CRISPR-Cas9 and beyond: identifying target genes for developing disease-resistant plants

Throughout the history of crop domestication, desirable traits have been selected in agricultural products. However, such selection often leads to crops and vegetables with weaker vitality and viability than their wild ancestors when exposed to adverse environmental conditions. Considering the increasing human population and climate change challenges, it is crucial to enhance crop quality and quantity. Accordingly, the identification and utilization of diverse genetic resources are imperative for developing disease-resistant plants that can withstand unexpected epidemics of plant diseases. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent progress in genome-editing technologies, including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technologies. In particular, we classify disease-resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and several crop plants based on the roles or functions of the mutated genes in plant immunity and suggest potential target genes for molecular breeding of genome-edited disease-resistant plants. Genome-editing technologies are resilient tools for sustainable development and promising solutions for coping with climate change and population increases.

Assisted reproductive techniques and subsequent risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis in offspring: a nationwide birth cohort study in South Korea

OBJECTIVE

The relationship between assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and the risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) is controversial. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between ART and the risk of asthma and AR in a nationwide, large-scale birth cohort.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study utilized the National Health Insurance Service data in South Korea to conduct a nationwide, large-scale, population-based birth cohort. We included all infants born between 2017 and 2018. AR, asthma, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis were defined using the International Classification of Diseases tenth edition codes. Asthma was classified as allergic or non-allergic based on accompanying allergic diseases (AR, food allergy, or atopic dermatitis). Using 1:10 propensity score matching, we compared infants conceived through ART with those conceived naturally (non-ART). After matching, logistic regression was used to compare the hazard ratio for asthma and AR between the two groups.

RESULTS

We included 543,178 infants [male infants, 280,194 (51.38%)]. After matching, 8,925 and 74,229 infants were selected for the ART and non-ART groups, respectively. The ART group showed a decreased risk of asthma in the offspring [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.45; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41-0.48]. Similarly, for AR, being conceived by ART was associated with a decreased risk of AR (aHR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12-0.37). ART offspring showed a decreased risk of asthma and AR in offspring compared to that observed in non-ART offspring.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study offers important insights for clinicians, researchers, and parents regarding the health outcomes of ART-conceived infants and enhances our understanding of ART's impact on respiratory health.

The empty pelvis syndrome: a core data set from the PelvEx collaborative

BACKGROUND

Empty pelvis syndrome (EPS) is a significant source of morbidity following pelvic exenteration (PE), but is undefined. EPS outcome reporting and descriptors of radicality of PE are inconsistent; therefore, the best approaches for prevention are unknown. To facilitate future research into EPS, the aim of this study is to define a measurable core outcome set, core descriptor set and written definition for EPS. Consensus on strategies to mitigate EPS was also explored.

METHOD

Three-stage consensus methodology was used: longlisting with systematic review, healthcare professional event, patient engagement, and Delphi-piloting; shortlisting with two rounds of modified Delphi; and a confirmatory stage using a modified nominal group technique. This included a selection of measurement instruments, and iterative generation of a written EPS definition.

RESULTS

One hundred and three and 119 participants took part in the modified Delphi and consensus meetings, respectively. This encompassed international patient and healthcare professional representation with multidisciplinary input. Seventy statements were longlisted, seven core outcomes (bowel obstruction, enteroperineal fistula, chronic perineal sinus, infected pelvic collection, bowel obstruction, morbidity from reconstruction, re-intervention, and quality of life), and four core descriptors (magnitude of surgery, radiotherapy-induced damage, methods of reconstruction, and changes in volume of pelvic dead space) reached consensus-where applicable, measurement of these outcomes and descriptors was defined. A written definition for EPS was agreed.

CONCLUSIONS

EPS is an area of unmet research and clinical need. This study provides an agreed definition and core data set for EPS to facilitate further research.

OsMYB58 Negatively Regulates Plant Growth and Development by Regulating Phosphate Homeostasis

Phosphate (Pi) starvation is a critical factor limiting crop growth, development, and productivity. Rice (Oryza sativa) R2R3-MYB transcription factors function in the transcriptional regulation of plant responses to various abiotic stresses and micronutrient deprivation, but little is known about their roles in Pi starvation signaling and Pi homeostasis. Here, we identified the R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene OsMYB58, which shares high sequence similarity with AtMYB58. OsMYB58 expression was induced more strongly by Pi starvation than by other micronutrient deficiencies. Overexpressing OsMYB58 in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice inhibited plant growth and development under Pi-deficient conditions. In addition, the overexpression of OsMYB58 in plants exposed to Pi deficiency strongly affected root development, including seminal root, lateral root, and root hair formation. Overexpressing OsMYB58 strongly decreased the expression of the rice microRNAs OsmiR399a and OsmiR399j. By contrast, overexpressing OsMYB58 strongly increased the expression of rice PHOSPHATE 2 (OsPHO2), whose expression is repressed by miR399 during Pi starvation signaling. OsMYB58 functions as a transcriptional repressor of the expression of its target genes, as determined by a transcriptional activity assay. These results demonstrate that OsMYB58 negatively regulates OsmiR399-dependent Pi starvation signaling by enhancing OsmiR399s expression.

Overexpression of R2R3-MYB IbMYB1a induces anthocyanin pigmentation in soybean cotyledon

KEY MESSAGE

This is the first report showing anthocyanin accumulation in the soybean cotyledon via genetic transformation of a single gene. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] contains valuable components, including anthocyanins. To enhance anthocyanin production in Korean soybean Kwangankong, we utilized the R2R3-type MYB gene (IbMYB1a), known for inducing anthocyanin pigmentation in Arabidopsis. This gene was incorporated into constructs using two promoters: the CaMV 35S promoter (P35S) and the β-conglycinin promoter (Pβ-con). Kwangankong was transformed using Agrobacterium, and the presence of IbMYB1a and Bar transgenes in T0 plants was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by gene expression validation. Visual inspection revealed that one P35S:IbMYB1a and three Pβ-con:IbMYB1a lines displayed seed color change. Pβ-con:IbMYB1a T1 seeds accumulated anthocyanins in cotyledon outer layers, whereas P35S:IbMYB1a and non-transgenic black soybean (Cheongja 5 and Seum) accumulated anthocyanins in the seed coat. During the germination and growth phase, T1 seedlings from Pβ-con:IbMYB1a lines exhibited anthocyanin pigmentation in cotyledons for up to 1 month without growth aberrations. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed cyanidin-3-O-glucoside as the major anthocyanin in the Pβ-con:IbMYB1a line (#3). We analyzed the expression patterns of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, chalcone synthase 7,8, chalcone isomerase 1A, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavanone 3'-hydroxylase, dihydroflavanol reductase 1, dihydroflavanol reductase 2, anthocyanidin synthase 2, anthocyanidin synthase 3, and UDP glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase in transgenic and control Kwangankong and black soybean (Cheongja 5 and Seum) seeds using quantitative real-time PCR. We conclude that the induction of gene expression in transgenic plants in comparison with Kwangankong was attributable to IbMYB1a transformation. Notably, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavanone 3'-hydroxylase, and dihydroflavanol reductase 1 were abundantly expressed in black soybean seed coat, distinguishing them from transgenic cotyledons.

Association of Balance Impairment with Risk of Incident Dementia among Older Adults

BACKGROUND

A growing body of data suggests that balance impairment may be linked to the onset of dementia.

OBJECTIVES

However, a large-scale epidemiologic investigation is needed to clarify its association in older adults.

DESIGN

A retrospective-prospective hybrid database.

SETTING

Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the relationship between balance impairment and the risk of incident dementia, and the results were provided as adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). All participants were tracked until the date of incident dementia, death, or 31 December 2019 whichever came first.

PARTICIPANTS

We analyzed 143,788 older adults who had at least one health screening between 2009 and 2019 from the Korea National Health Insurance Service-Senior Cohort.

MEASUREMENTS

A total of 3,774 cases of dementia were discovered throughout 850,425 person-years of follow-up investigation. Balance impairment was associated with a risk of dementia compared to those without balance impairment (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.83; 95% CI, 1.69-2.00; P value <0.001).

RESULTS

Risks of the Alzheimer's disease (aHR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.65-1.96; P for trend <0.001) and the vascular dementia (aHR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.89-4.58; P for trend <0.001) showed comparable trends and findings.

CONCLUSIONS

Balance impairment was found to be independently associated with an increased risk of dementia in older adults.

Comparison of the success rate of tracheal intubation between stylet and bougie with a hyperangulated videolaryngoscope: a randomised controlled trial

Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopes are known to increase the success rate of tracheal intubation in the setting of difficult airway management when used with a stylet or bougie. However, there is controversy over which adjunct is more useful. This randomised study aimed to compare first attempt tracheal intubation success rate between a stylet and bougie when using a hyperangulated videolaryngoscope. We recruited patients aged > 20 years who were scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia and required tracheal intubation. We only included patients with factors predicting difficult tracheal intubation based on pre-anaesthesia airway evaluation. Tracheal intubation was attempted using a Glidescope® with either a stylet or bougie as an adjunct according to group assignment. Primary outcome was the success rate of the first tracheal intubation attempt, and secondary outcomes were success of second and third attempts; tracheal intubation time; and occurrence of sore throat, dysphagia or hoarseness. A total of 166 patients were included. The success rate of the first tracheal intubation attempt was significantly higher in patients allocated to the bougie group compared with those allocated to the stylet group (81/83 (98%) vs. 73/83 (88%), respectively; p = 0.032). The number of patients who needed two attempts was significantly lower in those allocated to the bougie group compared with those allocated to the stylet group (1/83 (1%) vs. 9/83 (11%), respectively; p = 0.018). Each group had one patient (1%) where tracheal intubation was achieved after a third attempt. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of sore throat, dysphagia and hoarseness between the two groups. When difficult tracheal intubation is anticipated and a hyperangulated videolaryngoscope is used, the success rate of the first attempt is higher when a bougie is used compared with a stylet.

