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Themistoklis KM, Papasilekas TI, Melanis KS, Boviatsis KA, Korfias SI, Vekrellis K, Sakas DE. The transient intraluminal filament Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion stroke model in rats. A step by step guide and technical considerations. World Neurosurg 2022; 168:43-50. [PMID: 36115569 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Related research, although already providing significant insights on the underlying pathophysiology and potential treatment strategies, is far from conclusive. In this respect, stroke models are proving of extreme significance for laboratories around the world. The scope of this article is to present in detail the most popular to date focal stroke model, the tifMCAO model in rats. This model mimics reliably stroke in humans and also approximates endovascular thrombectomy. METHODS The tifMCAO model was performed on Wistar rats with a weight of 300-400 gr. The surgical technique is described in a step-wise manner, while pictures and/or HD video accompany each step. Complete arteriotomy of the ECA stump is introduced during the procedure. RESULTS We performed the tifMCAO in 65 rats (male and female) involved in various experimental protocols. Although that initial mortality was 48%, practice reduced this number to10%. The mean procedural time was 53 min (range, 38 - 85 min). Stroke was confirmed in 87.5% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS The tifMCAO stroke model in rats is the most commonly utilized experimental model of focal ischemia because of its clinical relevance. We revisited the procedure and divided it, for instructional purposes, in 15 consecutive distinct steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos M Themistoklis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurosurgery, "Korgialenio, Benakio, HRC" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Themistoklis I Papasilekas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurosurgery, "Korgialenio, Benakio, HRC" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos S Melanis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology, "Evaggelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stefanos I Korfias
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens, "Evaggelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstaninos Vekrellis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Damianos E Sakas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens, "Evaggelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Onur T, Karaca Ü, Ata F, Sayan HE, Onur A, Yilmaz C, Balkaya AN, Eriş C. Intraoperative hyperoxygenation may negatively affect postoperative cognitive functions in coronary artery bypass graft operations: A randomized controlled study. J Card Surg 2022; 37:2552-2563. [PMID: 35678327 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.16661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, it was aimed to compare various parameters during surgery and postoperative cognitive functions in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery using different levels of perioperative oxygen. METHODS One hundred patients scheduled for elective CABG surgery were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to arterial oxygen levels during surgery. In the normoxia group (NG) (n = 50), partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2 ) was between ≥100 and <180 mmHg with at least 40% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2 ) mechanical ventilation (MV), and in the hyperoxia group (HG) (n = 50), PaO2 was ≥180 mmHg with 100% FiO2 MV. Hemodynamic parameters, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2 ) measured from bilateral sensors, and blood gas values were recorded at the planned measurement times. Postoperative features (mortality and infection rates, length of stay in the hospital, and intensive care unit) and complications of the patients have been recorded (low cardiac output syndrome, renal failure, delirium). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test was applied to the patients before and at the 12th, 24th hours; on the first, third, sixth months after surgery. RESULTS Extubation time was found to be shorter in NG (p < .05). Between the groups, rSO2 and mean arterial pressure were found to be significantly lower in HG at the time of T4 measurement (p = .042, p = .038, respectively). MMSE values of the groups at the first, third, and sixth months were found to be significantly higher in NG (p = .017, p = .014, p = .002, respectively). CONCLUSION Hyperoxemia application during CABG may be associated with worse postoperative late-term cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Onur
- Departmant of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ümran Karaca
- Departmant of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Filiz Ata
- Departmant of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Halil E Sayan
- Departmant of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Anıl Onur
- Departmant of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Canan Yilmaz
- Departmant of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayşe N Balkaya
- Departmant of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Eriş
- Departmant of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
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Gonzales NR, Grotta JC. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang J, Song S, Zhu Q. Impact of multimodal warming during general anaesthesia on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with gynaecological cancer: study protocol for a single-blinded randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049186. [PMID: 34785547 PMCID: PMC8596035 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment after anaesthesia and surgery is a recognised consequence. This often leads to poor health outcomes and increases healthcare resource utilisation and associated costs, especially in elderly people. However, thus far, there have not been any effective therapies for managing postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Furthermore, research on the association of multimodal warming with POCD and the clinical outcomes in older patients after gynaecological surgery has not been rigorous. For these reasons, our investigation aims to evaluate whether perioperative multimodal warming would reduce the incidence of POCD and improve prognosis in elderly patients with gynaecological cancer. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a single-centre, prospective, single-blinded randomised controlled trial. One hundred and fifty patients for gynaecological cancer surgery and 16 non-surgical controls aged 65 years or older will be studied in this trial. A series of neuropsychological tests will be completed to evaluate cognitive function in surgery patients before, at day 7 and 3 months after gynaecological cancer surgery. In addition, POCD and cognitive decline will be assessed using the reliable change index using the control group's results. The primary outcome is the prevalence of POCD in elderly gynaecological cancer surgery patients and association between perioperative multimodal warming and POCD. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol for this prospective observational study was approved by the ethics committee of the West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University (NO. KX215). Recruitment will commence in April 2021 and continue to April 2022. The findings of this trial will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2100041663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shixiong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Browne LP. Temperature management on cardiopulmonary bypass: Is it standardised across Great Britain and Ireland? Perfusion 2021; 37:221-228. [PMID: 33637034 DOI: 10.1177/0267659121995996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Temperature management is an essential element of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), as indicated in the Guide to Good Practice in Clinical Perfusion, 'The safe conduct of CPB requires the clinical perfusionist to measure and control. . . blood temperature. . . during the period of bypass'. To review current practice, we have conducted a research survey into the management of temperature on CPB. Surveys were distributed to each centre in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland, investigating numerous temperature management practices, to elucidate current practice and assess if recent research into temperature management marry routine clinical practice. Our results demonstrate that nasopharyngeal temperature is the most common (52%) temperature site used across the many centres, which correlates with previous research as a routine site for cerebral temperature management. The arterial outlet of the oxygenator temperature was used in 33% of centres, however, all centres lacked the knowledge to maintain this temperature below 37°C. There was significant variation between all centres, especially regarding rewarming times (20-40 minutes), demonstrating a lack of uniformity among perfusion centres. Interestingly, most centres have been using the same protocol that has been in place over the previous 10 years.To conclude, the practice of temperature management is changing with the awareness of new research. Lower target temperatures are recommended for rewarming, ensuring a lower temperature gradient and a longer mean rewarming time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine P Browne
- Perfusion Department, Cardiothoracic Theatre, Cardiac Renal Centre, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
