignancies where present. With the beginning era of molecular cytogenetics they could be defined as cytogenetic equivalents of amplified DNA sequences. The identification of involved chromosomal segments and their molecular nature led to the development of molecular genetic techniques for a rapid and reliable detection of prognostically important oncogene amplifications in human tumors and,as a consequence, to gene-targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erich Gebhart
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thomas L, Stamberg J, Gojo I, Ning Y, Rapoport AP. Double minute chromosomes in monoblastic (M5) and myeloblastic (M2) acute myeloid leukemia: two case reports and a review of literature. Am J Hematol 2004; 77:55-61. [PMID: 15307107 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Double minutes (dmin) are small, paired chromatin bodies that lack a centromere and represent a form of extrachromosomal gene amplification. Although they have been found in a variety of solid tumors, their presence in hematological malignancies, especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is rare. In addition, the presence of dmin may be a mechanism for upregulated oncogene expression and is generally associated with a poor prognosis. We describe two patients who had dmin at initial presentation of AML, including the first case of M5a with C-MYC amplification on dmin, and another case with C-MYC amplification as the only cytogenetic finding. We review here a total of 33 cases with dmin in AML. C-MYC was amplified by the dmin in 25 cases, while other putative oncogenes were amplified in the other 8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leno Thomas
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, The University of Maryland-Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paulsson K, Lassen C, Kuric N, Billström R, Fioretos T, Tanke HJ, Johansson B. MYC is not overexpressed in a case of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with MYC-containing double minutes. Leukemia 2003; 17:813-5. [PMID: 12682646 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Sait SNJ, Qadir MU, Conroy JM, Matsui SI, Nowak NJ, Baer MR. Double minute chromosomes in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: identification of new amplification regions by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 34:42-7. [PMID: 11921281 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes (dmin) are small chromatin bodies consisting of genes amplified in an extrachromosomal location. dmins are uncommon in hematologic malignancies; they are seen primarily in acute myeloid leukemia, with amplification of the MYC oncogene or, less frequently, the MLL transcription factor. Nine patients with hematologic malignancies with dmin were seen at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1985 and 2000; eight had acute myeloid leukemia and one a myelodysplastic syndrome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated MYC amplification on dmin in four patients, but MLL amplification was not seen. Spectral karyotyping showed that the dmin derived from chromosome 11 in one patient and from chromosome 19 in two others without MYC or MLL amplification; derivation from these chromosomes was confirmed by FISH with chromosome paint probes. The dmin of chromosome 11 origin hybridized to a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) RP11-112M22 that maps to 11q24.3 and is predicted to contain ETS1 and other markers, including D11S11351 and D11S4091. The dmin of chromosome 19 origin in one patient hybridized to BACs RP11-46I12 and RP11-110J19; in the other patient, these clones did not hybridize with the dmin, but were found to be amplified on a marker chromosome that was derived from chromosome 19 in that patient's cells. These BACs have been mapped to 19q12-19q13.1 and 19q11-19q13.1, respectively, and are predicted to contain the markers D19S409 and D19S919 and the gene for ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide1 (UQCRFS1). dmin originating from chromosome 19 have not been reported previously in hematologic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila N J Sait
- Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodon N, Solé F, Espinet B, Salido M, Zamora L, Cigudosa JC, Woessner S, Florensa L. A new case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (French-American-British subtype M1) with double minutes and c-MYC amplification. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 132:161-4. [PMID: 11850082 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a new case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) French-American-British M1 subtype with presence of multiple double minutes (dmin) derived from the amplification of the c-MYC oncogene. A review of dmins in ANLL is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Rodon