Effects of vitamin E and selenium administration on transportation stress in pregnant dairy heifers

We investigated the effects of road transportation and administration of the vitamin E and selenium (ESe) on circulating cortisol, haptoglobin, blood metabolites, oxidative biomarkers, white blood cell profiles, and behaviors in pregnant dairy heifers. Forty pregnant Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments: no transportation and no ESe administration, no transportation and ESe administration, transportation and no administration, and transportation and ESe administration. The ESe (70 IU/kg dry matter feed of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate and 0.3 mg/kg dry matter feed of sodium selenite) was orally delivered once a day from 7 d before transportation to 3 d after transportation. The heifers were transported in trucks designed for cattle transportation. Blood was collected 1 h before transportation, immediately after transportation (IAT), and at 6, 24, and 48 h after transportation. Behaviors were recorded using a video camera for 2 consecutive days after transportation. Transported/non-ESe-administered heifers had greater cortisol at IAT, haptoglobin at 6 and 24 h after transportation, total oxidative status at 6 h after transportation, and nonesterified fatty acid levels, white blood cell numbers, and neutrophil percentages at IAT and 6 h after transportation in the blood than nontransported heifers. Transported/non-ESe-administered heifers had lower total antioxidative status levels at 48 h after transportation and lymphocyte percentages at IAT and 6 h after transportation than nontransported heifers. Lying time was shorter in transported heifers than nontransported/non-ESe-administered heifers. Transported/ESe-administered heifers had lower cortisol, total oxidative status, nonesterified fatty acid levels at IAT, and haptoglobin concentrations at 6 and 24 h after transportation than transported/non-ESe-administered heifers. Transported/ESe-administered heifers had greater total antioxidative status levels at 48 h after transportation than transported/non-ESe-administered heifers. No ESe administration effects were observed for white blood cell number and neutrophil and lymphocyte percentages and lying time. In conclusion, road transportation caused temporary oxidative stress. Administrating ESe partially alleviated the stress, suggesting that ESe administration could be a viable strategy to reduce stress in transported pregnant heifers, providing a novel role of vitamin E and selenium for improving animal welfare.

National trends in the prevalence of hepatitis B and C in South Korea, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2007-2021) - a nationwide representative study

OBJECTIVE

Due to the various changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, some infectious diseases showed different epidemiology and prevalence during the pandemic. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on trends in the prevalence of hepatitis B and C related to the pandemic. Thus, we compared the prevalence of hepatitis B and C before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive trend analysis with a nationwide serial cross-sectional survey from 2007 to 2021 (n=86,931) using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The changes in the prevalence of hepatitis B and C were evaluated using a weighted regression model to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULTS

From 2007 to 2021, 86,931 Korean adults aged 19 or older were included in the KNHANES data. The prevalence of hepatitis B showed a declining trend until the onset of the pandemic (1.80% in 2007-2009; 1.08% in 2016-2019; and 1.01% in 2020), at which point this trend reversed (1.39% in 2021). The prevalence of hepatitis C remained stable (0.14% in 2007-2009 and 0.18% in 2016-2019), with no particular surge related to the COVID-19 pandemic (βdiff, -0.002; 95% CI, -0.761 to 0.756). For hepatitis B, old age was identified as a pandemic-related vulnerable factor (ratio of odds ratio, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.05-2.70).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, unlike other infectious diseases, hepatitis B and C did not show a decreasing trend during the pandemic. In particular, hepatitis B showed a rebound trend during the pandemic, which was noticeable in those aged 60 or older. Further studies are needed to support these findings.

Search for Boosted Dark Matter in COSINE-100

We search for energetic electron recoil signals induced by boosted dark matter (BDM) from the galactic center using the COSINE-100 array of NaI(Tl) crystal detectors at the Yangyang Underground Laboratory. The signal would be an excess of events with energies above 4 MeV over the well-understood background. Because no excess of events are observed in a 97.7  kg·yr exposure, we set limits on BDM interactions under a variety of hypotheses. Notably, we explored the dark photon parameter space, leading to competitive limits compared to direct dark photon search experiments, particularly for dark photon masses below 4 MeV and considering the invisible decay mode. Furthermore, by comparing our results with a previous BDM search conducted by the Super-Kamionkande experiment, we found that the COSINE-100 detector has advantages in searching for low-mass dark matter. This analysis demonstrates the potential of the COSINE-100 detector to search for MeV electron recoil signals produced by the dark sector particle interactions.

A Low-Voltage, High-Force Capacity Electroadhesive Clutch Based on Ionoelastomer Heterojunctions

Electroadhesive devices with dielectric films can electrically program changes in stiffness and adhesion, but require hundreds of volts and are subject to failure by dielectric breakdown. Recent work on ionoelastomer heterojunctions has enabled reversible electroadhesion with low voltages, but these materials exhibit limited force capacities and high detachment forces. It is a grand challenge to engineer electroadhesives with large force capacities and programmable detachment at low voltages (<10 V). In this work, tough ionoelastomer/metal mesh composites with low surface energies are synthesized and surface roughness is controlled to realize sub-ten-volt clutches that are small, strong, and easily detachable. Models based on fracture and contact mechanics explain how clutch compliance and surface texture affect force capacity and contact area, which is validated over different geometries and voltages. These ionoelastomer clutches outperform the best existing electroadhesive clutches by fivefold in force capacity per unit area (102 N cm-2 ), with a 40-fold reduction in operating voltage (± 7.5 V). Finally, the ability of the ionoelastomer clutches to resist bending moments in a finger wearable and as a reversible adhesive in an adjustable phone mount is demonstrated.

Robotic abdominoperineal resection for T4b rectal cancer using the da Vinci SP platform

PURPOSE

The aim of the present report wasto describe a novel technique of robotic abdominoperineal resection (APR) for the treatment of T4b low rectal cancer using the da Vinci® Single-Port (SP) system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).

METHODS

A 3-cm transverse incision was made in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen, in the area designated for permanent colostomy. A Uniport® (Dalim Medical, Seoul, Korea) was introduced and a 25 mm multichannel SP trocar was inserted into the Uniport. A 5-mm laparoscopic assistant port was introduced on the upper midline. A video showing each step of the technique is attached.

RESULTS

Two consecutive female patients (70 and 74 years old) underwent SP robotic APR with partial resection of the vagina 8 weeks after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. In both cases, rectal cancer was located 1 cm above the anal verge and invaded the vagina (initial stage and ymrT stage T4b). Operative time was 150 and 180 min, respectively. Estimated blood loss was 10 and 25 ml, respectively. No postoperative complications occurred. The length of postoperative hospital stay was 5 days in both cases. The final pathological stage was ypT4bN0 and ypT3N0 respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In this first experience, SP robotic APR appears to be a safe and feasible procedure for locally advanced low rectal cancer. In addition, the invasiveness of the procedure is reduced by means of the SP system, which only requires a single incision in the area designated for colostomy. Prospective studies on a larger number of patients are necessary to confirm the outcomes of this technique compared to other minimally invasive approaches.

Lymphatic muscle cells are the innate pacemaker cells regulating mouse lymphatic collecting vessel contractions

Collecting lymphatic vessels (cLVs) exhibit spontaneous contractions with a pressure-dependent frequency, but the identity of the lymphatic pacemaker cell is still debated. By analogy to pacemakers in the GI and lower urinary tracts, proposed cLV pacemaker cells include interstitial cells of Cajal like cells (ICLC), pericytes, as well as the lymphatic muscle (LMCs) cells themselves. Here we tested the extent to which these cell types are invested into the mouse cLV wall and if any cell type exhibited morphological and functional processes characteristic of pacemaker cells: a contiguous network; spontaneous Ca2+ transients; and depolarization-induced propagated contractions. We employed inducible Cre (iCre) mouse models routinely used to target these specific cell populations including: c-kitCreERT2 to target ICLC; PdgfrβCreERT2 to target pericytes; PdgfrαCreER™ to target CD34+ adventitial fibroblast-like cells or ICLC; and Myh11CreERT2 to target LMCs. These specific inducible Cre lines were crossed to the fluorescent reporter ROSA26mT/mG, the genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor GCaMP6f, and the light-activated cation channel rhodopsin2 (ChR2). c-KitCreERT2 labeled both a sparse population of LECs and round adventitial cells that responded to the mast cell activator compound 48-80. PdgfrβCreERT2 drove recombination in both adventitial cells and LMCs, limiting its power to discriminate a pericyte specific population. PdgfrαCreER™ labeled a large population of interconnected, oak leaf-shaped cells primarily along the adventitial surface of the vessel. Titrated induction of the smooth muscle-specific Myh11CreERT2 revealed a LMC population with heterogeneous morphology. Only LMCs consistently, but heterogeneously, displayed spontaneous Ca2+ events during the diastolic period of the contraction cycle, and whose frequency was modulated in a pressure-dependent manner. Optogenetic depolarization through the expression of ChR2 by Myh11CreERT2, but not PdgfrαCreER™ or c-KitCreERT2, resulted in a propagated contraction. These findings support the conclusion that LMCs, or a subset of LMCs, are responsible for mouse cLV pacemaking.