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Vinciguerra A, Cuomo O, Cepparulo P, Anzilotti S, Brancaccio P, Sirabella R, Guida N, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Models and methods for conditioning the ischemic brain. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:63-74. [PMID: 30287283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades the need to find new neuroprotective targets has addressed the researchers to investigate the endogenous molecular mechanisms that brain activates when exposed to a conditioning stimulus. Indeed, conditioning is an adaptive biological process activated by those interventions able to confer resistance to a deleterious brain event through the exposure to a sub-threshold insult. Specifically, preconditioning and postconditioning are realized when the conditioning stimulus is applied before or after, respectively, the harmul ischemia. AIMS AND RESULTS The present review will describe the most common methods to induce brain conditioning, with particular regards to surgical, physical exercise, temperature-induced and pharmacological approaches. It has been well recognized that when the subliminal stimulus is delivered after the ischemic insult, the achieved neuroprotection is comparable to that observed in models of ischemic preconditioning. In addition, subjecting the brain to both preconditioning as well as postconditioning did not cause greater protection than each treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The last decades have provided fascinating insights into the mechanisms and potential application of strategies to induce brain conditioning. Since the identification of intrinsic cell-survival pathways should provide more direct opportunities for translational neuroprotection trials, an accurate examination of the different models of preconditioning and postconditioning is mandatory before starting any new project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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7
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Eskla KL, Porosk R, Reimets R, Visnapuu T, Vasar E, Hundahl CA, Luuk H. Hypothermia augments stress response in mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:157-168. [PMID: 29704622 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mild hypothermia (32 °C) is routinely used in medical practice to alleviate hypoxic ischemic damage, however, the mechanisms that underlie its protective effects remain uncertain. Using a systems approach based on genome-wide expression screens, reporter assays and biochemical studies, we find that cellular hypothermia response is associated with the augmentation of major stress-inducible transcription factors Nrf2 and HIF1Α affecting the antioxidant system and hypoxia response pathways, respectively. At the same time, NF-κB, a transcription factor involved in the control of immune and inflammatory responses, was not induced by hypothermia. Furthermore, mild hypothermia did not trigger unfolded protein response. Lower temperatures (27 °C and 22 °C) did not activate Nrf2 and HIF1A pathways as efficiently as mild hypothermia. Current findings are discussed in the context of the thermodynamic hypothesis of therapeutic hypothermia. We argue that the therapeutic effects are likely to stem both from metabolic suppression (inhibitory component) and augmentation of stress tolerance (activating component). We argue that systems coping with cellular stressors are plausible targets of therapeutic hypothermia and deserve more attention in clinical hypothermia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattri-Liis Eskla
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Rando Porosk
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riin Reimets
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Ansgar Hundahl
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hendrik Luuk
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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8
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Zhu L. Hypothermia Used in Medical Applications for Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1097:295-319. [PMID: 30315552 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite more than 80 years of animal experiments and clinical practice, efficacy of hypothermia in improving treatment outcomes in patients suffering from cell and tissue damage caused by ischemia is still ongoing. This review will first describe the history of utilizing cooling in medical treatment, followed by chemical and biochemical mechanisms of cooling that can lead to neuroprotection often observed in animal studies and some clinical studies. The next sections will be focused on current cooling approaches/devices, as well as cooling parameters recommended by researchers and clinicians. Animal and clinical studies of implementing hypothermia to spinal cord and brain tissue injury patients are presented next. This section will review the latest outcomes of hypothermia in treating patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), stroke, cardiopulmonary surgery, and cardiac arrest, followed by a summary of available evidence regarding both demonstrated neuroprotection and potential risks of hypothermia. Contributions from bioengineers to the field of hypothermia in medical treatment will be discussed in the last section of this review. Overall, an accumulating body of clinical evidence along with several decades of animal research and mathematical simulations has documented that the efficacy of hypothermia is dependent on achieving a reduced temperature in the target tissue before or soon after the injury-precipitating event. Mild hypothermia with temperature reduction of several degrees Celsius is as effective as modest or deep hypothermia in providing therapeutic benefit without introducing collateral/systemic complications. It is widely demonstrated that the rewarming rate must be controlled to be lower than 0.5 °C/h to avoid mismatch between local blood perfusion and metabolism. In the past several decades, many different cooling methods and devices have been designed, tested, and used in medical treatments with mixed results. Accurately designing treatment protocols to achieve specific cooling outcomes requires collaboration among engineers, researchers, and clinicians. Although this problem is quite challenging, it presents a major opportunity for bioengineers to create methods and devices that quickly and safely produce hypothermia in targeted tissue regions without interfering with routine medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Transient brain hypothermia reduces the reperfusion injury of delayed tissue plasminogen activator and extends its therapeutic time window in a focal embolic stroke model. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hayashi K, Kurose Y. Effects of hypothermia on the mechanical behavior of rabbit femoral arteries. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 71:148-155. [PMID: 28297683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The need to better understand the effects of non-physiological temperatures on arterial wall behavior is becoming more important because of the increased clinical use of hypothermal and hyperthermal treatments. The present study was performed to examine the effects of temperature on the mechanical behavior of femoral arteries excised from rabbits. Among 17, 27, 37, and 42°C, there were no significant differences in their diameter, stiffness, and P-D relations under the physiologically normal, control condition, although the arterial diameter was slightly smaller at 42°C than at the other three temperatures. Under the SMC-activated condition, on the other hand, we observed significant effects of temperature. For example, arterial diameter at 100mmHg was significantly larger at 17 and 27°C and smaller at 42°C compared with 37°C. Arterial stiffness at 40mmHg were significantly smaller at 17 and larger at 42°C than at 37°C, while the stiffness at 160mmHg were significantly larger at 17°C than at 37°C; however, there were no significant differences in the stiffness at 100mmHg among the four temperatures. Arterial contraction induced by SMC-activation was significantly different between 37°C and the other three temperatures; both of the maximum diameter response and diameter response at 100mmHg were significantly smaller at 17 and 27°C and larger at 42°C compared with 37°C. These results indicate that in the hypothermic range under the control condition, arteries are dilated when cooled, while they are constricted when heated. On the other hand, arterial response to SMC activation is significantly affected by the alterations of temperature. These results indicate that in the hypothermic range under the control condition, arteries are dilated when cooled, while they are constricted when heated. On the other hand, arterial response to the activation of vascular smooth muscle cells is significantly affected by the alteration of temperature. As the mechanical behavior of arterial wall is significantly influenced by temperature, this should be considered in the development of therapeutic methods and techniques for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozaburo Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kurose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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Liu YC, Lee YD, Wang HL, Liao KH, Chen KB, Poon KS, Pan YL, Lai TW. Anesthesia-Induced Hypothermia Attenuates Early-Phase Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption but Not Infarct Volume following Cerebral Ischemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170682. [PMID: 28118390 PMCID: PMC5261567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is thought to facilitate the development of cerebral infarction after a stroke. In a typical stroke model (such as the one used in this study), the early phase of BBB disruption reaches a peak 6 h post-ischemia and largely recovers after 8–24 h, whereas the late phase of BBB disruption begins 48–58 h post-ischemia. Because cerebral infarct develops within 24 h after the onset of ischemia, and several therapeutic agents have been shown to reduce the infarct volume when administered at 6 h post-ischemia, we hypothesized that attenuating BBB disruption at its peak (6 h post-ischemia) can also decrease the infarct volume measured at 24 h. We used a mouse stroke model obtained by combining 120 min of distal middle cerebral arterial occlusion (dMCAo) with ipsilateral common carotid arterial occlusion (CCAo). This model produced the most reliable BBB disruption and cerebral infarction compared to other models characterized by a shorter duration of ischemia or obtained with dMCAO or CCAo alone. The BBB permeability was measured by quantifying Evans blue dye (EBD) extravasation, as this tracer has been shown to be more sensitive for the detection of early-phase BBB disruption compared to other intravascular tracers that are more appropriate for detecting late-phase BBB disruption. We showed that a 1 h-long treatment with isoflurane-anesthesia induced marked hypothermia and attenuated the peak of BBB disruption when administered 6 h after the onset of dMCAo/CCAo-induced ischemia. We also demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of isoflurane was hypothermia-dependent because the same treatment had no effect on ischemic BBB disruption when the mouse body temperature was maintained at 37°C. Importantly, inhibiting the peak of BBB disruption by hypothermia had no effect on the volume of brain infarct 24 h post-ischemia. In conclusion, inhibiting the peak of BBB disruption is not an effective neuroprotective strategy, especially in comparison to the inhibitors of the neuronal death signaling cascade; these, in fact, can attenuate the infarct volume measured at 24 h post-ischemia when administered at 6 h in our same stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Da Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-Lee Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hsiurong Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Bao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kin-Shing Poon
