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Mourtada F, Clement CH, Dauer LT, Baureus Koch C, Cosset JM, Doruff M, Damato A, Guedea F, Scalliet P, Thomadsen B, Pinillos-Ashton L, Small W. Occupational Radiological Protection in Brachytherapy. Ann ICRP 2021; 50:5-75. [PMID: 34503342 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211013514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Firas Mourtada
- Chief of Clinical Physics, ChristianaCare, Newark, Delaware.,President, American Brachytherapy Society
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Majji S, Wijayalath W, Shashikumar S, Pow-Sang L, Villasante E, Brumeanu TD, Casares S. Differential effect of HLA class-I versus class-II transgenes on human T and B cell reconstitution and function in NRG mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28093. [PMID: 27323875 PMCID: PMC4914985 DOI: 10.1038/srep28093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice expressing Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I or II transgenes have been generated, but the role of class I vs class II on human T and B cell reconstitution and function has not been investigated in detail. Herein we show that NRG (NOD.RagKO.IL2RγcKO) mice expressing HLA-DR4 molecules (DRAG mice) and those co-expressing HLA-DR4 and HLA-A2 molecules (DRAGA mice) did not differ in their ability to develop human T and B cells, to reconstitute cytokine-secreting CD4 T and CD8 T cells, or to undergo immunoglobulin class switching. In contrast, NRG mice expressing only HLA-A2 molecules (A2 mice) reconstituted lower numbers of CD4 T cells but similar numbers of CD8 T cells. The T cells from A2 mice were deficient at secreting cytokines, and their B cells could not undergo immunoglobulin class switching. The inability of A2 mice to undergo immunoglobulin class switching is due to deficient CD4 helper T cell function. Upon immunization, the frequency and cytotoxicity of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in DRAGA mice was significantly higher than in A2 mice. The results indicated a multifactorial effect of the HLA-DR4 transgene on development and function of human CD4 T cells, antigen-specific human CD8 T cells, and immunoglobulin class switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Majji
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Wathsala Wijayalath
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Soumya Shashikumar
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Luis Pow-Sang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eileen Villasante
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Teodor D Brumeanu
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia Casares
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Lian S, Potula HHSK, Pillai MR, Van Stry M, Koyanagi M, Chung L, Watanabe M, Bix M. Transcriptional activation of Mina by Sp1/3 factors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80638. [PMID: 24324617 PMCID: PMC3851307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mina is an epigenetic gene regulatory protein known to function in multiple physiological and pathological contexts, including pulmonary inflammation, cell proliferation, cancer and immunity. We showed previously that the level of Mina gene expression is subject to natural genetic variation linked to 21 SNPs occurring in the Mina 5′ region [1]. In order to explore the mechanisms regulating Mina gene expression, we set out to molecularly characterize the Mina promoter in the region encompassing these SNPs. We used three kinds of assays – reporter, gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation – to analyze a 2 kb genomic fragment spanning the upstream and intron 1 regions flanking exon 1. Here we discovered a pair of Mina promoters (P1 and P2) and a P1-specific enhancer element (E1). Pharmacologic inhibition and siRNA knockdown experiments suggested that Sp1/3 transcription factors trigger Mina expression through additive activity targeted to a cluster of four Sp1/3 binding sites forming the P1 promoter. These results set the stage for comprehensive analysis of Mina gene regulation from the context of tissue specificity, the impact of inherited genetic variation and the nature of upstream signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Genes, Reporter
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sp3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sp3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Sp3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangli Lian
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hari Hara S. K. Potula
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Meenu R. Pillai
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Melanie Van Stry
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Madoka Koyanagi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Linda Chung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark Bix
