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Latin square tasks: A multi-study evaluation. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schumann F, Steinborn MB, Flehmig HC, Kürten J, Langner R, Huestegge L. On doing multi-act arithmetic: A multitrait-multimethod approach of performance dimensions in integrated multitasking. Front Psychol 2022; 13:946626. [PMID: 36059769 PMCID: PMC9433926 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a systematic plan to the experimental study of test-retest reliability in the multitasking domain, adopting the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) approach to evaluate the psychometric properties of performance in Düker-type speeded multiple-act mental arithmetic. These form of tasks capacitate the experimental analysis of integrated multi-step processing by combining multiple mental operations in flexible ways in the service of the overarching goal of completing the task. A particular focus was on scoring methodology, particularly measures of response speed variability. To this end, we present data of two experiments with regard to (a) test-retest reliability, (b) between-measures correlational structure, (c) and stability (test-retest practice effects). Finally, we compared participants with high versus low performance variability to assess ability-related differences in measurement precision (typically used as proxy to "simulate" patient populations), which is especially relevant in the applied fields of clinical neuropsychology. The participants performed two classic integrated multi-act arithmetic tasks, combining addition and verification (Exp. 1) and addition and comparison (Exp. 2). The results revealed excellent test-retest reliability for the standard and the variability measures. The analysis of between-measures correlational structure revealed the typical pattern of convergent and discriminant relationships, and also, that absolute response speed variability was highly correlated with average speed (r > 0.85), indicating that these measures mainly deliver redundant information. In contrast, speed-adjusted (relativized) variability revealed discriminant validity being correlated to a much lesser degree with average speed, indicating that this measure delivers additional information not already provided by the speed measure. Furthermore, speed-adjusted variability was virtually unaffected by test-retest practice, which makes this measure interesting in situations with repeated testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schumann
- Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Kürten
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lynn Huestegge
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Evaluation of an Online Version of the CFT 20-R in Third and Fourth Grade Children. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9040512. [PMID: 35455556 PMCID: PMC9029809 DOI: 10.3390/children9040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing demand for digital intelligence testing. In the current study, we evaluated the validity of an online version of the revised German Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFT 20-R). A total of 4100 children from the third and fourth grades completed the online version using a smartphone or tablet. Subsequently, 220 of these children also completed the paper-pencil (PP) version. The internal consistency and construct validity of the online version appeared to be acceptable. The correlation between the raw scores and school grades in German and mathematics was slightly lower than expected. On average, the raw scores for the PP version were revealed to be higher, which was probably due to a learning effect. At the item level, the results show small differences for the subtests Series and Matrices, possibly caused by small differences in the presentation of the items. The correspondence between the versions did not depend on children’s levels of impulsivity or intelligence. Altogether, the results support the hypothesis that the online version of the CFT 20-R is a valid measure of general fluid intelligence and highlight the need for separate norms.
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Goecke B, Schmitz F, Wilhelm O. Binding Costs in Processing Efficiency as Determinants of Cognitive Ability. J Intell 2021; 9:18. [PMID: 33916172 PMCID: PMC8167711 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance in elementary cognitive tasks is moderately correlated with fluid intelligence and working memory capacity. These correlations are higher for more complex tasks, presumably due to increased demands on working memory capacity. In accordance with the binding hypothesis, which states that working memory capacity reflects the limit of a person's ability to establish and maintain temporary bindings (e.g., relations between items or relations between items and their context), we manipulated binding requirements (i.e., 2, 4, and 6 relations) in three choice reaction time paradigms (i.e., two comparison tasks, two change detection tasks, and two substitution tasks) measuring mental speed. Response time distributions of 115 participants were analyzed with the diffusion model. Higher binding requirements resulted in generally reduced efficiency of information processing, as indicated by lower drift rates. Additionally, we fitted bi-factor confirmatory factor analysis to the elementary cognitive tasks to separate basal speed and binding requirements of the employed tasks to quantify their specific contributions to working memory capacity, as measured by Recall-1-Back tasks. A latent factor capturing individual differences in binding was incrementally predictive of working memory capacity, over and above a general factor capturing speed. These results indicate that the relation between reaction time tasks and working memory capacity hinges on the complexity of the reaction time tasks. We conclude that binding requirements and, therefore, demands on working memory capacity offer a satisfactory account of task complexity that accounts for a large portion of individual differences in ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Goecke
- Institute for Psychology and Pedagogy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (F.S.); (O.W.)