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ted Weita Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Podgorski K, Ranganathan G. Brain heating induced by near-infrared lasers during multiphoton microscopy. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1012-23. [PMID: 27281749 PMCID: PMC5009202 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00275.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging and optogenetic stimulation rely on high illumination powers, particularly for state-of-the-art applications that target deeper structures, achieve faster measurements, or probe larger brain areas. However, little information is available on heating and resulting damage induced by high-power illumination in the brain. In the current study we used thermocouple probes and quantum dot nanothermometers to measure temperature changes induced by two-photon microscopy in the neocortex of awake and anaesthetized mice. We characterized heating as a function of wavelength, exposure time, and distance from the center of illumination. Although total power is highest near the surface of the brain, heating was most severe hundreds of micrometers below the focal plane, due to heat dissipation through the cranial window. Continuous illumination of a 1-mm(2) area produced a peak temperature increase of ∼1.8°C/100 mW. Continuous illumination with powers above 250 mW induced lasting damage, detected with immunohistochemistry against Iba1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, heat shock proteins, and activated caspase-3. Higher powers were usable in experiments with limited duty ratios, suggesting an approach to mitigate damage in high-power microscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Podgorski
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia
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Kim ES, Lee SK, Kwon MJ, Lee PH, Ju YS, Yoon DY, Kim HJ, Lee KS. Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model after Localized Brain Cooling in Rats. Korean J Radiol 2016; 17:715-24. [PMID: 27587960 PMCID: PMC5007398 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2016.17.5.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of localized brain cooling on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in rats, by using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI. Materials and Methods Thirty rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats each: control group, localized cold-saline (20℃) infusion group, and localized warm-saline (37℃) infusion group. The left middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 1 hour in anesthetized rats, followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. In the localized saline infusion group, 6 mL of cold or warm saline was infused through the hollow filament for 10 minutes after MCA occlusion. DCE-MRI investigations were performed after 3 hours and 24 hours of reperfusion. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the extended Tofts-Kety model were calculated for each DCE-MRI. In addition, rotarod testing was performed before tMCAO, and on days 1-9 after tMCAO. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) immunohisto-chemistry was performed to identify infiltrating neutrophils associated with the inflammatory response in the rat brain. Results Permeability parameters showed no statistical significance between cold and warm saline infusion groups after 3-hour reperfusion 0.09 ± 0.01 min-1 vs. 0.07 ± 0.02 min-1, p = 0.661 for Ktrans; 0.30 ± 0.05 min-1 vs. 0.37 ± 0.11 min-1, p = 0.394 for kep, respectively. Behavioral testing revealed no significant difference among the three groups. However, the percentage of MPO-positive cells in the cold-saline group was significantly lower than those in the control and warm-saline groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Localized brain cooling (20℃) does not confer a benefit to inhibit the increase in BBB permeability that follows transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in an animal model, as compared with localized warm-saline (37℃) infusion group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Soo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Mi Jung Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
| | - Phil Hye Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Su Ju
- Department of Industrial Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 05355, Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea
| | - Kwan Seop Lee
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
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Rubens FD, Nathan H. Lessons learned on the path to a healthier brain: dispelling the myths and challenging the hypotheses. Perfusion 2016; 22:153-60. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659107078142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic dysfunction remains the most significant complication associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The insidious change of cognitive decline has been perceived as a key factor that has contributed to the shift to percutaneous intervention for coronary disease. Current neuropsychologic testing provides the most sensitive means of demonstrating clinically relevant cerebral damage of this nature. Through extensive experience in randomized clinical trials of over 900 patients undergoing CPB, our team has addressed several key hypotheses related to the embolic/ischemic nature of cerebral injury in cardiac surgery, using this testing. In the first temperature study, patients randomized to hypothermia with passive re-warming had a lower incidence of neurocognitive deficit when compared with those patients who were actively re-warmed to 37°. In order to clarify the role of the hypothermia as opposed to the re-warming process, a second temperature study was completed. In the hypothermic group, patients were cooled and maintained at 34° with no active re-warming whereas, in the normothermic group, the patients were kept at 37° throughout the perioperative period. No difference in neurocognitive outcome in the two groups was seen, implying that the benefit seen in the first temperature study was related not to the hypothermia, but rather to the absence of active re-warming. In the cardiotomy study, patients were randomized to either a control group in which their cardiotomy blood was returned unprocessed, or a treatment group in which this blood was sequestered and processed with centrifugal washing and fat filtration. No significant difference in neurocognitive outcome was found in these two groups. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in bleeding and transfusion requirements in the treatment group. Many of our daily practices in CPB management are based upon assumptions from observational studies without sound reference to evidence-based medicine. Our recent studies have challenged our assumptions related to ischemia and embolic events during CPB. They have also confirmed that, when high standards in trial design are applied, the results can have universal implications in terms of our practice. Perfusion (2007) 22, 153—160.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser D. Rubens
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada,
| | - Howard Nathan
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesia, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Abstract
Hypothermia is the most potent neuroprotective therapy available. Clinical use of hypothermia is limited by technology and homeostatic mechanisms that maintain core body temperature. Recent advances in intravascular cooling catheters and successful trials of hypothermia for cardiac arrest revivified interest in hypothermia for stroke, resulting in Phase 1 clinical trials and plans for further development. Given the recent spate of neuroprotective therapy failures, we sought to clarify whether clinical trials of therapeutic hypothermia should be mounted in stroke patients. We reviewed the preclinical and early clinical trials of hypothermia for a variety of indications, the putative mechanisms for neuroprotection with hypothermia, and offer several hypotheses that remain to be tested in clinical trials. Therapeutic hypothermia is promising, but further Phase 1 and Phase 2 development efforts are needed to ensure that cooling of stroke patients is safe, before definitive efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Lyden
- Neurology and Research Services of the San Diego Veteran's Administration Medical Center and the Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Derk Krieger