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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García E, Stracher A, Jay D. Calcineurin dephosphorylates the C-terminal region of filamin in an important regulatory site: A possible mechanism for filamin mobilization and cell signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 446:140-50. [PMID: 16442073 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Filamin is a phosphoprotein that organizes actin filaments into networks. We report that a purified C-terminal recombinant region of filamin is a suitable substrate for calcineurin in vitro. Furthermore, 1 microM cyclosporin A (CsA), a specific calcineurin inhibitor, reduced the dephosphorylation of the recombinant fragment in 293FT cells. Mutagenesis analysis showed that a dephosphorylation step occurred in Ser 2152, which was previously shown to provide resistance to calpain cleavage when endogenous PKA is activated. In contrast, phosphorylation of Ser 2152 was recently reported to be necessary for membrane dynamic changes. In this regard, we found that CsA protects filamin in platelets from calpain degradation. Results could be combined with available information in a single model, assuming that some of the peptide fragments released by calcineurin-regulated calpain action could mediate actions in downstream pathways, which may help to resolve the controversies reported on the role of filamin phosphorylation in actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth García
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico DF 14080, Mexico
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5
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Bamberger AM, Jenatschke S, Schulte HM, Ellebrecht I, Beil FU, Bamberger CM. Regulation of the human leukemia inhibitory factor gene by ETS transcription factors. Neuroimmunomodulation 2004; 11:10-9. [PMID: 14557674 DOI: 10.1159/000072964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2002] [Accepted: 01/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine mainly produced by activated T lymphocytes. We previously demonstrated that human Jurkat T lymphoma cells represent a valid model of LIF gene expression. This study was designed to identify regions critical for LIF promoter activation in Jurkat cells. METHODS Luciferase constructs under the control of different portions of the human LIF promoter were transfected into Jurkat cells, and promoter activity was determined by luminometry. Similar experiments were performed with constructs bearing mutations in the putative ETS binding regions in the LIF promoter. RT-PCR, Western blot and gelshift experiments were performed to study expression and DNA binding of ETS factors in lymphoid cells. RESULTS With the exception of the shortest construct not including the putative ETS binding sites, all wildtype LIF promoter constructs were strongly inducible by phorbol ester/ionomycin. In contrast, the mutant constructs were significantly less inducible. Cotransfection of the wild-type constructs with ETS expression vectors resulted in significant enhancement of promoter activity. ets-1 and ets-2 mRNA and protein were shown to be expressed in Jurkat cells. Gelshift experiments revealed that proteins present in nuclear extracts from Jurkat cells specifically bind to both artificial ETS consensus sites and ETS binding sites present in the LIF promoter. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that binding of ETS transcription factors to the ETS binding sites in the human LIF promoter is critical for its inducibility in response to T cell activators. ETS transcription factors thus play an important functional role within the endocrine-immune network.
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Chow FS, Jusko WJ. Immunosuppressive Interactions among Calcium Channel Antagonists and Selected Corticosteroids and Macrolides Using Human whole Blood Lymphocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2004; 19:413-21. [PMID: 15681895 PMCID: PMC4178538 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.19.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive interactions of calcium channel antagonists [diltiazem (Dil), verapamil (Ver) and nifedipine (Nif)], with corticosteroids [methylprednisolone (Mpl), prednisolone (Prd)], and macrolides [tacrolimus (Tac) and sirolimus (Sir)] were examined in human whole blood lymphocyte cultures. Gender-related differences in responses in the interactions between these drug classes were studied using blood from 6 males and 6 females. The nature and intensity of interactions were determined using an extended Loewe additivity model. All immunosuppressants exhibited higher potency than the calcium channel antagonists with mean IC50 values of: Dil Ver Nif Mpl Prd Tac Sir (mM) (mM) (mM) (nM) (nM) (nM) (nM) Male 135 41.9 213 12.1 18.6 150 327 Female 114 31.8 47.4 4.6 8.8 111 106 Gender-related differences in responses to Mpl and Prd were observed while the others were not significant. Additive interactions were found among calcium channel antagonists and corticosteroids. Significant synergistic interactions were observed between calcium channel antagonists and tacrolimus and sirolimus, although these are unlikely to be of clinical importance. These studies demonstrate diverse drug interactions in the examination of an important array of immunosuppressant drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung-Sing Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
- Pfizer Central Research, Groton CT
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
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7