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Borter N, Troche SJ, Rammsayer TH. Speed- and accuracy-related measures of an intelligence test are differentially predicted by the speed and accuracy measures of a cognitive task. INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang MY, Chittka L, Ings TC. Bumblebees Express Consistent, but Flexible, Speed-Accuracy Tactics Under Different Levels of Predation Threat. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1601. [PMID: 30233456 PMCID: PMC6130052 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) in behavioural decisions is known to occur in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. Accurate decisions often take longer for a given condition, while fast decisions can be inaccurate in some tasks. Speed-accuracy tactics are known to vary consistently among individuals, and show a degree of flexibility during colour discrimination tasks in bees. Such individual flexibility in speed-accuracy tactics is likely to be advantageous for animals exposed to fluctuating environments, such as changes in predation threat. We therefore test whether individual speed-accuracy tactics are fixed or flexible under different levels of predation threat in a model invertebrate, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. The flexibility of speed-accuracy tactics in a foraging context was tested in the laboratory using a “meadow” of artificial flowers harbouring “robotic” crab spider predators. We found that while the ranking of bees along the speed and accuracy continuums was consistent across two levels of predation threat, there was some flexibility in the tactics used by individual bees – most bees became less accurate at colour discrimination when exposed to predation threat when flower types were rewarding. The relationship between decision speed and accuracy was influenced by predator detectability and the risk associated with making incorrect choices during the colour discrimination task. Predator crypsis resulted in a breakdown in the relationship between speed and accuracy, especially when making an incorrect floral choice incurred a distasteful quinine punishment. No single speed-accuracy tactic was found to be optimal in terms of foraging efficiency under either predation threat situation. However, bees that made faster decisions achieved higher nectar collection rates in predator free situations, while accurate bees achieved higher foraging rates under predation threat. Our findings show that while individual bees remain relatively consistent in terms of whether they place greater emphasis on speed or accuracy under predation threat, they can respond flexibly to the additional time costs of detecting predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Yun Wang
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lars Chittka
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas C Ings
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Brucks D, Range F, Marshall-Pescini S. Dogs' reaction to inequity is affected by inhibitory control. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15802. [PMID: 29150666 PMCID: PMC5694007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inequity aversion is thought to act as a mechanism to ensure cooperation and has been studied in many different species, consistently revealing inter-individual variation. Inhibitory control has been proposed to act as one factor responsible for this variation since individuals need to inhibit performing the required action and/or refuse rewards in order to exhibit inequity aversion. Here, we investigated if dogs' sensitivity to inequity is affected by their capacity for inhibitory control, assessed in a test battery and questionnaire. Overall, dogs showing high compulsivity scores (i.e. repetitive behaviours independent of feedback) were more motivated to participate in the inequity task independent of the rewarding scheme. Dogs were more sensitive to inequity and individual contrast if they exhibited a slower decision speed in the inhibition tasks. Furthermore, less persistent and more impulsive dogs were more sensitive to reward inequity, potentially due to having a lower tolerance level for frustration. Results indicate that aspects of inhibitory control can explain the variation in dogs' inequity response, highlighting one of the mechanisms underlying responses to inequity. Emphasising the importance to design paradigms, which allow us to disentangle capacities to recognise inequity from the inability to react to it due to poor inhibitory control abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Brucks
- Comparative Cognition Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Friederike Range
- Comparative Cognition Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Marshall-Pescini
- Comparative Cognition Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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A Differential-Developmental Model (DDM): Mental Speed, Attention Lapses, and General Intelligence (g). J Intell 2017; 5:jintelligence5020025. [PMID: 31162416 PMCID: PMC6526483 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence5020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a parsimonious account of developmental and individual differences in intelligence (measured as g). The paper proposes a Differential-Developmental Model (DDM), which focuses on factors common to intelligence and cognitive development (e.g., mental speed and attention lapses). It also proposes a complementary method based on Jensen's box, a chronometric device. The device systematically varies task complexity, and separates two components of mental speed that differentially predict intelligence and cognitive development (reaction time and movement time). The paper reviews key assumptions of DDM, preliminary findings relevant to DDM, and future research on DDM.