- Section of Stroke and Neurological Critical Care, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Midori Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neurology Department of the San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Klahr AC, Nadeau CA, Colbourne F. Temperature Control in Rodent Neuroprotection Studies: Methods and Challenges. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2016; 7:42-49. [PMID: 27327871 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive animal research facilitated the clinical translation of therapeutic hypothermia for cardiac arrest in adults and hypoxic-ischemic injury in infants. Similarly, clinical interest in hypothermia for other brain injuries, such as stroke, has been greatly supported by positive findings in preclinical work. The reliability, validity, and utility of animal models, among many research practices (blinding, randomization, etc.), are key to successful clinical translation. Here, we review methods used to induce and maintain hypothermia in animal models. These include physical and pharmacological methods. We emphasize the advantages and limitations of each approach, and the importance of using clinically relevant cooling protocols and appropriate monitoring and reporting approaches. Moreover, we performed a literature survey of ischemic stroke studies published in 2015 to highlight the continuing risk of temperature confounds in neuroprotection studies. For example, many still do not accurately monitor and report temperature during surgery (23.5%), even though almost half of these studies (46.0%) use pharmaceutical agents that likely influence temperature. We hope this review stimulates awareness and discussion of the importance of temperature in neuroprotective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Klahr
- 1 Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Colby A Nadeau
- 2 Department of Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- 1 Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada .,2 Department of Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
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17
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Gonzales NR, Grotta JC. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Ji Z, Liu K, Cai L, Peng C, Xin R, Gao Z, Zhao E, Rastogi R, Han W, Rafols JA, Geng X, Ding Y. Therapeutic effect of tPA in ischemic stroke is enhanced by its combination with normobaric oxygen and hypothermia or ethanol. Brain Res 2015; 1627:31-40. [PMID: 26319679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our lab has previously elucidated the neuroprotective effects of normobaric oxygen (NBO) and ethanol (EtOH) in ischemic stroke. The present study further evaluated the effect of EtOH or hypothermia (Hypo) in the presence of low concentration of NBO and determined whether EtOH can substitute hypothermia in a more clinically relevant autologous embolus rat stroke model in which reperfusion was established by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). METHODS At 1h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by an autologous embolus, rats received t-PA. In addition, at the same time, ischemic animals were treated with either EtOH (1.0 g/kg) or hypothermia (33°C for 3h) in combination with NBO (60% for 3h). Extent of neuroprotection was assessed by apoptotic cell death measured by ELISA and Western immunoblotting analysis for pro- (AIF, activated Caspase-3, Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein expression at 3 and 24h of reperfusion induced by t-PA administration. RESULTS Compared to ischemic rats treated only with t-PA, animals with NBO, hypothermia or EtOH had significantly reduced apoptotic cell death by 32.5%, 43.1% and 36.0% respectively. Furthermore, combination therapy that included NBO+EtOH or NBO+Hypo with t-PA exhibited a much larger decline (p<0.01) in the cell death by 71.1% and 73.6%, respectively. Similarly, NBO+EtOH or NBO+Hypo treatment in addition to t-PA enhanced beneficial effects on both pro- and anti-apoptotic protein expressions as compared to other options. CONCLUSIONS Neuroprotection after stroke can be enhanced by combination treatment with either EtOH or hypothermia in the presence of t-PA and 60% NBO. Because the effects produced by EtOH and hypothermia are comparable, their mechanism of action may be not only similar but also could be interchangeable in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kayin Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lipeng Cai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ruiqiang Xin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Radiology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ethan Zhao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Radhika Rastogi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jose A Rafols
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Sex differences in behavioral outcomes following temperature modulation during induced neonatal hypoxic ischemic injury in rats. Brain Sci 2015; 5:220-40. [PMID: 26010486 PMCID: PMC4493466 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI; reduced oxygen and/or blood flow to the brain) can cause various degrees of tissue damage, as well as subsequent cognitive/behavioral deficits such as motor, learning/memory, and auditory impairments. These outcomes frequently result from cardiovascular and/or respiratory events observed in premature infants. Data suggests that there is a sex difference in HI outcome, with males being more adversely affected relative to comparably injured females. Brain/body temperature may play a role in modulating the severity of an HI insult, with hypothermia during an insult yielding more favorable anatomical and behavioral outcomes. The current study utilized a postnatal day (P) 7 rodent model of HI injury to assess the effect of temperature modulation during injury in each sex. We hypothesized that female P7 rats would benefit more from lowered body temperatures as compared to male P7 rats. We assessed all subjects on rota-rod, auditory discrimination, and spatial/non-spatial maze tasks. Our results revealed a significant benefit of temperature reduction in HI females as measured by most of the employed behavioral tasks. However, HI males benefitted from temperature reduction as measured on auditory and non-spatial tasks. Our data suggest that temperature reduction protects both sexes from the deleterious effects of HI injury, but task and sex specific patterns of relative efficacy are seen.
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20
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Shirey MJ, Smith JB, Kudlik DE, Huo BX, Greene SE, Drew PJ. Brief anesthesia, but not voluntary locomotion, significantly alters cortical temperature. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:309-22. [PMID: 25972579 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00046.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in brain temperature can alter electrical properties of neurons and cause changes in behavior. However, it is not well understood how behaviors, like locomotion, or experimental manipulations, like anesthesia, alter brain temperature. We implanted thermocouples in sensorimotor cortex of mice to understand how cortical temperature was affected by locomotion, as well as by brief and prolonged anesthesia. Voluntary locomotion induced small (∼ 0.1 °C) but reliable increases in cortical temperature that could be described using a linear convolution model. In contrast, brief (90-s) exposure to isoflurane anesthesia depressed cortical temperature by ∼ 2 °C, which lasted for up to 30 min after the cessation of anesthesia. Cortical temperature decreases were not accompanied by a concomitant decrease in the γ-band local field potential power, multiunit firing rate, or locomotion behavior, which all returned to baseline within a few minutes after the cessation of anesthesia. In anesthetized animals where core body temperature was kept constant, cortical temperature was still > 1 °C lower than in the awake animal. Thermocouples implanted in the subcortex showed similar temperature changes under anesthesia, suggesting these responses occur throughout the brain. Two-photon microscopy of individual blood vessel dynamics following brief isoflurane exposure revealed a large increase in vessel diameter that ceased before the brain temperature significantly decreased, indicating cerebral heat loss was not due to increased cerebral blood vessel dilation. These data should be considered in experimental designs recording in anesthetized preparations, computational models relating temperature and neural activity, and awake-behaving methods that require brief anesthesia before experimental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Shirey
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jared B Smith
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania;
| | - D'Anne E Kudlik
- Center for Neural Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Bing-Xing Huo
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie E Greene
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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21
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Dietrichs ES, Dietrichs E. Nevroprotektiv effekt av hypotermi. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2015; 135:1646-51. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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22