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Deresinski SC. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: potential therapeutic, immunological and antiretroviral effects in HIV infection. AIDS 1999; 13:633-43. [PMID: 10397557 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199904160-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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McKinlay LH, Tymms MJ, Thomas RS, Seth A, Hasthorpe S, Hertzog PJ, Kola I. The Role of Ets-1 in Mast Cell Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Expression and Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ets-1 is a transcription factor with restricted expression in lymphocytes, and it has been implicated in the regulation of T cell genes such as TCRα, TCRβ, CD4, IL-2, and TNF-α. We show in this study that Ets-1 is also expressed in some mast cells constitutively and can be induced in primary mast cells with stimuli that activate mast cells. We also show that Ets-1 plays a role in the regulation of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), a cytokine expressed by activated mast cells. We have characterized a murine growth factor-independent mast cell line, FMP6−, derived from a factor-dependent cell line, FMP1.6. FMP6− has acquired a distinct connective tissue mast cell-like phenotype, as characterized by the expression of mast cell proteases MMCP-4 and MMCP-6, expression of IL-12, and the down-regulation of IL-4. The parental FMP1.6 cell line displays a mucosal mast cell-like phenotype. FMP6− cells have increased Ets-1 expression and achieve growth-factor independence by the autocrine production of GM-CSF and IL-3. Transient transfection of an Ets-1 expression construct in FMP6− cells results in transactivation of a GM-CSF reporter, while a point mutation in the consensus Ets binding site in the conserved lymphokine element, CLE0, abolishes Ets-1 transactivation. Importantly, antisense Ets-1 demonstrates an ability to repress the activity of the GM-CSF reporter. These data suggest a role for Ets-1 in mast cell growth regulation and activation, and because of the central role of mast cells in inflammatory processes, such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, they identify Ets-1 as potentially contributing to the pathophysiology of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh H. McKinlay
- *Molecular Genetics and Development Group, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin J. Tymms
- *Molecular Genetics and Development Group, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ross S. Thomas
- *Molecular Genetics and Development Group, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arun Seth
- †Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto and Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Suzanne Hasthorpe
- ‡F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J. Hertzog
- *Molecular Genetics and Development Group, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ismail Kola
- *Molecular Genetics and Development Group, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Mannon RB, Kotzin BL, Nataraj C, Ferri K, Roper E, Kurlander RJ, Coffman TM. Downregulation of T cell receptor expression by CD8(+) lymphocytes in kidney allografts. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2517-27. [PMID: 9616223 PMCID: PMC508841 DOI: 10.1172/jci1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allospecific CD8(+) T lymphocytes are an important component of the cellular response in allograft rejection. These cells recognize and engage MHC class I antigens, leading to allospecific cytolytic responses and graft rejection. In mouse kidney allografts that survive to 3 wk after transplantation, we noted that the majority of CD8(+) cells do not express surface alpha/beta T cell receptor alpha/beta(TCR), gamma/deltaTCR, or CD3. However, these CD8(+)TCR- cells did express surface markers characteristic of T cells, including Thy1.2, CD2, and CD5. In addition, the CD8(+)TCR- cells expressed mRNA for TCR Vbeta gene families, and nearly half stained positive for cytoplasmic Vbeta8 protein, suggesting that they are T cells that have downregulated alpha/betaTCR protein expression from their cell surfaces. When these surface TCR- cells were isolated from kidney allografts by flow cytometry and cultured in the presence of either allogeneic or syngeneic stimulators, nearly 100% of cells reacquired normal levels of alpha/betaTCR expression with disproportionate usage of Vbeta8 chains. After recovery of their surface TCR expression, the CD8(+)TCR- population demonstrated strong alloreactivity in culture. These results suggest that the substantial number of CD8(+)TCR- cells found in long-term surviving mouse kidney allografts are alpha/beta-T cells that have downregulated their cell surface expression of TCR. While in other systems this phenotype may identify cells that have engaged antigen, our results indicate that loss of TCR expression by CD8(+) kidney graft-infiltrating cells may not depend on antigen engagement and that elements in the microenvironment of the kidney graft play a key role in this process. Factors that modulate expression of TCR by graft-infiltrating lymphocytes may have an important role in regulating rejection responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mannon
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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10