Definitive Radiotherapy in Patients with Clinical T1N0M0 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

In this study, we aimed to assess the failure pattern and survival outcomes and to analyze the optimal treatment field of definitive RT for T1N0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

MATERIALS/METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis in a multi-institutional cohort of patients with histologically confirmed T1N0M0 ESCC. We included patients who underwent RT with definitive aim from 2010 to 2019. Patterns of failure were demonstrated as in-field locoregional, out-field locoregional and distant metastasis. In the survival analysis, freedom from locoregional recurrence and their association with clinicopathologic risk factors were analyzed. We performed a propensity score matching in the cT1b patients to adjust for the heterogeneity of radiation technique, radiation dose and the use of concurrent chemotherapy.

RESULTS

A total of 168 patients were included with a median follow-up of 34.0 months, and there were 20 cT1a, 94 cT1b and 24 cT1x, (cT1, not otherwise specified) patients. The rates of all and locoregional failure were 26.9% and 23.1% for cT1a and 25.0% and 22.4% for cT1b patients. 10 (10.6%) patients experienced grade ≥ 3 adverse events. Among 116 cT1b patients, 69 patients received elective nodal irradiation (ENI) and 47 patients received involved field irradiation (IFI). After propensity score matching, the 3-year FFLRR rate was 84.5% (95% Confidence Interval, 71.0 - 92.1%). There was no significant difference between the ENI and IFI patients in FFLRR (Log-rank P = 0.831). In the multivariate analysis, the use of concurrent chemotherapy was the only factor marginally associated with FFLRR (Hazard ratio, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.02 - 1.13; P = 0.067).

CONCLUSION

cT1a patients who cannot receive endoscopic resection, showed similar rates of failure compared with cT1b patients, which questioned the accuracy of the staging and raised the need for through treatment such as chemoradiotherapy. In cT1b patients, IFI using dose of 50 to 60 Gy with concurrent chemotherapy could be a reasonable treatment option.

Treatment Outcomes of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Pulmonary Metastasis from Sarcoma: A Multicenter, Retrospective Study

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcomes and potential dose-response relationship of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for pulmonary metastasis of sarcoma.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A retrospective review of 39 patients and 71 lesions treated with SBRT from two institutions was performed. The patients had oligometastatic or oligoprogressive disease, or were receiving palliation. Doses of 20-60 Gy were delivered in 1-5 fractions. The local control per tumor (LCpT) was evaluated according to the biologically effective dose with an α/β ratio of 10 (BED10) of the prescribed dose (BED10 ≥ 100 Gy vs. BED10 < 100 Gy). Clinical outcomes per patient, including local control per patient (LCpP), pulmonary progression-free rate (PPFR), any progression-free rate (APFR), and overall survival (OS) were investigated.

RESULTS

The median follow-up period was 27.2 months. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year LCpT rates for the entire cohort were 100.0%, 88.3%, and 73.6%, respectively. There was no observed difference in LCpT between the two BED10 groups (p = 0.180). The 3-year LCpP, PPFR, APFR, and OS rates were 78.1%, 22.7%, 12.9%, and 83.7%, respectively. Five (12.8%) patients with oligometastasis had long-term disease-free intervals, with a median survival period of 40.7 months. Factors that were associated with a worse prognosis were oligoprogression (vs. oligometastasis), multiple pulmonary metastases, and simultaneous extrathoracic metastasis.

CONCLUSION

SBRT for pulmonary metastasis of sarcoma is effective. Some selected patients may achieve durable response. Considerations of SBRT indication and disease extent may be needed as they may influence the prognosis.

The Early and Late Effects of High-Dose Irradiation on Cardiac Injury in a Rat Model

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Radiation-induced heart disease is a critical concern after radiotherapy (RT) for thoracic and chest wall tumors; however, the biological effects and mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, we investigated dose-responsive functional and pathological changes in rat hearts at 1, 3, and 5 months after high-dose irradiation. Then, we sought to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of myocardial changes induced by high-dose irradiation.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Whole hearts of rats (N = 72) were irradiated with a single fraction of 0 (control), 10, 20, or 30 Gy and allocated into three groups according to the follow-up period after RT: baseline, one, three, and five months. During follow-up periods, rats underwent functional evaluation by electrocardiogram and echocardiography at 4-week intervals. If a rat's body weight decreased by 20% or more, it was considered premature death, and the heart was explanted immediately. Otherwise, all hearts were explanted when each group's follow-up period was completed. Pathological changes of cardiac structures were evaluated using a light microscope after staining with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, and connexin-43.

RESULTS

All rats irradiated with 0 or 10 Gy completed their follow-up periods with continuously increasing body weight. However, among rats irradiated with 20 or 30 Gy, half of the rats died prematurely at 8-10 weeks after RT, and the remainder survived until 20 weeks. In echocardiography, increased wall thickness and E/E' ratio, and decreased end-diastolic volume were observed in 20-30 Gy groups compared to 0-10 Gy groups from 8 weeks after RT. Ejection fraction was preserved in all groups. In pathological review, 20-30 Gy groups demonstrated diffuse inflammation and vacuolization at 4 weeks. Then, at 8 weeks, prominent fibrotic changes and intercalated disc disruptions were observed. Notably, fibrotic changes were somewhat resolved at 20 weeks, but intercalated disc disruptions were not repaired until 20 weeks. The 0 and 10 Gy groups showed no significant changes in both functional and pathological analyses.

CONCLUSION

Rats irradiated with 20 or 30 Gy showed diastolic dysfunction in functional analysis and time-dependent myocardial changes in pathological analysis. Radiation-induced fibrosis might be a "reactive" fibrosis, which could proceed to either a profibrotic course (progressive fibrosis) or an anti-fibrotic course (recovery phase). Further studies are needed to identify whether high-dose irradiation-induced cardiac fibrosis could be reversible.

Biophysical characterization of siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles with different PEG content in an aqueous system

Although lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are potential carriers of various pharmaceutical ingredients, further investigation for maintaining their stability under various environmental stressors must be performed. This study evaluated the influence of PEGylation and stress conditions on the stability of siRNA-loaded LNPs with different concentrations of PEG (0.5 mol%; 0.5 % PEG-LNP and 1.0 mol%; 1.0 % PEG-LNP) anchored to their surface. We applied end-over-end agitation, elevated temperature, and repeated freeze and thaw (F/T) cycles as physicochemical stressors of pH and ionic strength. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), flow imaging microscopy (FIM), and ionic-exchange chromatography (IEX) were to determine the degree of aggregation and change in siRNA content. The results indicate that 0.5 % PEG-LNP resisted aggregation only at low pH levels or with salt, whereas 1.0 % PEG-LNP had increased colloidal stability except at pH 4. 0.5 % PEG-LNP withstood aggregation until 71 °C and three cycles of F/T. In contrast, 1.0 % PEG-LNP maintained colloidal stability at 90 °C and seven F/T cycles. Moreover, 1.0 % PEG-LNP had higher siRNA stability under all stress conditions. Therefore, to ensure the stability of LNP and encapsulated siRNA, the PEG concentration must be carefully controlled while considering LNPs' colloidal instability mechanisms under various stress conditions.

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and chronic kidney disease: a nationwide population-based study

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a significant impact on global health. Studies have shown that subclinical thyroid dysfunction may be related to CKD, but the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and CKD in the general population is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the risk of CKD according to thyroid function status in a large cohort.

METHODS

We analyzed data from a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional survey (KNHANES VI). A total of 3,257 participants aged ≥ 19 years who underwent thyroid and kidney function assessments were included in this study. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or urine albumin-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g. The risk of CKD according to thyroid function status was assessed using logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Overall, 6.7% of the participants had CKD. There were no significant differences in thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels between the groups with and without CKD. The proportion of participants with CKD was significantly different among the thyroid function status groups (p = 0.012) and tended to increase significantly in the following order: subclinical hyperthyroidism (1.5%), euthyroidism (6.6%), and subclinical hypothyroidism (12.6%) (p for trend < 0.001). Subclinical hypothyroidism was a significant risk factor for CKD, even after adjusting for sex, age, household income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, walking activity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, hyperglycemia, free thyroxine, and thyroid-peroxidase anibody (odds ratio 2.161, 95% confidence interval 1.032-4.527, p = 0.041).

CONCLUSION

Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent predictor of CKD in the general population.

A162 RARE PRESENTATION OF EXTRANODAL NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMA INVOLVING STOMACH AND EYE: CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Background

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare and aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ENKTL are predominantly localized to nasal and upper aerodigestive sites, but extranasal involvement including gastrointestinal tract are rarely seen. Small and large intestines are primary sites of gastrointestinal ENKTL. Gastric involvements are exceedingly rare accounting for less than 5% of all gastrointestinal ENKTL.

Purpose

We present a literature review on gastrointestinal ENKTL and a case report of gastrointestinal bleed secondary to ENKTL involving stomach and left orbit.

Method

Case report and literature review.