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Current preclinical studies on neuroinflammation and changes in blood-brain barrier integrity by MDMA and methamphetamine. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:125-34. [PMID: 24594477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential in the maintenance of brain homeostasis both by preserving normal brain functioning and also by protecting the brain from exposure to a range of potentially harmful substances. This review presents some of the evidence of BBB disruption following exposure to the substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and methamphetamine (METH), two drugs of abuse which are widely consumed recreationally by younger sectors of the population. Both MDMA and METH have been shown to produce disruption of the BBB as reflected by IgG extravasation and Evans Blue leakage. In particular, METH decreases the expression of basal lamina proteins associated with an increase in matrix metalloproteinase activity. These changes in BBB integrity appear to be related to MDMA-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) JNK1/2. The consequences of the disruption in the BBB by these two drugs remain to be established, but there is evidence in the literature that, at least in the case of METH, increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity may be related to increased behavioural sensitization and reward perhaps because of the modification of the passage of the drug into the CNS. In addition, the high incidence of AIDS-related neurologic disease in METH users may also be related to increased entry into the brain of virally derived neurotoxic products. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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23
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Ji Y, Hu Y, Wu Y, Ji Z, Song W, Wang S, Pan S. Therapeutic time window of hypothermia is broader than cerebral artery flushing in carotid saline infusion after transient focal ischemic stroke in rats. Neurol Res 2013; 34:657-63. [PMID: 22709718 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Ji
- Department of NeurologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- Department of NeurologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongming Wu
- Department of NeurologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Ji
- Department of NeurologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of NeurologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of NeurologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of NeurologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Fontes MT, McDonagh DL, Phillips-Bute B, Welsby IJ, Podgoreanu MV, Fontes ML, Stafford-Smith M, Newman MF, Mathew JP. Arterial hyperoxia during cardiopulmonary bypass and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 28:462-6. [PMID: 23972739 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of arterial normobaric hyperoxia during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on postoperative neurocognitive function. The authors hypothesized that arterial hyperoxia during CPB is associated with neurocognitive decline at 6 weeks after cardiac surgery. DESIGN Retrospective study of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. SETTING A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS One thousand eighteen patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or CABG + valve surgery with CPB who previously had been enrolled in prospective cognitive trials. INTERVENTIONS A battery of neurocognitive measures was administered at baseline and 6 weeks after surgery. Anesthetic and surgical care was managed as clinically indicated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Arterial hyperoxia was assessed primarily as the area under the curve (AUC) for the duration that PaO2 exceeded 200 mmHg during CPB and secondarily as the mean PaO2 during bypass, as a PaO2 = 300 mmHg at any point and as AUC>150 mmHg. Cognitive change was assessed both as a continuous change score and a dichotomous deficit rate. Multivariate regression accounting for age, years of education, baseline cognition, date of surgery, baseline postintubation PaO2, duration of CPB, and percent change in hematocrit level from baseline to lowest level during CPB revealed no significant association between hyperoxia during CPB and postoperative neurocognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Arterial hyperoxia during CPB was not associated with neurocognitive decline after 6 weeks in cardiac surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique T Fontes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - David L McDonagh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Ian J Welsby
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Mihai V Podgoreanu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Manuel L Fontes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Mark F Newman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Joseph P Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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Wei S, Sun J, Li J, Wang L, Hall CL, Dix TA, Mohamad O, Wei L, Yu SP. Acute and delayed protective effects of pharmacologically induced hypothermia in an intracerebral hemorrhage stroke model of mice. Neuroscience 2013; 252:489-500. [PMID: 23912033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke, including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), is a devastating subtype of stroke; yet, effective clinical treatment is very limited. Accumulating evidence has shown that mild to moderate hypothermia is a promising intervention for ischemic stroke and ICH. Current physical cooling methods, however, are less efficient and often impractical for acute ICH patients. The present investigation tested pharmacologically induced hypothermia (PIH) using the second-generation neurotensin receptor (NTR) agonist HPI-201 (formerly known as ABS-201) in an adult mouse model with ICH. Acute or delayed administrations of HPI-201 (2mg/kg bolus injection followed by 2 injections of 1mg/kg, i.p.) were initiated at 1 or 24h after ICH. HPI-201 induced mild hypothermia within 30 min and body and brain temperatures were maintained at 32.7 ± 0.4°C for at least 6h without causing observable shivering. With the 1-h delayed treatment, HPI-201-induced PIH significantly reduced ICH-induced cell death and brain edema compared to saline-treated ICH animals. When HPI-201-induced hypothermia was initiated 24h after the onset of ICH, it still significantly attenuated brain edema, cell death and blood-brain barrier breakdown. HPI-201 significantly decreased the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), reduced caspase-3 activation, and increased Bcl-2 expression in the ICH brain. Moreover, ICH mice received 1-h delayed HPI-201 treatment performed significantly better in the neurological behavior test 48 h after ICH. All together, these data suggest that systemic injection of HPI-201 is an effective hypothermic strategy that protects the brain from ICH injury with a wide therapeutic window. The protective effect of this PIH therapy is partially mediated through the alleviation of apoptosis and neurovascular damage. We suggest that pharmacological hypothermia using the newly developed neurotensin analogs is a promising therapeutic treatment for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Li J, Luan X, Lai Q, Clark JC, McAllister JP, Fessler R, Diaz FG, Ding Y. Long-term neuroprotection induced by regional brain cooling with saline infusion into ischemic territory in rats: a behavioral analysis. Neurol Res 2013; 26:677-83. [PMID: 15327759 DOI: 10.1179/016164104225015903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of hypothermia has long been recognized. Our recent studies have demonstrated the significant therapeutic value of local brain cooling in the ischemic territory prior to reperfusion in stroke, with reduced infarction and inflammatory responses up to 48 hours of reperfusion. The goal of this study was to determine if local brain cooling, produced by infusion of cold saline, could induce long-term functional improvement after stroke. A hollow filament was used to block the middle cerebral artery (MCA) for 3 hours, and then to locally infuse the ischemic territory with 6 ml cold saline (20 degrees C) for 10 minutes prior to reperfusion. This brain cooling infusion induced a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in neurologic deficits and significantly (p < 0.01) improved motor behavior in ischemic rats after 14 days of reperfusion, compared with ischemic rats without local cold saline infusion. This improvement continued for up to 28 days after reperfusion. No significant difference in motor performance was observed between the brain cooling infusion and normal control groups. Significant (p < 0.01) reductions in infarct volume were also evident. In conclusion, a local cerebral hypothermia induced by local saline infusion prior to reperfusion produced a long-term functional recovery after ischemic stroke. A therapeutic procedure, which combines prereperfusion infusion into an ischemic region with coincident cerebral hypothermia and perhaps subsequent recanalization of an occluded intracranial vessel, may improve the outcome for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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27
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Taniguchi T, Morikawa E, Mori T, Matsui T. Neuroprotective efficacy of selective brain hypothermia induced by a novel external cooling device on permanent cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurol Res 2013; 27:613-9. [PMID: 16157011 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed at examining whether hypothermia is neuroprotective against permanent cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS A total of 32 male Sprague--Dawley rats were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the hypothermic group, rats (n=10) underwent selective brain hypothermia for 5 hours with the use of a novel surface coil with coolant circulating inside. In the control (n=13) and sham groups (n=9), the rats were maintained at normothermia. After a period of 168 hours ischemia, animals were killed to measure the infarction volume of the brain stained with hematoxylin-eosin. RESULTS There were no significant differences in physiological parameters except for the temperature. The present style of hypothermia significantly reduced infarction volume in the cortex and caudoputamen. DISCUSSION The present results endorse the neuroprotective effect of our method of hypothermia in permanent focal cerebral ischemia at an endpoint of 1 week under the following two conditions: (1) reduction of muscle and caudoputamen temperature to 29 and 31 degrees C, respectively; (2) maintenance of the mean arterial blood pressure above 90 mmHg during hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiki Taniguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center/School, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan.