- Laboratori de Citogenètica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Patologia, Hospital del Mar, IMAS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bruckert P, Kappler R, Scherthan H, Link H, Hagmann F, Zankl H. Double minutes and c-MYC amplification in acute myelogenous leukemia: Are they prognostic factors? CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 120:73-9. [PMID: 10913679 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A case of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with double minutes (dmin) and X chromosome loss is presented. Using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), a region of high-level DNA amplification was detected at 8q24, the locus of the c-MYC proto-oncogene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a DNA probe specific for the human c-MYC gene confirmed the extrachromosomal amplification of this proto-oncogene in the dmin of the leukemic cells. During the course of the disease, three relapses occurred; two complete remissions could be achieved by treatment with various chemotherapy regimens. The patient's survival time of 25 months was considerably longer than in most reported cases of AML with extrachromosomal c-MYC amplification. Therefore, the present case challenges the view that the occurrence of dmin in AML is generally an indication of poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bruckert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Crossen PE, Morrison MJ, Rodley P, Cochrane J, Morris CM. Identification of amplified genes in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and double minute chromosomes. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 113:126-33. [PMID: 10484978 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A case of acute myeloid leukemia (M2) with double minute chromosomes and complex karyotypic abnormalities was analyzed cytogenetically and molecularly. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) showed that the 8q24 region that contains the MYC oncogene was not amplified. Instead, amplification of chromosomal regions 11q23-->qter and 9p11-->pter was identified. Southern blot analysis confirmed the CGH findings and showed that the ETS1, FLI1, SRPR, NFRKB, and KCNJ5 genes located at 11q23-->24 were amplified, whereas the MLL at 11q23 was not amplified. Additionally, the IFN beta 1 and CDKN2A genes at 9p were amplified, but to a lesser degree. This is the first example of a case of acute myeloid leukemia with double minute chromosomes that has not involved amplification of either the MYC or the MLL genes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Aged
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Amplification
- Genes, myc
- Genes, p16
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Male
- Potassium Channels/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Crossen
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Unit, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Crossen PE, Savage LM, Heaton DC, Morrison MJ. Characterization of the C-MYC amplicon in a case of acute myeloid leukemia with double minute chromosomes. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 112:144-8. [PMID: 10686942 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(98)00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the double minute chromosomes in a case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Southern blot analysis showed that the C-MYC was amplified. Further analysis with probes located both 3' and 5' of MYC indicated that the amplicon was at least 700 kb in size, extending from the papilloma virus integration site situated 500 kb 5' of MYC to the PVT gene located 280 kb 3' of MYC. This appears to be the largest MYC-containing amplicon in human leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Crossen
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Unit, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
c-myc, N-myc and L-myc are the three members of the myc oncoprotein family whose role in the pathogenesis of many human neoplastic diseases has received wide empirical support. In this review, we first summarize data, derived mainly from non-clinical studies, indicating that these oncoproteins actually serve quite different roles in vivo. This concept necessarily lies at the heart of the basis for the observation that the deregulated expression of each MYC gene is reproducibly associated with only certain naturally occurring malignancies in humans and that these genes are not interchangeable with respect to their aberrant functional consequences. We also review evidence implicating each of the above MYC genes in specific neoplastic diseases and have attempted to identify unresolved questions which deserve further basic or clinical investigation. We have made every attempt to review those diseases for which significant and confirmatory evidence, based on studies with primary tumor material, exists to implicate MYC members in their causation and/or progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Nesbit
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fugazza G, Bruzzone R, Puppo L, Patrone F, Sessarego M. Amplified c-MYC sequences localized by fluorescence in-situ hybridization on double minute chromosomes in acute myeloid leukemias. Leuk Res 1997; 21:703-9. [PMID: 9379677 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(97)00119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes (dmin) are small acentric fragments frequently observed when karyotyping human tumor cells. They are considered the cytogenetic manifestation of gene amplification. The finding of dmin in leukemia is a rare event usually associated with progression of the disease and unfavorable prognosis. We present four patients affected by myeloid disorders with an abnormal karyotype and a variable number of dmin. In an attempt to clarify the origin of the dmin and the amplified gene, we utilized a fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique and a panel of specific probes. The results of the analysis indicate that, although chromosomes 8 are apparently uninvolved, dmin retained c-MYC sequencs in three cases. By observing previously reported cases, we found that the majority of patients with myeloid disorders and dmin showed an amplified c-MYC gene, regardless of the chromosomal abnormalities. The FISH technique proved to be informative in demonstrating gene amplification in both metaphase and interphase cells. Finally, in the one patient carrying a 20q deletion, FISH allowed the detection of a previously unreported translocation between a 16p and the 20q-, confirming the ability of the technique to understand complex karyotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Fugazza