Result(s)

33-year-old female was admitted to a tertiary hospital with 3-week history of epigastric pain and left periorbital swelling. Abdominal CT showed edema and thickening of gastric folds. Head CT showed grossly enlarged left lateral rectus muscle and periorbital soft tissue swelling suggestive of left orbital pseudotumor. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed multifocal Forrest classification II-C ulcerations throughout her stomach and duodenum. Biopsies from stomach showed gastric mucosa with extensive infiltration by an atypical lymphoid cell population. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated high grade lymphoid cells with uniform expression of CD2, CD3, CD30, CD56, TIA1, perforin and granzyme B. EBV-encoded small RNA in-situ hybridization (EBER ISH) was strongly positive. Findings were consistent with gastric ENKTL. Left orbital biopsy revealed similar morphology and phenotypic features consistent with concurrent ENKTL involvement of her orbit. Patient was initiated on intravenous corticosteroids, but unfortunately developed hemorrhagic shock secondary to gastrointestinal bleeding from gastric ulcer and passed away.

Gastrointestinal ENKTL is a rare presentation of a rare disease. Gastric involvement is especially rare and described only in few case reports. Gastrointestinal ENKTL are often initially asymptomatic but can progress to abdominal pain, bleeding and even bowel perforation. Due its nonspecific clinical features and rarity, diagnosis can be difficult and requires careful examination by an experienced pathologist. This aggressive lymphoma is characterized by positive CD2, CD3, CD30, CD56, TIA, granzyme B, perforin and EBER ISH. Optimal treatment approach remains unclear due to lack of prospective clinical studies. Currently, treatment modalities used for other lymphomas including radiotherapy and non-anthracycline-based chemotherapy are used. Despite treatment, prognosis is grim with median overall survival period of 7-8 months.

Image

Conclusion(s)

We present a case of gastric and orbital ENKTL with gastric ulcer bleeding. Gastric ENKTL disease is a rare presentation of a rare disease. Due to non-specific clinical features, diagnosis is often difficult and relies on careful pathology examination by experienced pathologist. Prognosis is poor without optimal treatment approach due to rarity of disease and lack of validated data.

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Disclosure of Interest

None Declared

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES

MECHANISMS AND TREATMENTS

A135 ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION OF GASTRIC ADENOMAS AND EARLY CARCINOMAS

Background

Management of gastric adenoma and early gastric cancer requires endoscopic resection. This can often be achieved with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), which has been shown to be effective with a good safety profile. One disadvantage of EMR is that it is often completed piecemeal, leading to indeterminant margins and higher rates of recurrences that require additional intervention. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a more advanced endoscopic resection technique that has been shown to be more effective than EMR at en-bloc resection. ESD requires high technical proficiency but it is becoming more widely available in western countries.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to report on the outcomes and rates of complications of gastric ESD completed in a tertiary centre in British Columbia.

Method

All gastric ESD was completed by a senior therapeutic endoscopist who has previously received training in Japan. Retrospective data were collected on all gastric ESD procedures done in St. Paul’s Hospital from May 7th, 2015, when the procedure first became available, to Aug 30th, 2022. Inclusion criteria were all adults who have undergone ESD for resection of a gastric lesion. Exclusion criteria were patients younger than 18. Data collected included demographic variables, polyp characteristics, procedural outcomes, and complications.

Result(s)

A total of 49 ESD procedures were completed. The mean size of the resected lesions was 25.3 mm (range: 5 – 100 mm). Technical success, defined as successful resection of all polypoid tissue, was achieved in 48/49 procedures (98.0%). En bloc resection was achieved in 42/48 (87.5%) completed ESD. The rate of R0 resection was also 42/48 (87.5%). Curative resection, defined as technically successful ESD with an R0 margin and no lymphovascular invasion, was achieved in 41/49 (83.7%) of the cases. In our cohort, 8 patients had adenocarcinoma, 5 of which had a curative resection with no evidence of recurrence. None of the ESD resulted in any intra-procedural or delayed perforation. 5/49 (10.2%) patients had clinically significant post-endoscopic resection bleeding. Out of 37 patients that completed follow-up, 3 (8.1%) had recurrence, and all of them were managed endoscopically. 4/49 (8.2%) of patients required surgery post-ESD.

Conclusion(s)

In our cohort, ESD is an effective endoscopic resection modality for gastric lesions with a high rate of technical success and curative resection. Despite a deeper plane of resection versus other endoscopic resection modalities, its complication rate remains low. Although ESD requires high technical proficiency, its favorable outcomes along with low rates of complication make ESD highly feasible for the resection of gastric lesions. Further research will be needed to study the implementation and outcomes of

ESD in a western setting.

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None

Disclosure of Interest

None Declared

A131 ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION OF COLORECTAL ADENOMAS AND EARLY ADENOCARCINOMAS: OUTCOMES FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA

Background

Endoscopic resection is the standard of care for the management of colorectal polyps. Larger and more complex polyps require endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). While complications have been low, EMR is often piecemeal, resulting in indeterminant margins and often a higher recurrence rate. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an advanced endoscopic resection technique with a higher rate of en bloc resection. While more data exist for the resection of gastric lesions with ESD, ESD is becoming more widely used in western countries for the resection of colorectal lesions.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to report on the outcomes and rates of complications for colorectal ESD completed in a tertiary centre in British Columbia.

Method

All colorectal ESD was completed by a senior therapeutic endoscopist who has previously received training in Japan. Retrospective data were collected on all colorectal ESD procedures done in St. Paul’s Hospital from July 11th, 2016, when the procedure first became available, to Aug 30th, 2022. Inclusion criteria were all adults who have undergone ESD for resection of a colorectal lesion. Exclusion criteria were patients younger than 18. Data collected included demographic variables, polyp characteristics, procedural outcomes, and complications.

Result(s)

A total of 39 ESD procedures were completed. The mean size of the resected lesion was 30.4 mm (range: 5 – 60 mm). Technical success, defined as successful resection of all polypoid tissue, was achieved in 35/39 procedures (89.7%). En-bloc resection was achieved in 27/35 (77.1%) of the completed ESD. The rate of R0 resection was 22/35 (62.9%). Curative resection, defined as technically successful ESD with R0 margin and no lymphovascular invasion, was achieved in 23/39 (59.0%) of the cases and the majority of the patients with non-curative resection that underwent endoscopic surveillance had no recurrence on follow-up. In our cohort, 3/39 (7.7%) patients had adenocarcinoma. None of the ESD resulted in any intra-procedural or delayed perforation. 3/39 (7.7%) patients had clinically significant post-endoscopic resection bleeding. Out of 24 patients that completed follow-up, 4 (16.7%) had recurrence at the resection site that was managed endoscopically. 4/39 (10.3%) of patients required surgery post-ESD.

Conclusion(s)

In our cohort, ESD is an effective endoscopic resection modality for the management of colorectal adenomas and early adenocarcinoma with a high rate of technical success and low rates of complications. Although the rate of curative resection was low, most were the result of R1 or Rx resection and a majority of the follow-ups in this subgroup demonstrated no further recurrence. The rate of en bloc resection is high, especially given the average size of adenomas in this cohort. Although ESD requires high technical proficiency, its favorable outcomes and low complication rates make ESD highly feasible for the resection of colorectal lesions.

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None

Disclosure of Interest

None Declared

Risk factors for delirium among patients with advanced cancer in palliative care: a multicenter, patient-based registry cohort in South Korea

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies have comprehensively investigated the prevalence and various potential risk factors for delirium among patients with advanced cancer admitted to the acute palliative care unit (APCU). Our objective was to evaluate the comprehensive association between delirium and various risk factors among patients with advanced cancer in an acute palliative care setting using a patient-based multicenter registry cohort.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We performed a multicenter, patient-based registry cohort study collected in South Korea between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020. Delirium was identified using a medical record review based on the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

RESULTS

In total, 2,124 eligible patients with advanced cancer in the APCU met the inclusion criteria. There were 127 out of 2,124 patients (prevalence, 6.0%; 95% CI, 5.0 to 7.1) with delirium during admission. Delirium in patients with advanced cancer was associated with age >70 years (OR, 1.793; 95% CI, 1.246 to 2.581), male sex (OR, 1.675; 95% CI, 1.131 to 2.479), no chemotherapy during hospitalization (OR, 2.019; 95% CI, 1.236 to 3.298), hearing impairment (OR, 3.566; 95% CI, 1.176 to 10.810), underweight (OR, 1.826; 95% CI, 1.067 to 3.124), current use of opioid medication (OR, 1.942; 95% CI, 1.264 to 2.982), previous history of delirium (OR, 12.497; 95% CI, 6.920 to 22.568), and mental illness (OR, 2.333; 95% CI, 1.251 to 4.352).

CONCLUSIONS

In a large-scale multicenter patient-based registry cohort, delirium was associated with old age, male sex, no chemotherapy during hospitalization, hearing impairment, underweight, current use of opioid medication, and a history of delirium and mental illness. Our findings suggest physicians should pay attention to delirium in patients with advanced cancer admitted to the APCU with the above risk factors.

A novel cardiac arrest severity score for the early prediction of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and in-hospital death

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) outcomes are unsatisfactory despite postcardiac arrest care. Early prediction of prognoses might help stratify patients and provide tailored therapy.

Purpose

In this study, we derived and validated a novel scoring system to predict hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury (HIBI) and in-hospital death (IHD).

Methods

We retrospectively analysed Korean Hypothermia Network prospective registry data collected from in Korea between 2015 and 2018. Patients without neuroprognostication data were excluded, and the remaining patients were randomly divided into derivation and validation cohorts. HIBI was defined when at least one prognostication predicted a poor outcome. IHD meant all deaths regardless of cause. In the derivation cohort, stepwise multivariate logistic regression was conducted for HIBI and IHD scores, and model performance was assessed. We then classified patients into four categories and analysed associations between the categories and cerebral performance categories (CPCs) at hospital discharge. Finally, we validated our models in the internal validation cohort.