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Göbölös L, Philipp A, Ugocsai P, Foltan M, Thrum A, Miskolczi S, Pousios D, Khawaja S, Budra M, Ohri SK. Reliability of different body temperature measurement sites during aortic surgery. Perfusion 2013; 29:75-81. [PMID: 23863492 DOI: 10.1177/0267659113497228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We retrospectively performed a comparative analysis of temperature measurement sites during surgical repair of the thoracic aorta. METHODS Between January 2004 and May 2006, 22 patients (mean age: 63 ± 12 years) underwent operations on the thoracic aorta with arterial cannulation of the aortic arch concavity and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). Indications for surgical intervention were acute type A dissection in 14 (64%) patients, degenerative aneurysm in 6 (27%), aortic infiltration of thymic carcinoma in 1 (4.5%) and intra-aortic stent refixation in 1 (4.5%). Rectal, tympanic and bladder temperatures were evaluated to identify the best reference to arterial blood temperature during HCA and ACP. RESULTS There were no operative deaths and the 30-day mortality rate was 13% (three patients). Permanent neurological deficits were not observed and transient changes occurred in two patients (9%). During re-warming, there was strong correlation between tympanic and arterial blood temperatures (r = 0.9541, p<0.001), in contrast to the rectal and bladder temperature (r = 0.7654, p = n.s; r = 0.7939, p = n.s., respectively). CONCLUSION We conclude that tympanic temperature measurements correlate with arterial blood temperature monitoring during aortic surgery with HCA and ACP and, therefore, should replace bladder and rectal measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Göbölös
- 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
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Thomé C, Schubert GA, Schilling L. Hypothermia as a neuroprotective strategy in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a pathophysiological review focusing on the acute phase. Neurol Res 2013; 27:229-37. [PMID: 15845206 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x25252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains a very prevalent challenge in neurosurgery associated with a high morbidity and mortality due to the lack of specific treatment modalities. The prognosis of SAH patients depends primarily on three factors: (i) the severity of the initial bleed, (ii) the endovascular or neurosurgical procedure to occlude the aneurysm and (iii) the occurrence of late sequelae, namely delayed ischemic neurological deficits due to cerebral vasospasm. While neurosurgeons and interventionalists have put significant efforts in minimizing periprocedural complications and a multitude of investigators have been devoted to the research on chronic vasospasm, the acute phase of SAH has not been studied in comparable detail. In various experimental studies during the past decade, hypothermia has been shown to reduce neuronal damage after ischemia, traumatic brain injury and other cerebrovascular diseases. Clinically, only some of these encouraging results could be reproduced. This review analyses results of studies on the effects of hypothermia on SAH with special respect to the acute phase in an experimental setting. Based on the available data, some considerations for the application of mild to moderate hypothermia in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Thomé
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Wang F, Luo Y, Ling F, Wu H, Chen J, Yan F, He Z, Goel G, Ji X, Ding Y. Comparison of neuroprotective effects in ischemic rats with different hypothermia procedures. Neurol Res 2013; 32:378-83. [DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12670144526183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Salido EM, Dorfman D, Bordone M, Chianelli M, González Fleitas MF, Rosenstein RE. Global and ocular hypothermic preconditioning protect the rat retina from ischemic damage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61656. [PMID: 23626711 PMCID: PMC3633982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia could provoke blindness. At present, there is no effective treatment against retinal ischemic damage. Strong evidence supports that glutamate is implicated in retinal ischemic damage. We investigated whether a brief period of global or ocular hypothermia applied 24 h before ischemia (i.e. hypothermic preconditioning, HPC) protects the retina from ischemia/reperfusion damage, and the involvement of glutamate in the retinal protection induced by HPC. For this purpose, ischemia was induced by increasing intraocular pressure to 120 mm Hg for 40 min. One day before ischemia, animals were submitted to global or ocular hypothermia (33°C and 32°C for 20 min, respectively) and fourteen days after ischemia, animals were subjected to electroretinography and histological analysis. Global or ocular HPC afforded significant functional (electroretinographic) protection in eyes exposed to ischemia/reperfusion injury. A marked alteration of the retinal structure and a decrease in retinal ganglion cell number were observed in ischemic retinas, whereas global or ocular HPC significantly preserved retinal structure and ganglion cell count. Three days after ischemia, a significant decrease in retinal glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity was observed, whereas ocular HPC prevented the effect of ischemia on these parameters. The intravitreal injection of supraphysiological levels of glutamate induced alterations in retinal function and histology which were significantly prevented by ocular HPC. These results support that global or ocular HPC significantly protected retinal function and histology from ischemia/reperfusion injury, probably through a glutamate-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel M Salido
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires/CEFyBO, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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McCarthy P, Scott LK, Ganta CV, Minagar A. Hypothermic protection in traumatic brain injury. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2013; 20:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Lim CM. Rebound Inflammation Associated with Rewarming from Hypothermia in an Endotoxin-Injured Lung. Korean J Crit Care Med 2013. [DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2013.28.2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Man Lim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Seo M, Kim JH, Cho YE, Baek MC, Suk K. Hypothermic regulation of astrocyte proteome profile in experimental stroke. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3835-48. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Seo
- Department of Pharmacology; Brain Science & Engineering Institute; Kyungpook National University School of Medicine; Daegu; Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Brain Science & Engineering Institute; Kyungpook National University School of Medicine; Daegu; Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Cell & Matrix Biology Research Institute; Kyungpook National University School of Medicine; Daegu; Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Cell & Matrix Biology Research Institute; Kyungpook National University School of Medicine; Daegu; Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology; Brain Science & Engineering Institute; Kyungpook National University School of Medicine; Daegu; Korea
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Mitsias P. Ischemic stroke management in the critical care unit: The first 24 hours. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 8:151-9. [PMID: 17895158 DOI: 10.1016/s1052-3057(99)80021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Mitsias
- Center for Stroke Research, Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Detroit, MI, USA
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36
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Dickman CA. Thoracoscopic correction and placement of anterior instrumentation for scoliotic deformity. Case report. Neurosurg Focus 2012; 7:e2. [PMID: 16918210 DOI: 10.3171/foc.1999.7.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Correction of rigid scoliotic deformities involving the thoracic spine has required that a thoracotomy be performed to obtain anterior release to mobilize the deformity, as well as placement of corrective spinal instrumentation either via a separate posterior or anterior thoracic approach. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first published report of a case in which anterior correction of a deformity was achieved endoscopically. A 27-year-old man presented with a rigid 85 degrees thoracic kyphoscoliotic deformity that had developed over several years. He had previously undergone a C7-T12 laminectomy to decompress the spinal cord from a lipoma. Using thoracoscopic techniques, the author performed an anterior release and interbody fusion. Endoscopically, an anterior screw/rod system applied from T-5 to T-9 corrected the deformity to 55 degrees . There were no surgery-related complications. At follow-up examiniation 1.5 years after surgery, the patient had developed a solid fusion and the correction was maintained at an angle of 58 degrees . It is feasible to use thoracoscopic techniques to perform an anterior release and to apply anterior corrective spinal instrumentation to treat thoracic scoliotic deformities, thereby avoiding the need for an open posterior approach in which instrumentation is placed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dickman
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
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Abstract
Many neuroscientists access surface brain structures via a small cranial window, opened in the bone above the brain region of interest. Unfortunately this methodology has the potential to perturb the structure and function of the underlying brain tissue. One potential perturbation is heat loss from the brain surface, which may result in local dysregulation of brain temperature. Here, we demonstrate that heat loss is a significant problem in a cranial window preparation in common use for electrical recording and imaging studies in mice. In the absence of corrective measures, the exposed surface of the neocortex was at ∼28°C, ∼10°C below core body temperature, and a standing temperature gradient existed, with tissue below the core temperature even several millimeters into the brain. Cooling affected cellular and network function in neocortex and resulted principally from increased heat loss due to convection and radiation through the skull and cranial window. We demonstrate that constant perfusion of solution, warmed to 37°C, over the brain surface readily corrects the brain temperature, resulting in a stable temperature of 36-38°C at all depths. Our results indicate that temperature dysregulation may be common in cranial window preparations that are in widespread use in neuroscience, underlining the need to take measures to maintain the brain temperature in many physiology experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Kalmbach
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Ji YB, Wu YM, Ji Z, Song W, Xu SY, Wang Y, Pan SY. Interrupted intracarotid artery cold saline infusion as an alternative method for neuroprotection after ischemic stroke. Neurosurg Focus 2012; 33:E10. [DOI: 10.3171/2012.5.focus1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Intracarotid artery cold saline infusion (ICSI) is an effective method for protecting brain tissue, but its use is limited because of undesirable secondary effects, such as severe decreases in hematocrit levels, as well as its relatively brief duration. In this study, the authors describe and investigate the effects of a novel ICSI pattern (interrupted ICSI) relative to the traditional method (uninterrupted ICSI).