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Symes A, Gearan T, Eby J, Fink JS. Integration of Jak-Stat and AP-1 signaling pathways at the vasoactive intestinal peptide cytokine response element regulates ciliary neurotrophic factor-dependent transcription. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:9648-54. [PMID: 9092493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.15.9648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)-dependent induction of expression of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene is mediated by a 180-base pair cytokine response element (CyRE) in the VIP promoter. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms mediating the transcriptional activation by CNTF, intracellular signaling to the CyRE has been studied in a neuroblastoma cell line. It has been shown previously that CNTF induces Stat proteins to bind to a site within the CyRE. CNTF also induces a second protein to bind to a C/EBP-like site within the CyRE. In this report, we show that this inducible CyRE binding protein is composed of the AP-1 proteins c-Fos, JunB, and JunD. These proteins bind to a non-canonical AP-1 site located near the previously characterized C/EBP site. The serine/threonine kinase inhibitor H7 prevents CNTF-dependent induction of AP-1 binding and CyRE-mediated transcription, suggesting that an H7-sensitive kinase is important to mediating CNTF effects on VIP transcription. The integration at the VIP CyRE of the Jak-Stat and AP-1 signaling pathways with other pre-existing proteins provides a cellular mechanism for cell- and cytokine-specific signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Symes
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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11
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Sabin EA, Kopf MA, Pearce EJ. Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced early IL-4 production is dependent upon IL-5 and eosinophils. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1871-8. [PMID: 8920874 PMCID: PMC2192874 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.5.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial immune response to Schistosoma mansoni eggs presumably results in IL-4 production, as schistosome eggs are strong Th2-inducing antigens and the differentiation of antigen-specific Th2 cells is largely dependent on the presence of IL-4 during priming of naive Th cells. Consistent with this concept, intraperitoneal injection of mice with schistosome eggs results in an upregulation of IL-4 production by peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) within 12 h. Egg-induced IL-4 is rapidly bound by its receptor, suggesting that this cytokine is utilized by a cell type present at the site of antigen deposition or is complexed to soluble receptor. The peak of early IL-4 production is accompanied by a local eosinophilia and the apparent disappearance of mast cells. Studies utilizing either IL-4, IL-5, or mast cell-deficient mice indicate that the eosinophilia is dependent on mast cells and IL-5 and independent of IL-4. Strikingly, egg-induced IL-4 production is absent in animals lacking the early peritoneal eosinophilia. Immunocytochemical analysis of PEC following egg injection indicates that the eosinophils themselves make IL-4. These data strongly suggest that egg-induced IL-5 plays an essential role in recruiting eosinophils to the site of antigen deposition and that it is these eosinophils that then directly produce early IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Sabin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
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12
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Coles LS, Diamond P, Occhiodoro F, Vadas MA, Shannon MF. Cold shock domain proteins repress transcription from the GM-CSF promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:2311-7. [PMID: 8710501 PMCID: PMC145951 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.12.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene promoter binds a sequence-specific single-strand DNA binding protein termed NF-GMb. We previously demonstrated that the NF-GMb binding sites were required for repression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induction of the proximal GM-CSF promoter sequences in fibroblasts. We now describe the isolation of two different cDNA clones that encode cold shock domain (CSD) proteins with NF-GMb binding characteristics. One is identical to the previously reported CSD protein dbpB and the other is a previously unreported variant of the dbpA CSD factor. This is the first report of CSD factors binding to a cytokine gene. Nuclear NF-GMb and expressed CSD proteins have the same binding specificity for the GM-CSF promoter and other CSD binding sites. We present evidence that CSD factors are components of the nuclear NF-GMb complex. We also demonstrate that overexpression of the CSD proteins leads to complete repression of the proximal GM-CSF promoter containing the NF-GMb/CSD binding sites. Surprisingly, we show that CSD overexpression can also directly repress a region of the promoter which apparently lacks NF-GMb/CSD binding sites. NF-GMb/CSD factors may hence be acting by two different mechanisms. We discuss the potential importance of CSD factors in maintaining strict regulation of the GM-CSF gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Coles