Results

Among 1373 patients, 240 were excluded, and 1133 were randomised into derivation (n=754) and validation cohorts (n=379). In the derivation cohort, 7 and 8 predictors were selected for HIBI (0–8) and IHD scores (0–11), respectively, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.85 (95% CI 0.82–0.87) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.77–0.82), respectively. Applying optimum cutoff values of ≥6 points for HIBI and ≥7 points for IHD, patients were classified as follows: HIBI (-)/IHD (-), Category 1 (n=424); HIBI (-)/IHD (+), Category 2 (n=100); HIBI (+)/IHD (-), Category 3 (n=21); and HIBI (+)/IHD (+), Category 4 (n=209). CPCs at discharge were significantly different in each category (p&lt;0.001). In the validation cohort, the model showed moderate discrimination (AUC 0.83, 95% CI 0.79–0.87 for HIBI and AUC 0.77, 95% CI 0.72–0.81 for IHD) with good calibration. Each category of the validation cohort showed a significant difference in discharge outcomes (p&lt;0.001) and a similar trend to the derivation cohort.

Conclusions

We presented a novel approach for assessing illness severity after OHCA. Although external prospective studies are warranted, risk stratification for HIBI and IHD could help provide OHCA patients with appropriate treatment.

Association between Fiber Intake and Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: The UK Biobank Study

OBJECTIVES

Dietary fiber intake is associated with a lower risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. However, it is unknown whether dietary fiber has a beneficial effect on preventing the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS

Using the UK Biobank prospective cohort, 110,412 participants who completed at least one dietary questionnaire and had an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio <30 mg/g, and no history of CKD were included. The primary exposure was total dietary fiber density, calculated by dividing the absolute amount of daily total fiber intake by total energy intake (g/1,000 kcal). We separately examined soluble and insoluble fiber densities as additional predictors. The primary outcome was incident CKD based on diagnosis codes.

RESULTS

A total of 3,507 (3.2%) participants developed incident CKD during a median follow-up of 9.9 years. In a multivariable cause-specific model, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for incident CKD were 0.85 (0.77-0.94), 0.78 (0.70-0.86), and 0.76 (0.68-0.86), respectively, for the second, third, and highest quartiles of dietary fiber density (reference: lowest quartile). In a continuous model, the aHR for each +∆1.0g/1,000 kcal increase in dietary fiber density was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95-0.99). This pattern of associations was similar for both soluble and insoluble fiber densities and did not differ across subgroups of sex, age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and inflammation.

CONCLUSION

Increased fiber intake was associated with a lower risk of CKD in this large well-characterized cohort.

Genome-edited HEADING DATE 3a knockout enhances leaf production in Perilla frutescens

Environmental cues regulate the transition of many plants from vegetative to flowering development. Day length, or photoperiod, is one cue that synchronizes flowering by changing seasons. Consequently, the molecular mechanism of flowering control is prominent in Arabidopsis and rice, where essential genes like FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homolog, HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a), have been connected to flowering regulation. Perilla is a nutrient-rich leaf vegetable, and the flowering mechanism remains largely elusive. We identified flowering-related genes under short-day conditions using RNA sequencing to develop an enhanced leaf production trait using the flowering mechanism in the perilla. Initially, an Hd3a-like gene was cloned from the perilla and defined as PfHd3a. Furthermore, PfHd3a is highly rhythmically expressed in mature leaves under short-day and long-day conditions. Ectopic expression of PfHd3a in Atft-1 mutant plants has been shown to complement Arabidopsis FT function, resulting in early flowering. In addition, our genetic approaches revealed that overexpression of PfHd3a in perilla caused early flowering. In contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9 generated PfHd3a-mutant perilla showed significantly late flowering, resulting in approximately 50% leaf production enhancement compared to the control. Our results suggest that PfHd3a plays a vital role in regulating flowering in the perilla and is a potential target for molecular breeding in the perilla.

Risk of carotid plaques according to triglyceride-glucose index stratified by thyroid function: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have indicated that the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index or subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with carotid plaques, a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. However, evidence for this association is limited and inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of carotid plaques according to TyG index and thyroid function status in the general population.

METHODS

A total of 2,931 individuals who underwent carotid ultrasound as part of a comprehensive health examination at the Health Promotion Center of Soonchunhyang University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Based on the TyG index and thyroid function status, the participants were divided into six groups: LoTyG-SHyper (low TyG index with subclinical hyperthyroidism), LoTyG-Eu (low TyG index with euthyroidism), LoTyG-SHypo (low TyG index with subclinical hypothyroidism), HiTyG-SHyper (high TyG index with subclinical hyperthyroidism), HiTyG-Eu (high TyG index with euthyroidism), and HiTyG-SHypo (high TyG index with subclinical hypothyroidism). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk of carotid plaques.

RESULTS

The proportion of participants with significant carotid plaques was significantly different among the six groups (p<0.001, p for trend<0.001). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for significant carotid plaques were significantly higher in the HiTyG-SHypo group than in the LoTyG-Eu group, even after adjusting for confounding variables including sex, age, smoking, obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus (OR 1.506, 95% CI 1.045-2.170, p = 0.028). The OR of significant carotid plaques was higher in the HiTyG-Eu group than in the LoTyG-Eu group; however no associations were observed after additional adjustment for confounding variables.

CONCLUSION

The TyG index and thyroid function status are important predictors of the risk of carotid plaques in healthy individuals. Early evaluation of carotid plaques may be necessary for subjects with high insulin resistance and subclinical hypothyroidism.

Calcium ionophore-activated platelets induce eosinophil extracellular trap formation

BACKGROUND

Platelets play a modulatory role in inflammatory response by secreting a vast array of granules and disintegrating into membrane-bound microparticles upon activation. The interplay between eosinophils and platelets is postulated to be implicated in the pathology of allergic airway inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether activated platelets can induce eosinophil extracellular trap (EET) formation, a cellular process by which activated eosinophils release net-like DNA fibers.

METHODS

Platelets were stimulated with the calcium ionophore, A23187, and the platelet agonists, thrombin and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Platelet cultures were fractionated into conditioned medium (CM) and pellet, which were then overlaid on eosinophils to examine EET formation.

RESULTS

The CM and pellet from A23187-activated platelets stimulated eosinophils to generate EET, whereas those from thrombin- or ADP-activated platelets failed to induce such generation. The EET-inducing activity of the A23187-activated platelet culture was linearly proportional to the number of activated platelets. Interestingly, while EET formation induced by the direct stimulation of eosinophils with A23187 was NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent, EET formation induced by A23187-activated platelets was NOX-independent and significantly inhibited by necroptosis pathway inhibitors.

CONCLUSIONS

Activated platelets and their products may induce EET formation, thereby potentiating their role in eosinophilic airway inflammation.

Association between iodine intake and metabolic syndrome in euthyroid adult in an iodine-replete area: a nationwide population-based study

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is considered very important because of the increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Identifying modifiable factors may help prevent MetS. We aimed to investigate the relationship between iodine intake as a dietary factor and MetS in euthyroid adult in an iodine-replete area. A total of 4,277 adult aged ≥19 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013-2015) with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) results and normal thyroid function were included. Participants were grouped according to their iodine nutrition status based on the WHO recommendations and modifications: insufficient (<100 μg/L), adequate (100-299 μg/L), and excessive (≥300 μg/L) iodine intake. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS according to the UIC groups using logistic regression models. Of the study participants, 27.2% men and 23.9% women had MetS. Men with excessive iodine intake had a significantly lower risk of elevated triglycerides [OR 0.733, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.603-0.890, p = 0.010], as compared to those with adequate iodine intake. Women with insufficient iodine intake had a significantly greater risk of elevated blood glucose (OR 1.519, 95% CI 1.011-2.282, p = 0.044), as compared to those with adequate iodine intake. In women, insufficient iodine intake was a significant risk factor for MetS compared to adequate iodine intake, even after adjusting for confounding variables including age, smoking, alcohol consumption, walking activity, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (OR 1.544, 95% CI 1.031-2.311, p = 0.035). There was no association between iodine intake and risk of MetS in men. In conclusion, insufficient iodine intake was associated with an increased risk of MetS only in euthyroid adult women. Our data support that sex differences may influence the relationship between iodine intake as a dietary pattern and MetS.

Minimum standards of pelvic exenterative practice: PelvEx Collaborative guideline

This document outlines the important aspects of caring for patients who have been diagnosed with advanced pelvic cancer. It is primarily aimed at those who are establishing a service that adequately caters to this patient group. The relevant literature has been summarized and an attempt made to simplify the approach to management of these complex cases.

Empagliflozin suppresses urinary mitochondrial DNA copy numbers and interleukin-1β in type 2 diabetes patients

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, the mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors improve the clinical outcomes remain elusive. We evaluated whether empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory milieu of the kidneys in T2DM patients. We prospectively measured copy numbers of urinary and serum mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit-1 (mtND-1) and cytochrome-c oxidase 3 (mtCOX-3) and urinary interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in healthy volunteers (n = 22), in SGLT2 inhibitor-naïve T2DM patients (n = 21) at baseline, and in T2DM patients after 3 months of treatment with empagliflozin (10 mg, n = 17 or 25 mg, n = 4). Both urinary mtDNA copy numbers and IL-1β levels were higher in the T2DM group than in healthy volunteers. Baseline copy numbers of serum mtCOX-3 in the T2DM group were lower than those in healthy volunteers. Empagliflozin induced marked reduction in both urinary and serum mtND-1 and mtCOX-3 copy numbers, as well as in urinary IL-1β. Empagliflozin could attenuate mitochondrial damage and inhibit inflammatory response in T2DM patients. This would explain the beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular and renal outcomes.