Methods
Ischemic strokes were induced in 85 male Sprague-Dawley rats by occluding the middle cerebral artery for 3 hours using an intraluminal filament. Uninterrupted infusion groups received an infusion at 15 ml/hour for 30 minutes continuously. The same infusion speed was used in the interrupted infusion groups, but the whole duration was divided into trisections, and there was a 20-minute interval without infusion between sections. Forty-eight hours after reperfusion, H & E and silver nitrate staining were utilized for morphological assessment. Infarct sizes and brain water contents were determined using H & E staining and the dry-wet weight method, respectively. Levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100β protein, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in the serum were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neurological deficits were also evaluated.
Results
Histology showed that interrupted ICSI did not affect neurons or fibers in rat brains, which suggests that this method is safe for brain tissues with ischemia. The duration of hypothermia induced by interrupted ICSI was longer than that induced via the traditional method, and the decrease in hematocrit levels was less pronounced. There were no differences in infarct size or brain water content between uninterrupted and interrupted ICSI groups, but neuron-specific enolase and matrix metalloproteinase 9 serum levels were more reduced after interrupted ICSI than after the traditional method.
Conclusions
Interrupted ICSI is a safe method. Compared with traditional ICSI, the interrupted method has a longer duration of hypothermia and less effect on hematocrit and offers more potentially improved neuroprotection, thereby making it more attractive as an infusion technique in the clinic.
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Yao C, Wei G, Lu XCM, Yang W, Tortella FC, Dave JR. Selective brain cooling in rats ameliorates intracerebral hemorrhage and edema caused by penetrating brain injury: possible involvement of heme oxygenase-1 expression. J Neurotrauma 2012; 28:1237-45. [PMID: 21463155 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema formation associated with trauma-induced intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a clinical complication with high mortality. Studies have shown that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays an important role in ICH-induced brain edema. In order to understand the role of HO-1 in the protective effect of selective brain cooling (SBC), we investigated the time course of HO-1 changes following penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in rats. Samples were collected from injured and control animals at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h, and 7 days post-injury to evaluate HO-1 expression, heme concentration, brain water content, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Following a 10% frontal PBBI, HO-1 mRNA and protein was increased at all time points studied, reaching maximum expression levels at 24-48 h post-injury. An increase in the heme concentration and the development of brain edema coincided with the upregulation of HO-1 mRNA and protein during the 7-day post-injury period. SBC significantly decreased PBBI-induced heme concentration, attenuated HO-1 upregulation, and concomitantly reduced brain water content. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of SBC may be partially mediated by reducing the heme accumulation, which reduced injury-mediated upregulation of HO-1, and in turn ameliorated edema formation. Collectively, these results suggest a potential value of HO-1 as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic biomarker in hemorrhagic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Yao
- Department of Applied Neurobiology, Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant AvenueSilver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Thundyil J, Pavlovski D, Hsieh YH, Gelderblom M, Magnus T, Fairlie DP, Arumugam TV. C5a receptor (CD88) inhibition improves hypothermia-induced neuroprotection in an in vitro ischemic model. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:30-9. [PMID: 22249919 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The concept of 'salvageble penumbra' has prompted both scientists and physicians to explore various neuroprotective approaches that could be beneficial during stroke therapy. Unfortunately, most of them have proved ineffective in targeting multiple cellular death cascades incited within the ischemic penumbra. Hypothermia has been shown to be capable of addressing this problem to some extent. Although many studies have shown that hypothermia targets several cellular processes, its effects on innate immune receptor-mediated apoptotic death still remain unclear. Moreover, whether inhibiting the signaling of innate immune receptors like complement anaphylatoxin C5a receptor (CD88) plays a role in this hypothermic neuroprotection still need to be deciphered. Using various types of ischemic insults in different neuronal cells, we confirm that hypothermia does indeed attenuate apoptotic neuronal cell death in vitro and this effect can be further enhanced by pharmacologically blocking or knocking out CD88. Thus, our study raises a promising therapeutic possibility of adding CD88 antagonists along with hypothermia to improve stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thundyil
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jha
- Neurology Clinic, B-27, Shri Krishna Puri, Patna, Bihar
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Gonzales NR, Grotta JC. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Kallmünzer B, Kollmar R. Temperature Management in Stroke – an Unsolved, but Important Topic. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 31:532-43. [DOI: 10.1159/000324621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhang G, Zhang JH, Qin X. Fever increased in-hospital mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 110:239-43. [PMID: 21116947 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0353-1_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fever is a common clinical complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and is usually related to prognosis in early stage of diseases. In our study, we try to help improve the outcome of SAH by assessing possible risk factors for fever and investigating the influence of fever on in-hospital mortality. METHODS Fever was defined as axillary temperature above 38.3°C appearing at least two times (not in the same day). One hundred and fifty-five patients with SAH were divided into febrile group and afebrile group. The following data were documented: patient demographics, clinical grade on admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, Hunt-Hess grade), conscious state on admission, presence of seizure, imaging assessment, admission glucose levels and plasma electrolytes levels. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to determine factors associated with fever or in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Forty-one percent of patients with SAH developed fever. As determined by univariate analysis, older age, history of hypertension, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Hunt-Hess grade, Fisher CT grade, conscious state on admission, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), admission glucose levels and plasma electrolytes levels were factors for fever. Multivariate analysis indicated that three factors independently predicted the occurrence of fever: poor Hunt-Hess grade (OR 5.37, 95% CI 1.56-18.44), presence of IVH (OR 5.18, 95% CI 1.43-18.85) and older age (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.09). In-hospital mortality after SAH was associated with fever (OR 17.36, 95% CI 4.47-67.35), consciousness disorders on admission (OR 5.89, 95% CI 1.16-29.89) and older age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00-1.13). CONCLUSIONS Poor Hunt-Hess grade, presence of IVH and older age are independent predictors of fever in SAH. Fever is closely related to increased in-hospital mortality after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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FUJII M, FUJIOKA H, OKU T, TANAKA N, IMOTO H, MARUTA Y, NOMURA S, KAJIWARA K, SAITO T, YAMAKAWA T, YAMAKAWA T, SUZUKI M. Application of Focal Cerebral Cooling for the Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2010; 50:839-44. [DOI: 10.2176/nmc.50.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masami FUJII
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
- Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment (CADET)
| | - Hiroshi FUJIOKA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
- Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment (CADET)
| | - Takayuki OKU