- Division of Human Immunology, Hanson Centre for Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Campbell PM, Pimm J, Ramassar V, Halloran PF. Identification of a calcium-inducible, cyclosporine sensitive element in the IFN-gamma promoter that is a potential NFAT binding site. Transplantation 1996; 61:933-9. [PMID: 8623163 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199603270-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine (CsA) inhibits cytokine transcription by preventing the activation of key promoter sites, in particular the binding of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) to the IL-2 NFAT site and the "P" site in IL-4. To identify potential NFAT-like sites in the IFN-gamma promoter, we sought areas of homology with the known sites in other promoters. In the promoter region of the mouse and human IFN-gamma gene, we identified two repeats of a consensus sequence ATTTCCnnT, designated P1 and P2 because of their homology to the calcium-inducible and CsA-sensitive "P" sequences in the IL-4 promoter. In electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), a probe containing the second P sequence "P2" in the human IFN-gamma gene bound nuclear proteins from stimulated, but not unstimulated, humans T cells. The cytosol of unstimulated cells contained similar binding activity that decreased after stimulation, indicating that this binding activity translocated to the nucleus after stimulation. CsA inhibited nuclear translocation. Competition studies demonstrated that oligomers containing the sequences P1 and P2 in IFN-gamma gene, the NFAT site in the IL-2 gene, and the IL-4 P site competed with the P2 probe for protein binding, whereas an oligomer containing mutations in the P2 site did not. Addition of anti-NFAT antiserum altered protein binding to P2, indicating that the proteins were either identical or related to NFAT. Stimulation of T cells transfected with constructs containing three copies of the P2 sequence enhanced CAT activity in response to ionomycin, and this effect was blocked by CsA. These results suggest that the P2 sequence, and probably the P1 sequence, in the IFN-gamma promoter are NFAT binding sites and contribute to the calcium inducibility and CsA sensitivity of IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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14
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Lee HJ, Masuda ES, Arai N, Arai K, Yokota T. Definition of cis-regulatory elements of the mouse interleukin-5 gene promoter. Involvement of nuclear factor of activated T cell-related factors in interleukin-5 expression. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:17541-50. [PMID: 7615560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.29.17541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the promoter region of the mouse interleukin-5 (IL-5) gene, extending from a nucleotide position about -1,200 to +33 relative to the transcription initiation site, can mediate transcriptional stimulation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) in mouse thymoma EL-4 cells. Here, we describe identification of four cis-regulatory elements necessary for full activity of the IL-5 promoter, using deletion and mutation analyses. We designated these elements as IL-5A (-948 approximately -933), IL-5P (-117 approximately -92), IL-5C (-74 approximately -56), and IL-5CLE0 (-55 approximately -38). We found that IL-5P bears homology to the binding site for the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) and interacted with protein factors in nuclear extracts prepared from EL-4 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and Bt2cAMP (designated NFIL-5P). NFIL-5P complex was inhibited in the presence of an excess NF-AT and AP1 oligonucleotides and super-shifted by antisera raised against NF-ATp, c-Fos, and c-Jun. It thus seems likely that an NF-AT-related factor is involved in the regulation of IL-5 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lee
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ricci
- Istituto Clinica Medica III, University of Florence, Italy
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16
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The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promoter cis-acting element CLE0 mediates induction signals in T cells and is recognized by factors related to AP1 and NFAT. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8246960 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.12.7399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene in T cells is activated by the combination of phorbol ester (phorbol myristate acetate) and calcium ionophore (A23187), which mimic antigen stimulation through the T-cell receptor. We have previously shown that a fragment containing bp -95 to +27 of the mouse GM-CSF promoter can confer inducibility to reporter genes in the human Jurkat T-cell line. Here we use an in vitro transcription system to demonstrate that a cis-acting element (positions -54 to -40), referred to as CLE0, is a target for the induction signals. We observed induction with templates containing intact CLE0 but not with templates with deleted or mutated CLE0. We also observed that two distinct signals were required for the stimulation through CLE0, since only extracts from cells treated with both phorbol myristate acetate and A23187 supported optimal induction. Stimulation probably was mediated by CLE0-binding proteins because depletion of these proteins specifically reduced GM-CSF transcription. One of the binding factors possessed biochemical and immunological features identical to those of the transcription factor AP1. Another factor resembled the T-cell-specific factor NFAT. The characteristics of these two factors are consistent with their involvement in GM-CSF induction. The presence of CLE0-like elements in the promoters of interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF, and NFAT sites in the IL-2 promoter suggests that the factors we detected, or related factors that recognize these sites, may account for the coordinate induction of these genes during T-cell activation.