Prognostic impact of plasma glucose on cardiogenic shock patients with or without diabetes ellitus: smart rescue trial

Background

Even though the presence of hyperglycemia has shown to affect the clinical outcome of cardiogenic shock patients, the extent of hyperglycemia and its association with prognosis have not been fully addressed in large population

Purpose

Investigate the clinical relationship between hyperglycemic status and in-hospital mortality in cardiogenic shock patients

Method

A total of 1,177 consecutive cardiogenic shock patients were enrolled from January 2014 to December of 2018 at 12 hospitals in South Korea. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Patients were divided into four groups according to their initial plasma glucose level in each of diabetes patients (n=752) and non-diabetes patients (n=425); group 1 (≤8 mmol/L), group 2 (8–12 mmol/L), group 3 (12–16 mmol/L) and group 4 (≥16 mmol/L).

Results

The groups with higher admission plasma glucose were associated with lower systolic blood pressure and higher lactic acid level in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. In-hospital mortality increased in groups with higher admission plasma glucose level in non-diabetic patients (group-1:24.2%, group-2: 28.6%, group-3: 38.1%, group-4: 49.0%, p&lt;0.01) whereas in diabetic patients, mortality and admission plasma glucose level showed no significant association (group-1: 45%, group-2: 35.4%, group-3: 33.3%, group-4: 43.1%, p=0.26). Even after Multivariate analysis, high plasma glucose was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in non-diabetic patients

Conclusion

In cardiogenic shock patients, plasma glucose obtained at admission was associated with in-hospital mortality in non-diabetic patients

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Private hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Inha University hospital

Impact of obesity paradox between genders on in-hospital mortality in cardiogenic shock: a retrospective cohort study

Background

In a few studies, obesity was associated with better outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). Although this phenomenon, the “obesity paradox”, reportedly manifests differently based on sex in other disease entities, it has not yet been investigated in CS patients.

Methods and results

1,227 patients with CS from The REtrospective and prospective observational Study to investigate Clinical oUtcomes and Efficacy of left ventricular assist device for Korean patients with cardiogenic shock (RESCUE) registry in Korea were analyzed. The study population was classified into obese and non-obese groups according to Asian-Pacific criteria (BMI &gt;25.0 kg/m2 for obese). Clinical impact of obesity on in-hospital mortality according to sex was analyzed using logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic spline curves. In-hospital mortality rate was significantly lower in obese men than non-obese men (34.2% vs. 24.1%, p=0.004) while the difference was not significant in women (37.3% vs. 35.8%, p=0.884). As a continuous variable, higher BMI showed a protective effect in men conversely, BMI was not associated with clinical outcomes in women. Comparing to normal-weight patients, obesity was associated with a decreased risk of in-hospital death in men (multivariable-adjusted OR 0.63, CI 0.43–0.92, p=0.016), not in women (multivariable-adjusted OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.55–1.61, p=0.828). Interaction P value for the association between BMI and sex was 0.023.

Conclusions

Obesity paradox exists and apparently occurs in men among CS patients. The differential effect of BMI on in-hospital mortality was observed according to sex.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Mutation of GmIPK1 Gene Using CRISPR/Cas9 Reduced Phytic Acid Content in Soybean Seeds

Phytic acid (PA) acts as an antinutrient substance in cereal grains, disturbing the bioavailability of micronutrients, such as iron and zinc, in humans, causing malnutrition. GmIPK1 encodes the inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase enzyme, which converts myo-inopsitol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (IP₅) to myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP₆) in soybean (Glycine max L.). In this study, for developing soybean with low PA levels, we attempted to edit the GmIPK1 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to introduce mutations into the GmIPK1 gene with guide RNAs in soybean (cv. Kwangankong). The GmIPK1 gene was disrupted using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, with sgRNA-1 and sgRNA-4 targeting the second and third exon, respectively. Several soybean Gmipk1 gene-edited lines were obtained in the T₀ generation at editing frequencies of 0.1–84.3%. Sequencing analysis revealed various indel patterns with the deletion of 1–9 nucleotides and insertions of 1 nucleotide in several soybean lines (T₀). Finally, we confirmed two sgRNA-4 Gmipk1 gene-edited homozygote soybean T₁ plants (line #21-2: 5 bp deletion; line #21-3: 1 bp insertion) by PPT leaf coating assay and PCR analysis. Analysis of soybean Gmipk1 gene-edited lines indicated a reduction in PA content in soybean T₂ seeds but did not show any defects in plant growth and seed development.

Association of thyroid autoimmunity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in euthyroid middle-aged subjects: A population-based study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The association between thyroid autoimmunity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and NAFLD in a large cohort of euthyroid subjects.

METHODS

We analyzed clinical and biochemical data from a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional survey (KNHANES VI). A total of 1589 middle-aged participants aged 45-65 years, with normal thyroid function, were included in this study. NAFLD was defined as a hepatic steatosis index of > 36. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for NAFLD according to anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity by using logistic regression models, and adjusted for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Overall, 24% (n = 378) of the subjects had NAFLD. Subjects with NAFLD showed a higher positivity for TPOAb (11% vs 7%, P = 0.014) compared with those without NAFLD. TPOAb positivity was a significant risk factor for NAFLD [OR 1.668, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.019-2.730, P = 0.042] even after adjusting for confounding variables, including age, sex, household income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, walking activity, abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. In addition, TPOAb positivity predicted the risk of advanced liver fibrosis (OR 3.112, 95% CI 1.256-7.713, P = 0.014) in subjects with NAFLD, independent of the confounding variables.

CONCLUSION

In euthyroid subjects, thyroid autoimmunity is associated with NAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis, independent of known metabolic risk factors. Large longitudinal studies in the future will help clarify the causality.

Association of free thyroxine with obstructive lung pattern in euthyroid middle-aged subjects: A population-based study

Background

The association between thyroid hormone levels and pulmonary function in euthyroid population is still unclear. We aimed to examine the relationship between thyroid function and lung function in a large cohort study of euthyroid subjects.

Methods

We analyzed biochemical and spirometry data from a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional survey (KNHANES VI). A total of 1,261 middle-aged participants aged 45–65 years with spirometry tests and normal thyroid function were included in this study. The subjects were grouped according to free thyroxine (fT4) (ng/dL) quartiles (Q1, 0.89–1.09; Q2, 1.10–1.19; Q3, 1.20–1.30; Q4, 1.31–1.76). Obstructive lung pattern was defined as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.7. The probability of obstructive lung patterns according to fT4 quartiles was assessed using logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Overall, 10.9% of the subjects had an obstructive lung pattern. The mean fT4 levels were significantly higher in those with obstructive lung pattern than in those with normal lung function (1.26 vs. 1.20 ng/dL, p<0.001). The proportion of participants with obstructive lung pattern increased across the fT4 quartile categories (p<0.001). With the Q1 group as reference, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for obstructive lung pattern in the Q3 and Q4 groups were 2.875 (1.265–6.535) and 2.970 (1.287–6.854), respectively, even after adjusting for confounding variables.

Conclusion

High fT4 levels are an independent predictor of obstructive lung pattern in euthyroid middle-aged subjects. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Factors associated with treatment escalation among MS specialists and general neurologists: Results from an International cojoint study

BACKGROUND

Previous studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) showed that therapeutic inertia (TI) affects 60-90% of neurologists and up to 25% of daily treatment decisions. The objective of this study was to determine the most common factors and attribute levels associated with decisions to treatment escalation in an international study in MS care.

METHODS

300 neurologists with MS expertise from 20 countries were invited to participate. Participants were presented with 12 pairs of simulated MS patient profiles described by 13 clinically relevant factors. We used disaggregated discrete choice experiments to estimate the weight of factors and attributes affecting physicians' decisions when considering treatment selection. Participants were asked to select the ideal candidate for treatment escalation from modest to higher-efficacy therapies.

RESULTS

Overall, 229 neurologists completed the study (completion rate: 76.3%). The top 3 weighted factors associated with treatment escalation were: previous relapses (20%), baseline expanded disability status scale [EDSS] (18%), and MRI activity (13%). Patient demographics and desire for pregnancy had a modest influence (≤ 3%). We observed differences in the weight of factors associated with treatment escalation between MS specialists and non-MS specialists.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results provide critical information on factors influencing neurologists' treatment decisions and should be applied to continuing medical education strategies.

Efficacy of Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules by Shear Wave Elastography-the Stiffness Map

BACKGROUND

Fine needle aspiration is the gold standard for differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules; however, the malignancy rate for indeterminate cytology is 20% to 50%.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the efficacy of shear wave elastography added to ultrasonography for differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 258 consecutive patients. Thyroid nodules were divided into 4 categories according to maximum elasticity (EMax) and nodule depth/width (D/W) ratio: Category 1 (EMax ≥ 42.6 kPa; D/W < 0.9); Category 2 (EMax < 42.6 kPa; D/W < 0.9); Category 3 (EMax ≥ 42.6 kPa; D/W ≥ 0.9); and Category 4 (EMax < 42.6 kPa; D/W ≥ 0.9). The EMax cutoff value was set using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to predict nodular hyperplasia (NH) vs follicular neoplasm (FN). Cutoff value for nodule D/W ratio was set using ROC curve analysis for malignancy.