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Kertzman S, Vainder M, Aizer A, Kotler M, Dannon PN. Pathological gambling and impulsivity: Comparison of the different measures in the behavior inhibition tasks. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Glicksohn J, Hadad Y, Ben-Yaacov T. “Now you see me, now you don’t”: The assessment of impulsivity. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1242682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Glicksohn
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52100, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied), Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52100, Israel
| | - Yamit Hadad
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52100, Israel
- Department of Criminology, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Tal Ben-Yaacov
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52100, Israel
- Department of Criminology, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
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Can we reliably measure the general factor of intelligence (g) through commercial video games? Yes, we can! INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lozano JH, Hernández JM, Santacreu J. Impulsivity and speed–accuracy strategies in discrimination learning. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2014.977793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heitz RP. The speed-accuracy tradeoff: history, physiology, methodology, and behavior. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:150. [PMID: 24966810 PMCID: PMC4052662 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few behavioral effects as ubiquitous as the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT). From insects to rodents to primates, the tendency for decision speed to covary with decision accuracy seems an inescapable property of choice behavior. Recently, the SAT has received renewed interest, as neuroscience approaches begin to uncover its neural underpinnings and computational models are compelled to incorporate it as a necessary benchmark. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of SAT. First, I trace its history as a tractable behavioral phenomenon and the role it has played in shaping mathematical descriptions of the decision process. Second, I present a "users guide" of SAT methodology, including a critical review of common experimental manipulations and analysis techniques and a treatment of the typical behavioral patterns that emerge when SAT is manipulated directly. Finally, I review applications of this methodology in several domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Heitz
- Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
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Lozano Bleda JH, Pérez Nieto MA. Impulsivity, intelligence, and discriminating reinforcement contingencies in a fixed-ratio 3 schedule. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 15:922-9. [PMID: 23156902 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Research conducted in academic contexts suggests a moderating effect of impulsive behavior on the relationship between aptitude and achievement. According to these studies, intelligence scores being equal, higher levels of impulsivity have an adverse effect on achievement (Helmers, Young, & Pihl, 1995; Vigil-Colet & Morales-Vives, 2005; Zeidner, 1995). The present study aims to contrast the aforementioned moderator effect in the context of a discriminant learning task, carried out under a fixed-ratio 3 reinforcement schedule. To that end, an impulsive behavioral pattern was identified in a sample of 1,600 participants' task execution based on response rate and latency. Said pattern was consistent and stable across several trials and can be ascribed to subjects' interactive style (Hernández, 2000). The observed interaction effect supports the hypothesis that impulsivity has a moderating effect on the aptitude-achievement relationship, highlighting how it impacts achievement differentially depending on the subject's level of aptitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Héctor Lozano Bleda
- Dpto. de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, C/ Castillo de Alarcón, 49. Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain.
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Reuter EM, Voelcker-Rehage C, Vieluf S, Godde B. Touch perception throughout working life: effects of age and expertise. Exp Brain Res 2011; 216:287-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Consistent personality differences in house-hunting behavior but not decision speed in swarms of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Quiroga MÁ, Martínez-Molina A, Lozano JH, Santacreu J. Reflection-Impulsivity Assessed Through Performance Differences in a Computerized Spatial Task. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on performance differences individuals show when solving a computerized spatial-orientation dynamic task, irrespective of their cognitive ability. The hypothesis tested was that differences in performance reflect individuals’ cognitive style: Reflection-Impulsivity. The Spatial Orientation Dynamic Task-Revised (SODT-R) and the Analytical, Sequential, and Inductive Reasoning Test (TRASI) were administered to 541 postgraduate participants, as part of the selection process they were following. Reflection-Impulsivity was measured through average response latency and average error score comprising three groups: impulsive, reflective, and medium. Performance was measured by mean response frequency, quality proportion of the first press, and mean invested time. Data were analyzed through discriminant analysis. Criterion variable was Reflection-Impulsivity groups and discriminant variables were performance ones, plus intelligence. Results show different performance patterns clearly associated with Reflection-Impulsivity (canonical correlation = .63). Intelligence played a small role in the differentiation between groups. Findings support the proposal to use spatial orientation tasks as vehicles to measure cognitive style Reflection-Impulsivity in adults. We finally discuss performance patterns as a pathway to ways of acquiring and processing spatial information for impulsives and reflexives, with similar cognitive resources.