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
| | - Nobuhiro TANAKA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
| | - Hirochika IMOTO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
- Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment (CADET)
| | - Yuichi MARUTA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
- Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment (CADET)
| | - Sadahiro NOMURA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
- Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment (CADET)
| | - Koji KAJIWARA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
| | - Takashi SAITO
- Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
| | - Toshitaka YAMAKAWA
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering
- Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment (CADET)
| | - Takeshi YAMAKAWA
- Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
- Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment (CADET)
| | - Michiyasu SUZUKI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University
- Consortium of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment (CADET)
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Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Adults in Cardiac Arrest (E-CPR): A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. ASAIO J 2009; 55:581-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e3181bad907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712;
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
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Cebral E, Capani F, Selvín-Testa A, Funes MR, Coirini H, Loidl CF. NEOSTRIATAL CYTOSKELETON CHANGES FOLLOWING PERINATAL ASPHYXIA: EFFECT OF HYPOTHERMIA TREATMENT. Int J Neurosci 2009; 116:697-714. [PMID: 16753896 DOI: 10.1080/00207450600674970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Long-term changes of different types of neurofilaments (NF) and glial fibrillar acid protein (GFAP) were studied in neostriatal rat subjected to perinatal asphyxia (PA) under normothermic and hypothermic (15 degrees C) conditions, using immunohistochemistry for light and electron microscopy. Neostriatal neurons of 6-month-old rats that were subjected to 19 and 20 min of PA, showed an increase of NF 200 kDa immunostaining mainly in the axon fascicles in comparison with the control and hypothermia groups. In contrast, no alterations were seen with NF68 and NF160 neurofilament antibodies. Furthermore, the same PA groups showed astroglial cells with enhanced GFAP immunoreactivity, evidencing a typical astroglial reaction with a clear hypertrophy of these cells. A quantitative image analysis confirmed these observations. Hypothermic treated animals did show neither astroglial nor neuronal cytoskeletal changes in comparison to the control group. These findings showed that PA produces chronic cytoskeletal alterations in the neostriatum cells that can be prevented by hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cebral
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias Prof. E. De Robertis, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Beghdadi W, Porcherie A, Schneider BS, Morisset S, Dubayle D, Peronet R, Dy M, Louis J, Arrang JM, Mécheri S. Histamine H(3) receptor-mediated signaling protects mice from cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6004. [PMID: 19547708 PMCID: PMC2696087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histamine is a biogenic amine that has been shown to contribute to several pathological conditions, such as allergic conditions, experimental encephalomyelitis, and malaria. In humans, as well as in murine models of malaria, increased plasma levels of histamine are associated with severity of infection. We reported recently that histamine plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (CM) in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Histamine exerts its biological effects through four different receptors designated H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R. Principal Findings In the present work, we explored the role of histamine signaling via the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) in the pathogenesis of murine CM. We observed that the lack of H3R expression (H3R−/− mice) accelerates the onset of CM and this was correlated with enhanced brain pathology and earlier and more pronounced loss of blood brain barrier integrity than in wild type mice. Additionally tele-methylhistamine, the major histamine metabolite in the brain, that was initially present at a higher level in the brain of H3R−/− mice was depleted more quickly post-infection in H3R−/− mice as compared to wild-type counterparts. Conclusions Our data suggest that histamine regulation through the H3R in the brain suppresses the development of CM. Thus modulating histamine signaling in the central nervous system, in combination with standard therapies, may represent a novel strategy to reduce the risk of progression to cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Beghdadi
- Unité des Réponses Précoces aux Parasites et Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Porcherie
- Unité des Réponses Précoces aux Parasites et Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bradley S. Schneider
- Unité des Réponses Précoces aux Parasites et Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Morisset
- INSERM Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - David Dubayle
- Université Paris Descartes - CNRS UMR 8119, Paris, France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Unité des Réponses Précoces aux Parasites et Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Dy
- Cytokines, Hématopoïèse et Réponse Immune, CNRS UMR 8147 Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Louis
- Unité des Réponses Précoces aux Parasites et Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Arrang
- INSERM Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Salaheddine Mécheri
- Unité des Réponses Précoces aux Parasites et Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Oku T, Fujii M, Tanaka N, Imoto H, Uchiyama J, Oka F, Kunitsugu I, Fujioka H, Nomura S, Kajiwara K, Fujisawa H, Kato S, Saito T, Suzuki M. The influence of focal brain cooling on neurophysiopathology: validation for clinical application. J Neurosurg 2009; 110:1209-17. [DOI: 10.3171/2009.1.jns08499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Focal brain cooling has been recognized to have a suppressive effect on epileptiform discharges or a protective effect on brain tissue. However, the precise influence of brain cooling on normal brain function and histology has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurophysiopathological consequences of focal cooling and to detect the threshold temperature that causes irreversible histological change and motor dysfunction.
Methods
The experiments were performed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 250–350 g) after induction of halothane anesthesia. A thermoelectric chip (6 × 6 × 2 mm) was used as a cooling device and was placed on the surface of the sensorimotor cortex after a 10 × 8–mm craniotomy. A thermocouple was placed between the chip and the brain surface. Focal cooling of the cortex was performed at the temperatures of 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, and −5°C for 1 hour (5 rats in each group). Thereafter, the cranial window was repaired. Motor function was evaluated using the beam-walking scale (BWS) every day for 7 days. The rats were killed 7 days after the operation for histological examination with H & E, Klüver-Barrera, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling stainings. The authors also euthanized some rats 24 hours after cooling and obtained brain sections by the same methods.
Results
The BWS score was decreased on the day after cooling only in the −5°C group (p < 0.05), whereas the score did not change in the other temperature groups. Histologically, the appearance of cryoinjury such as necrosis, apoptosis, loss of neurons, and marked proliferation of astrocytes at the periphery of the lesion was observed only in the −5°C group, while no apparent changes were observed in the other temperature groups.
Conclusions
The present study confirmed that the focal cooling of the cortex for 1 hour above the temperature of 0°C did not induce any irreversible histological change or motor dysfunction. These results suggest that focal brain cooling above 0°C has the potential to be a minimally invasive and valuable modality for the treatment of severe brain injury or to assist in the examination of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joji Uchiyama
- 3Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Saito
- 3Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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