RESULTS

NH was the most prevalent pathology group in Category 1, FN in Category 2, and papillary thyroid carcinoma in Category 3. Category 3 demonstrated the highest rate of malignancy (81.8%) and had 55.4% sensitivity and 90% specificity for predicting malignancy. When assessing the benign pathology of NH in follicular patterned lesion, Category 1 demonstrated the highest NH prevalence of 88.9% (34/37) and had 73.9% sensitivity and 85.0% specificity.

CONCLUSION

The performance for malignancy was highest in Category 3 and predictive ability for benign pathology of NH in follicular lesion was highest in Category 1. The information of EMax and nodule D/W ratio was useful to predict the pathology of thyroid nodules.

Associations between changing patterns of ST-T waves morphologies in rest electrocardiography and cardiovascular risk in an asymptomatic low risk population: a report from Ansan-Ansung cohort study

Background

While clinical significance of ST-T wave abnormalities (STA) in rest electrocardiography (ECG) on long-term cardiovascular outcomes has been on debate, few studies have been reported on the association between the changes in ST-T waves in rest ECG and cardiovascular outcomes in low risk populations. We investigate the changing patterns of STA in rest ECG and the predictive value of the changes in ST-T wave in rest ECG for cardiovascular events in an asymptomatic general population.

Methods

A longitudinal community-based cohort study was conducted for 12 years. Koreans aged 40–69 years were followed biennially through scheduled revisit for comprehensive assessments. Among 10,030 participants, 6,648 participants who did not have any cardiovascular diseases, angina-related symptoms or pathologic Q waves in rest ECG at baseline were included for analysis. Changes in STAs were defined using the changes between ECG at baseline and that at the first revisit. A major adverse cardiovascular events was defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease and stroke.

Results

Among 5,924 participants without STA at baseline, only 187 participants (3.2%) developed new STA. Among 724 patients (10.9%) with STA at baseline, 274 patients (37.8%) persistently showed STA at the first revisit. MACEs occurred more frequently in the participants persistently with STA and those with newly-developed STA than in the participants persistently without STA (Figure 1). Multivariate Cox-proportional hazard models showed that a higher risk of MACE was only associated with the persisted STA (HR 1.69; 95% CI 1.10–2.63). In participants with baseline STA, persisted T-wave flattening was associated with a higher risk of MACE, whereas T-wave inversion, either persisted or fluctuated was not associated with a higher risk of MACE, compared with persistent absence of STA (Figure 2). In the participants without baseline STAs, multivariate Cox-proportional hazard model showed that newly-developed T-wave flattening (HR 1.85; 95% CI 0.20–2.84), not T-wave inversion (HR 1.50; 95% CI 0.85–2.65) was associated with a higher risk of MACE. Survival receiver operating curve analysis showed that the changes in STAs had a C-index of 0.538 (95% CI 0.511–0.558), a sensitivity of 13.0% and a specificity of 92.5% and add only a small value to the predictive power of 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risk estimator (C-index without STA changes 0.708 [0.681–0.736] vs. C-index with STA changes 0.721 [0.694–0.748]).

Conclusions

STAs uncommonly developed while frequently disappeared spontaneously in the asymptomatic general population. Persisted STA and newly developed STA in rest ECG were predictive of future cardiovascular events in the asymptomatic general population. However, the changes in STAs did not significantly improve the predictive value of the conventional risk estimator, when added.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Research Foundation of Korea Figure 1Figure 2

Simulation and validation for count-based binary decision of target blood pressure achievement in home blood pressure monitoring data analysis for clinical practice

Introduction

Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is a useful tool to identify hypertension and to decide whether a patient's blood pressure (BP) is controlled. The use of automatized oscillometric BP measurement devices has become increasingly popular with help of information technology and internet of things to the devices. However, applying HBPM to daily clinical practices is still challenging, because most patients with hypertension are in age groups not familiar to digital devices and internet and high BP criteria using average home BP values are often useless in outpatient clinics without easily accessible average BP calculation tools. Therefore, we developed a simple and straightforward method to interpret HBPM through counts of BP ≥135/85 mmHg.

Methods

We simulated 400 cases of HBPM using a random number generator function in statistical software. The simulated average home systolic BP (SBP) and its standard deviation (SD) were 125±15 mmHg and 12±5 mmHg and the number of HBP readings was 24 times. The simulated diastolic BP (DBP) was randomly selected to 50–75% of the SBP. The validation of the binary interpretation method was conducted using actual HBPM data from 386 subjects in a rural area of South Korea. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was conducted, and linear regression and logarithmic models were fitted between the numbers of home BP ≥135/85 mmHg and mean BP. Hypertension was defined with average home BP ≥135/85 mmHg.

Results

In the simulated cohort, hypertension was presented in 197 cases (49.3%). The C-index of the numbers of BP readings ≥135/85 mmHg was 0.994 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.990–0.998), and ≥12 of 24 BP readings ≥135/85 mmHg showed a sensitivity of 95.4%, a specificity of 95.1% and an accuracy of 95.3% for the diagnosis of hypertension. In validation cohort, the numbers of home BP measurements varied from 8 to 81 times. The validation cohort similarly showed that the C-index of the ratio between the number of high BP readings (≥135/85 mmHg) to the number of BP measurements (R-NHBP/NBP) was 0.985 (95% CI, 0.976–0.994) and the best accuracy was shown at R-NHBP/NBP of ≥0.45. R-NHBP/NBP of ≥0.5 showed a sensitivity of 0.957, a specificity of 0.907 and an accuracy of 0.927. The accuracy of the R-NHBP/NBP of ≥0.5 decreased as SD and the range of SBP increased, whereas it did not change with the number of measurements (Figure 1). R-NHBP/NBP &lt;0.2 predicted normotension and R-NHBP/NBP &gt;0.8 predicted hypertension in 95% confidence. Mean widths of the 95 prediction intervals for the average SBP and DBP were 18.2 mmHg and 12.6 mmHg, respectively (Figure 2).

Conclusion

Counting the number of BP ≥135/85 mmHg can provide accurate assessments for the BP levels. R-NHBP/NBP of ≥0.5 is a simple and accurate marker of high BP in HBPM, and R-NHBP/NBP could be a useful tool to assess BP levels in patients practicing HBPM.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1Figure 2

Thyroid autoimmunity and metabolic syndrome: a nationwide population-based study

OBJECTIVE

Recent studies have reported that thyroid hormone levels are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) even in euthyroid subjects. However, the association between thyroid autoimmunity and MetS is uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and MetS in a large cohort study of euthyroid subjects.

METHODS

A total of 4775 participants aged ≥19 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013-2015) with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) results and normal thyroid functions were included in this study. Subjects were grouped according to thyroid autoimmunity (positivity of TPOAb). We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS according to TPOAb positivity using logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Of the study subjects, 25% (n = 1206) were diagnosed with MetS. Subjects with MetS showed higher median TPOAb levels (6.3 vs 6.8 IU/mL, P < 0.001) and higher positivity of TPOAb (5 vs 7%, P = 0.002) than those without MetS. There was a significant difference in prevalence of MetS depending on the TPOAb positivity (25% vs 33%, P = 0.002). Subjects with TPOAb positive had a significantly greater risk of abdominal obesity (OR 1.675, 95% CI: 1.302-2.154, P < 0.001), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR: 1.603, 95% CI: 1.244-2.066, P < 0.001) and elevated blood pressure (OR: 1.418, 95% CI: 1.099-1.829, P = 0.007) as compared to those with TPOAb negative. Positivity of TPOAb was a significant risk factor for MetS even after adjusting for confounding variables including age, sex, household income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, walking activity, thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine (OR: 1.389, 95% CI: 1.048-1.841, P = 0.022).

CONCLUSION

In euthyroid subjects, thyroid autoimmunity is associated with MetS. Further large longitudinal studies are needed to clarify causality.

MRI-Visible Perivascular Spaces in the Centrum Semiovale Are Associated with Brain Amyloid Deposition in Patients with Alzheimer Disease-Related Cognitive Impairment

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The association of perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale with amyloid accumulation among patients with Alzheimer disease-related cognitive impairment is unknown. We evaluated this association in patients with Alzheimer disease-related cognitive impairment and β-amyloid deposition, assessed with [¹⁸F] florbetaben PET/CT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MR imaging and [¹⁸F] florbetaben PET/CT images of 144 patients with Alzheimer disease-related cognitive impairment were retrospectively evaluated. MR imaging-visible perivascular spaces were rated on a 4-point visual scale: a score of ≥3 or <3 indicated a high or low degree of MR imaging-visible perivascular spaces, respectively. Amyloid deposition was evaluated using the brain β-amyloid plaque load scoring system.

RESULTS

Compared with patients negative for β-amyloid, those positive for it were older and more likely to have lower cognitive function, a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease, white matter hyperintensity, the Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, and a high degree of MR imaging-visible perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale. Multivariable analysis, adjusted for age and Apolipoprotein E status, revealed that a high degree of MR imaging-visible perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale was independently associated with β-amyloid positivity (odds ratio, 2.307; 95% CI, 1.036-5.136; P = .041).

CONCLUSIONS

A high degree of MR imaging-visible perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale independently predicted β-amyloid positivity in patients with Alzheimer disease-related cognitive impairment. Thus, MR imaging-visible perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale are associated with amyloid pathology of the brain and could be an indirect imaging marker of amyloid burden in patients with Alzheimer disease-related cognitive impairment.