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mai S, Hanley-Hyde J, Coleman A, Siwarski D, Huppi K. Amplified extrachromosomal elements containing c-Myc and Pvt 1 in a mouse plasmacytoma. Genome 1995; 38:780-5. [PMID: 7672608 DOI: 10.1139/g95-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
After adaptation of a mouse plasma cell tumor, MOPC265, to culture, we have found several unique chromosomal alterations in addition to the T(12;15) translocation and trisomy 11 frequently observed in plasmacytomas. Among these alterations is a specific coamplification of the c-Myc and Pvt 1 gene loci from mouse chromosome 15. Further analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrates that the amplicons of c-Myc and Pvt 1 exist as extrachromosomal elements as well as within intact chromosomes. Most importantly, the presence of both Pvt 1 and c-Myc in these extrachromosomal elements indicates ongoing coselection for these loci in the propagation of MOPC265.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mai
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Slovak ML, Ho JP, Pettenati MJ, Khan A, Douer D, Lal S, Traweek ST. Localization of amplified MYC gene sequences to double minute chromosomes in acute myelogenous leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 9:62-7. [PMID: 7507702 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic and molecular studies were performed on two dmin-bearing acute myelogenous leukemia (FAB-M2) samples. Both cases were characterized by complex karyotypes containing interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 8 altering band 8q24.1, aberrations affecting the short arm of chromosome 17, and multiple double minute chromosomes (dmin). Using a 1.4 kb cDNA probe coding for the third exon of the MYC oncogene, DNA slot blots indicated MYC gene sequences were amplified in both samples. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a 9.0 kb genomic probe for MYC was performed in one case and localized the amplified MYC gene sequences to the dmin. Neither patient achieved a complete remission using traditional induction chemotherapy. The complex karyology with amplification of MYC gene sequences appears to represent a poor prognostic subgroup of acute myelogenous leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Slovak
- Department of Cytogenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Alterations in the c-myc proto-oncogene in colorectal cancer were studied at the level of RNA expression, gene amplification and rearrangements. One hundred cases of colorectal cancer, stratified by Dukes' stage were examined. The level of messenger RNA expression was measured in tumours and matched normal mucosa from the same patient. Between 5 and 400 fold over-expression was found in 66% of tumours. Neither the presence nor the level of over-expression correlated with tumour staging. A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was found between over-expression of c-myc in tumours and the presence of synchronous adenomas elsewhere in the colon. In contrast to other tumours, no rearrangements of the gene were found on Southern analysis of colorectal cancers. Similarly, amplification of the gene was not found in the cancers examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Smith
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huppi K, Siwarski D, Shaughnessy JD, Mushinski JF. Co-amplification of c-myc/pvt-1 in immortalized mouse B-lymphocytic cell lines results in a novel pvt-1/AJ-1 transcript. Int J Cancer 1993; 53:493-8. [PMID: 8094075 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910530323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In a series of mouse pvt-1 cDNA clones prepared from an immortalized B-cell line that contains an amplified c-myc/pvt-1 region, we have identified a unique cDNA, AJ-I, which contains 57 bp of pvt-1 sequence (pvt-1a) spliced to a novel sequence of 2.1 kb. We report here that this 3' segment (termed AJ-IX) maps more than 60 kb telomeric to pvt-1a and is encoded by a novel locus (AJ-I) on mouse chromosome 15. The AJ-IX probe detects a transcript that is expressed only in normal mouse brain and testis. Several mast-cell tumors, Ly-I+ B-lymphocytic cell lines and a neuroblastoma also display abundant levels of AJ-IX-specific mRNA. However, splicing of pvt-1a to AJ-IX is found exclusively in Ly-I+ B-cell lines that contain amplified c-myc/pvt-1. We conclude that some features in the generation of this amplicon facilitates the synthesis of a pvt-1/AJ-IX chimeric mRNA that may play a role in immortalization of these Ly-I+ B-cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Huppi
- Molecular Genetics Section, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|