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Brouwers SA, Van de Vijver FJ, Van Hemert DA. Variation in Raven's Progressive Matrices scores across time and place. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Speed–accuracy tradeoffs in animal decision making. Trends Ecol Evol 2009; 24:400-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Keye D, Wilhelm O, Oberauer K. Structure and Correlates of the German Version of the Brief UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scales. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The article proposes a shortened German version of the UPPS impulsive behavior scales. In Study 1, 149 high-school students completed the UPPS questionnaire, a Big-Five questionnaire, additional established self-report scales to measure conscientiousness and impulsivity, as well as tests of working memory capacity, reasoning, and clerical speed. Measurement models were applied to the full translated UPPS scales using confirmatory factor analysis. A satisfactory measurement model could be established only by removing many of the initial items. The remaining items correlated as expected with other self-report and ability measures: Substantial correlations with impulsivity and conscientiousness contrasted with zero correlations with working memory and reasoning ability. The association between impulsivity factors and perceptual speed was primarily a result of the number of solved items rather than the number of mistakes in the speed tasks. In Study 2 the reduced item set from Study 1 was administered to 246 participants to replicate the model. The fit of this model supports the construct validity of the final item set. The generally low correlations of the UPPS with cognitive variables questions interpretations of self-reported impulsivity that are overly focused on cognition. More appropriate cognitive criteria for impulsivity constructs should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Keye
- Institute for Progress in Education, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Wilhelm
- Institute for Progress in Education, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Oberauer
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK
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Influence of impulsivity-reflexivity when testing dynamic spatial ability: sex and g differences. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2008; 10:294-302. [PMID: 17992956 DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600006569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This work analyzes the possibility that the differences in the performance of men and women in dynamic spatial tasks such as the Spatial Orientation Dynamic Test-Revised (SODT-R; Santacreu & Rubio, 1998), obtained in previous works, are due to cognitive style (Reflexivity-Impulsivity) or to the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SATO) that the participants implement. If these differences are due to cognitive style, they would be independent of intelligence, whereas if they are due to SATO, they may be associated with intelligence. In this work, 1652 participants, 984 men and 668 women, ages between 18 and 55 years, were assessed. In addition to the SODT-R, the "Test de Razonamiento Analitico, Secuencial e Inductivo" (TRASI [Analytical, Sequential, and Inductive Reasoning Test]; Rubio & Santacreu, 2003) was administered as a measure of general intelligence. Impulsivity scores (Zi) of Salkind and Wright (1977) were used to analyze reflexivity-impulsivity and SATO. The results obtained indicate that (a) four performance groups can be identified: Fast-accurate, Slow-inaccurate, Impulsive, and Reflexive. The first two groups solve the task as a function of a competence variable and the last two as a function of a personality variable; (b) performance differences should be attributed to SATO; (c) SATO differs depending on sex and intelligence level.