Mask-induced dermatoses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a questionnaire-based study in 12 Korean hospitals

BACKGROUND

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, various adverse skin reactions to long-term mask wearing have been reported.

AIM

To assess the clinical features of mask-induced dermatoses and to recommend prevention and treatment options.

METHODS

From April to August 2020, questionnaires including topics such as demographic information, pre-existing skin disorders, reported mask-related symptoms, daily mask-wearing duration and frequency, types of masks used and whether the participant was a healthcare worker, were distributed to patients in 12 hospitals. Dermatologists assessed skin lesions, confirmed diagnosis and recorded treatments.

RESULTS

Itchiness was the most frequent symptom, mostly affecting the cheeks. The most common skin disease was new-onset contact dermatitis (33.94%), followed by new-onset acne (16.97%) and worsening of pre-existing acne (16.97%). Daily wearing of masks was significantly (P = 0.02) associated with new-onset contact dermatitis. More than half of patients with pre-existing skin problems experienced disease worsening while wearing masks. Longer duration of wearing (> 6 h/day, P = 0.04) and use of cotton masks (P < 0.001) significantly increased acne flare-up. Healthcare workers had a higher incidence of skin disease. Skin lesions were generally mild and well tolerated with topical treatment. The study had some limitations: the effect of seasonal characteristics and other risk factors were not assessed, and the patients were visiting dermatological clinics and had interest in their skin status, thus, there may have been selection bias.

CONCLUSION

Mask-induced/-triggered dermatoses contribute to increase the dermatological burden during the pandemic.

An initial experience with a novel technique of single-port robotic resection for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

The da Vinci single-port (SP) system is designed to facilitate single-incision robotic surgery in a narrow space. We developed a new procedure of rectal resection using this system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of SP robotic rectal resection for rectal cancer patients based on our initial experience.

METHODS

A study was conducted on consecutive patients with mid or low rectal cancer who had SP robotic resection at our institution between July and September 2020. The demographic characteristics, perioperative data, and pathology results of the patients were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

There were 5 patients (3 males, 2 females, median age 57 years (range 36-73 years). The median tumor height from the anal verge was 4 cm (range 3-5 cm). Two patients received preoperative chemoradiotherapy for advanced rectal cancer. A single docking was conducted, and the median docking time was 4 min 20 s (range 3 min 30 s to 5 min). The median total operation time was 195 min (range 155-240 min), and the median time of pelvic dissection was 45 min (range 36-62 min). All patients had circumferential and distal tumor-free resection margins. One patient experienced an anastomosis-related complication. The median duration of hospital stay was 7 days (range 7-8 days).

CONCLUSIONS

Our initial experience suggests that SP robotic rectal resection is safe and feasible. Further clinical trials comparing SP and multiport robotic rectal resection should be conducted to verify the superior aspects of this new system.

Familial risk for endometriosis and its interaction with smoking, age at menarche and body mass index: a population-based cohort study among siblings

OBJECTIVE

To quantify familial risk of endometriosis among full siblings and examine interactions between family history and smoking, age at menarche or body mass index (BMI).

DESIGN, SETTING AND POPULATION

Population-based nationwide cohort study.

METHODS

Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Screening Programme databases on kinship, healthcare utilisation, lifestyle and anthropometrics, we identified 2 109 288 women with full siblings and their environmental risk factors from 2002 to 2018. Familial risks were estimated using Cox proportional-hazards models, represented as incidence risk ratios (IRR) with 95% CI. Interaction between family history and smoking, age at menarche or BMI were assessed on an additive scale.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

IRR of endometriosis among women with and without affected siblings.

RESULTS

From 19 195 women with affected siblings, 1126 developed endometriosis with an incidence of 35.45/10 000 person-years. Familial risk of endometriosis with versus without affected siblings was increased to IRR 2.75 (95% CI 2.25-3.36), and the highest risk was with affected twins (IRR 6.98; 95% CI 4.19-11.62). Women with both a family history and either smoking, early menarche or low BMI had a significantly higher risk of endometriosis compared with the general population and can be regarded as a high-risk group, the IRRs were 4.28 (95% CI 2.43-7.55), 3.47 (95% CI 2.82-4.26) and 3.09 (95% CI 2.68-3.56), respectively. Substantial effect modification of the associations was noted by smoking and early menarche, as their combined risk with family history exceeded the sum of their individual risks, which was also statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Genetic factors are the primary contributor to the familial aggregation of endometriosis. Significant gene-environment interaction exists between family history and smoking or early menarche.

Efficacy of Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules by Shear Wave Elastography, the Stiffness Map

Background: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the first step in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. However, malignancy rate of the indeterminate FNA is reported as 20-50 %. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of shear wave elastography (SWE), the map of stiffness in the differential diagnosis of the histopathology of thyroid nodules. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 258 consecutive patients who visited the thyroid clinic for thyroid nodules and who underwent SWE before ultrasound-guided FNA and/or core-needle biopsy. We analyzed the EI using the total nodular region of interest method by the Q-Box Trace program. Thyroid nodules were divided in to 4 categoies according to maximum elasticity (E_Max) and nodule depth/width (D/W) ratio; Category 1 (E_Max ≥42.6 kPa & D/W<0.9), Category 2 (E_Max <42.6 kPa & D/W<0.9), Category 3 (E_Max ≥42.6 kPa & D/W≥ 0.9) and Category 4 (E_Max<46.2 kPa & D/W≥ 0.9). The cutoff value of E_Max was set using ROC curve analysis to predict follicular neoplasm (FN) from nodular hyperplasia (NH). Cutoff value ​​for nodule D/W ratio was set using ROC curve analysis to differentiate malignant nodule. Results: FN showed the lowest E_Max among all pathologies and lower E_Max than NH (p<0.05). FN was distributed mostly in the category 2 (70%) and NH was distributed mainly in the category 1 (73.9%). CLT belonged mostly to the category 1 (57.1%). PTC belonged in majority to the category 3 (58.9%) and the rest.to the category 1 (25%). So NH was the most frequent pathology group in category 1.FN was the most frequent pathology group in the category 2 and PTC was the most frequent pathology group in the category 3. Conclusion: SWE showed characteristic patterns of various pathology groups reflecting the degree of fibrosis and the information of E_Max and nodule depth/width (D/W) ratio determining the category was useful to predict the pathology of thyroid nodules along with the advantage of noninvasiveness.

Airflow limitation as a risk factor for vascular stiffness

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and atherosclerosis is a cause of cardiac comorbidities in COPD. However, it is not clear whether airflow limitation is associated with atherosclerosis irrespective of smoking.OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether airflow limitation is independently associated with vascular stiffness.METHODS: We enrolled 18 893 participants (male 70.5%; mean age 47.5 ± 9.8 years; never smokers 44.2%) who underwent spirometry and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) as part of a standard health examination at Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea, from January 2010 to December 2015.We defined vascular peripheral atherosclerosis as baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s and airflow limitation as pre-bronchodilator ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV₁) to forced vital capacity (FVC) <70%.RESULTS: Mean baPWV was higher in subjects with airflow limitation (1477.6 ± 331.7 cm/sec, n = 638) than in those without airflow limitation (1344.1 ± 231.8 cm/sec, n = 18255, P < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following were independent predictors associated with peripheral atherosclerosis (P < 0.05): age, male sex, fasting serum glucose, mean blood pressure, serum leukocyte count, serum low density lipoprotein level and FEV₁.CONCLUSION: Airflow limitation was an independent predictor of vascular stiffness irrespective of smoking history, which suggests that airflow limitation is linked with atherosclerosis.

Periodontal Pathogens Promote Foam Cell Formation by Blocking Lipid Efflux

Foam cells are one of the major cellular components of atherosclerotic plaques, within which the trace of periodontal pathogens has also been identified in recent studies. In line with these findings, the correlation between periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular incidences has been repetitively supported by evidence from a number of experimental studies. However, the direct role of periodontal pathogens in altered cellular signaling underlying such cardiovascular events has not been clearly defined. To determine the role of periodontal pathogens in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, especially in the evolution of macrophages into foam cells, we monitored the pattern of lipid accumulation within macrophages in the presence of periodontal pathogens, followed by characterization of these lipids and investigation of major molecules involved in lipid homeostasis. The cells were stained with the lipophilic fluorescent dye BODIPY 493/503 and Oil Red O to characterize the lipid profile. The amounts of Oil Red O-positive droplets, representing neutral lipids, as well as fluorescent lipid aggregates were prominently increased in periodontal pathogen-infected macrophages. Subsequent analysis allowed us to locate the accumulated lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, the levels of cholesteryl ester in periodontal pathogen-infected macrophages were increased, implying disrupted lipid homeostasis. Further investigations to delineate the key messengers and regulatory factors involved in the altered lipid homeostasis have revealed alterations in cholesterol efflux-related enzymes, such as ABCG1 and CYP46A1, as contributors to foam cell formation, and increased Ca²⁺ signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as key events underlying disrupted lipid homeostasis. Consistently, a treatment of periodontal pathogen-infected macrophages with ROS inhibitors and nifedipine attenuated the accumulation of lipid droplets, further confirming periodontal pathogen-induced alterations in Ca²⁺ and ROS signaling and the subsequent dysregulation of lipid homeostasis as key regulatory events underlying the evolution of macrophages into foam cells.