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Tsuboi A, Masuda ES, Naito Y, Tokumitsu H, Arai K, Arai N. Calcineurin potentiates activation of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene in T cells: involvement of the conserved lymphokine element 0. Mol Biol Cell 1994; 5:119-28. [PMID: 8186461 PMCID: PMC301014 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.5.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are produced by stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore (A23187) in human T cell leukemia Jurkat cells. The expression of GM-CSF and IL-2 is inhibited by immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506. Earlier studies on the IL-2 gene expression showed that overexpression of calcineurin (CN), a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, can stimulate transcription from the IL-2 promoter through the NF-AT-binding site. In this study, we obtained evidence that transfection of the cDNAs for CN A (catalytic) and CN B (regulatory) subunits also augments transcription from the GM-CSF promoter and recovers the transcription inhibited by CsA. The constitutively active type of the CN A subunit, which lacks the auto-inhibitory and calmodulin-binding domains, acts in synergy with PMA to activate transcription from the GM-CSF promoter. We also found that the active CN partially replaces calcium ionophore in synergy with PMA to induce expression of endogenous GM-CSF and IL-2. By multimerizing the regulatory elements of the GM-CSF promoter, we found that one of the target sites for the CN action is the conserved lymphokine element 0 (CLE0), located at positions between -54 and -40. Mobility shift assays showed that the CLE0 sequence has an AP1-binding site and is associated with an NF-AT-like factor, termed NF-CLE0 gamma. NF-CLE0 gamma binding is induced by PMA/A23187 and is inhibited by treatment with CsA. These results suggest that CN is involved in the coordinated induction of the GM-CSF and IL-2 genes and that the CLE0 sequence of the GM-CSF gene is a functional analogue of the NF-AT-binding site in the IL-2 promoter, which mediates signals downstream of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsuboi
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, California 94304-1104
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Chuvpilo S, Schomberg C, Gerwig R, Heinfling A, Reeves R, Grummt F, Serfling E. Multiple closely-linked NFAT/octamer and HMG I(Y) binding sites are part of the interleukin-4 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:5694-704. [PMID: 8284217 PMCID: PMC310537 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.24.5694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We show here that the immediate upstream region (from position -12 to -270) of the murine interleukin 4 (Il-4) gene harbors a strong cell-type specific transcriptional enhancer. In T lymphoma cells, the activity of the Il-4 promoter/enhancer is stimulated by phorbol esters, Ca++ ionophores and agonists of protein kinase A and inhibited by low doses of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A. The Il-4 promoter/enhancer is transcriptionally inactive in B lymphoma cells and HeLa cells. DNase I footprint protection experiments revealed six sites of the Il-4 promoter/enhancer to be bound by nuclear proteins from lymphoid and myeloid cells. Among them are four purine boxes which have been described to be important sequence motifs of the Il-2 promoter. They contain the motif GGAAA and are recognized by the inducible and cyclosporin A-sensitive transcription factor NFAT-1. Three of the Il-4 NFAT-1 sites are closely linked to weak binding sites of Octamer factors. Several purine boxes and an AT-rich protein-binding site of the Il-4 promoter are also recognized by the high mobility group protein HMG I(Y). Whereas the binding of NFAT-1 and Octamer factors enhance the activity of the Il-4 promoter, the binding of HMG I(Y) suppresses its activity and, therefore, appears to be involved in the suppression of Il-4 transcription in resting T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chuvpilo
- Institute of Pathology, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Masuda ES, Tokumitsu H, Tsuboi A, Shlomai J, Hung P, Arai K, Arai N. The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promoter cis-acting element CLE0 mediates induction signals in T cells and is recognized by factors related to AP1 and NFAT. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:7399-407. [PMID: 8246960 PMCID: PMC364811 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.12.7399-7407.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene in T cells is activated by the combination of phorbol ester (phorbol myristate acetate) and calcium ionophore (A23187), which mimic antigen stimulation through the T-cell receptor. We have previously shown that a fragment containing bp -95 to +27 of the mouse GM-CSF promoter can confer inducibility to reporter genes in the human Jurkat T-cell line. Here we use an in vitro transcription system to demonstrate that a cis-acting element (positions -54 to -40), referred to as CLE0, is a target for the induction signals. We observed induction with templates containing intact CLE0 but not with templates with deleted or mutated CLE0. We also observed that two distinct signals were required for the stimulation through CLE0, since only extracts from cells treated with both phorbol myristate acetate and A23187 supported optimal induction. Stimulation probably was mediated by CLE0-binding proteins because depletion of these proteins specifically reduced GM-CSF transcription. One of the binding factors possessed biochemical and immunological features identical to those of the transcription factor AP1. Another factor resembled the T-cell-specific factor NFAT. The characteristics of these two factors are consistent with their involvement in GM-CSF induction. The presence of CLE0-like elements in the promoters of interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF, and NFAT sites in the IL-2 promoter suggests that the factors we detected, or related factors that recognize these sites, may account for the coordinate induction of these genes during T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Masuda
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, California 94304-1104
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Matsuda I, Naito Y, Arai K, Arai N. The structure of the IL4 gene and regulation of its expression. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 144:569-75. [PMID: 8303074 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(05)80004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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