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Walderhaug E, Magnusson A, Neumeister A, Lappalainen J, Lunde H, Refsum H, Landrø NI. Interactive effects of sex and 5-HTTLPR on mood and impulsivity during tryptophan depletion in healthy people. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:593-9. [PMID: 17544379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT) plays a central role in mood regulation and impulsivity. We studied whether healthy men and women react differently on mood and impulsivity measures during acute tryptophan depletion (ATD). We also studied the relative contribution of a functional length triallelic polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter, designated 5-HTTLPR, to the behavioral responses to ATD. METHODS Thirty-nine men and 44 women participated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel group ATD study. Behavioral measures of impulsivity and mood were obtained. RESULTS During ATD, women reported mood reduction and showed a cautious response style, which is commonly associated with depression. Men showed an impulsive response style and did not report mood reduction. The 5-HTTLPR influenced the mood response to ATD in women. CONCLUSIONS Healthy men became more impulsive, whereas healthy women showed mood reduction in response to ATD. This suggests that 5-HT could be one mechanism contributing to the sex differences in the prevalence of mood and impulsivity disorders. The influence of 5-HTTLPR on mood responses in women further substantiates the relevance of this variant in the pathophysiology of at least a subgroup of patients with major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Walderhaug
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Reeve CL. Functional Impulsivity and Speeded Ability Test Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2389.2007.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vigil-Colet A, Morales-Vives F. How impulsivity is related to intelligence and academic achievement. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2006; 8:199-204. [PMID: 16255386 DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600005072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships between impulsivity, intelligence, and academic failure in a sample of 241 secondary school students who completed Thurstone's (1938) Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) test and Dickman's (1990) and Barratt's (1985) impulsivity questionnaires (DII and BIS-10, respectively). Results show an inverse relationship between impulsivity and intelligence, specific to the scales with higher loadings on crystallized intelligence, and a positive relationship between impulsivity and academic failure. These results indicate that impulsivity is not directly related to intelligence and may act as a moderator variable between individuals' resources and their achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Vigil-Colet
- Universidad Rovira y Virgili, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y Psicología, Crtra. Valls s/n, 43007-Tarragona, Spain.
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Speed/accuracy decisions in task performance: Built-in trade-off or separate strategic concerns? ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Phillips LH, Wynn VE, McPherson S, Gilhooly KJ. Mental planning and the Tower of London task. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. A, HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001; 54:579-97. [PMID: 11394063 DOI: 10.1080/713755977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Tower of London (TOL) task has been used extensively as a test of planning ability in neuropsychological patients and normal populations. Participants are asked to preplan mentally a sequence of moves to match a start set of discs to a goal, and then to execute the moves one by one. The mental preplanning stage has been identified as critical to efficient performance. The current experiments examined whether manipulations of mental preplanning influence performance on the TOL. In Experiment 1, the effect of different planning instructions was examined. Those told to make full mental plans spent considerably longer in planning than participants given no specific planning instructions, yet there was no effect of instruction condition on the efficiency of executing plans. Experiment 2 investigated whether people were able to plan mentally, by looking at their ability to identify intermediate states of an optimum mental plan. Results indicated that most individuals could make accurate preplans up to two subgoals ahead, but not three. However, making an efficient preplan did not result in better subsequent execution of moves to solve the TOL trial. It is concluded that people can make effective mental plans for a limited number of moves. However, on the TOL task, mental preplanning does not offer benefits in terms of quicker performance, or more accurate solution. The nature of planning in the TOL task is therefore questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Psychology, William Guild Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2UB, Scotland.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Analysiert wird das Latenzzeitverhalten bei der Beantwortung von Items in nicht zeitbegrenzt dargebotenen Intelligenztests. Bisherige Befunde zeigen, daß falsche Antworten später gegeben werden als korrekte. Dieses “Falsch > Richtig-Phänomen” wird sowohl hinsichtlich seiner Generalität als auch hinsichtlich seiner Universalität an einer Stichprobe von insgesamt N = 169 Schülern (mittleres Alter 14;6 Jahre) untersucht. Die Testanden bearbeiteten einen Figurenfolgen-, einen Zahlenfolgen-Test und einen Test mit verbalen Analogien. Das “Falsch > Richtig-Phänomen” konnte repliziert werden (Generalität). Die Differenz zwischen Falsch- und Richtig-Latenz nimmt jedoch mit sinkender Testleistung ab (eingeschränkte Universalität). Der Nachweis einer transsituativen Konsistenz des Latenzzeitverhaltens und die lediglich moderaten positiven korrelativen Beziehungen der Latenzzeit zur Testleistung legt die Erwartung eines potentiell zusätzlichen diagnostisch relevanten Indikators nahe. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse zeigt, daß kognitive Stilbesonderheiten (kognitive Impulsivität) nicht zur Erklärung der differentiellen Latenzzeitunterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Leistungsgruppen herangezogen werden können.
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