The equalitarian dogma revisited

The Mythical Taboo on Race and Intelligence

Recent discussions have revived old claims that hereditarian research on race differences in intelligence has been subject to a long and effective taboo. We argue that given the extensive publications, citations, and discussions of such work since 1969, claims of taboo and suppression are a myth. We critically examine claims that (self-described) hereditarians currently and exclusively experience major misrepresentation in the media, regular physical threats, denouncements, and academic job loss. We document substantial exaggeration and distortion in such claims. The repeated assertions that the negative reception of research asserting average Black inferiority is due to total ideological control over the academy by “environmentalists,” leftists, Marxists, or “thugs” are unwarranted character assassinations on those engaged in legitimate and valuable scholarly criticism.

A crítica desinformada aos testes de inteligência

Prestes a comemorar um século da criação dos testes psicológicos e, com ela, a sofisticação da avaliação psicológica, o presente artigo pretende apresentar alguns dos pontos polêmicos que acompanham a produção e aplicação dos instrumentos psicológicos, principalmente aqueles relacionados à medição da capacidade intelectual. Discute-se que o desprestígio dos testes de inteligência no país deve-se, em primeiro lugar, ao desconhecimento dos princípios básicos sobre construção de testes, o que permite freqüentemente que se exija dos testes o que não pode ser esperado (ex. predição perfeita) e, em segundo lugar, a exacerbação de crenças políticas pretensamente científicas. Conclui-se que os testes que, inicialmente, indicaram a existência de grandes diferenças intelectuais entre grupos humanos conforme a etnia, faixa etária e gênero sexual são os mesmos que atualmente indicam que essas diferenças estão diminuindo. Os testes continuam sendo os mesmos, porém mudaram as condições sociais. Portanto, os testes não criam diferenças intelectuais, apenas as retratam.

Contributions to the history of psychology: CXII. Intelligence, behavior genetics, and the Pioneer Fund

Since World War I, political controversies have complicated the long-standing debate on nature versus nurture, especially the question of the source of the observed mean difference in intelligence between white and black groups. The Pioneer Fund, one of the few nonprofit foundations making grants for study and research into human individual and group differences, has been widely and unfairly attacked by those who believe any such research jeopardizes political commitment to legal equality. The four main scholarly areas of research financially supported by Pioneer have been behavioral genetics, cognitive ability, demographic characteristics, and racial variation. This article provides a unique perspective on the history of the Pioneer Fund and some of the controversies that have taken place.

Beliefs about genetic influences on mathematics achievement: a cross-cultural comparison

The poor mathematics performance of children in the United States has become a topic of national concern. Numerous studies have shown that American children consistently perform worse than their counterparts in many parts of the world. In contrast, children in China, Japan, Taiwan, and other Asian countries consistently perform at or near the top in international comparisons. This paper examines possible causes of the poor performance of American children and the excellent performance of Asian children. Contrary to the beliefs of many Americans, the East Asian advantage in mathematics is probably not due to a genetically-based advantage in mathematics. Instead, differences in beliefs about the role of genetics may be partly responsible. Asians strongly believe that effort plays a key role in determining a child's level of achievement, whereas Americans believe that innate ability is most important. In addition, despite the relatively poor performance of their children, American parents are substantially more satisfied with their children's performance than Asian parents. The American emphasis on the role of innate ability may have several consequences for children's achievement. For example, it may lead children to fear making errors and to expend less effort on mathematics than their Asian counterparts. As research on genetic influences on behavior, traits, and abilities increases scientists should be careful to ensure that the public understands that genetics does not directly determine the exact level of a child's potential achievement.