1
|
Carter DA. Molecular phenotyping of transient postnatal tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the rat bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 82:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
2
|
Lee JK, Jansson ET, Nam HG, Zare RN. High-Resolution Live-Cell Imaging and Analysis by Laser Desorption/Ionization Droplet Delivery Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5453-61. [PMID: 27110027 PMCID: PMC5446058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new ambient-ionization mass spectrometric technique named laser desorption/ionization droplet delivery mass spectrometry (LDIDD-MS). LDIDD-MS permits high-resolution, high-sensitivity imaging of tissue samples as well as measurements of both single-cell apoptosis and live-cell exocytosis. A pulsed (15 Hz) UV laser beam (266 nm) is focused on a surface covered with target analytes to trigger their desorption and ionization. A spray of liquid droplets is simultaneously directed onto the laser-focused surface region to capture the ionized analytes and deliver them to a mass spectrometer. The approach of rapid and effective capturing of molecules after laser desorption/ionization allows the limit of detection for the amino acid lysine to be as low as 2 amol under ambient ionization conditions. Two-dimensional maps of the desorbed/ionized species are recorded by moving the sample on an XY translational stage. The spatial resolution for imaging with LDIDD-MS was determined to be 2.4 μm for an ink-printed pattern and 3 μm for mouse brain tissue. We applied LDIDD-MS to single-cell analysis of apoptotic HEK cells. Differences were observed in the profiles of fatty acids and lipids between healthy HEK cells and those undergoing apoptosis. We observed upregulation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with a relatively shorter carbon chain length and downregulation of PC with a relatively longer carbon chain length. We also applied LDIDD-MS for a real-time direct measurements of live-cell exocytosis. The catecholamine dopamine and trace amines (phenethylamine and tyramine) were detected from live PC12 cells without damaging them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
| | - Erik T. Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Butler B, Saha K, Rana T, Becker JP, Sambo D, Davari P, Goodwin JS, Khoshbouei H. Dopamine Transporter Activity Is Modulated by α-Synuclein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29542-54. [PMID: 26442590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The duration and strength of the dopaminergic signal are regulated by the dopamine transporter (DAT). Drug addiction and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases have all been associated with altered DAT activity. The membrane localization and the activity of DAT are regulated by a number of intracellular proteins. α-Synuclein, a protein partner of DAT, is implicated in neurodegenerative disease and drug addiction. Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of the interaction between DAT and α-synuclein, the cellular location of this interaction, and the functional consequences of this interaction on the basal, amphetamine-induced DAT-mediated dopamine efflux, and membrane microdomain distribution of the transporter. Here, we found that the majority of DAT·α-synuclein protein complexes are found at the plasma membrane of dopaminergic neurons or mammalian cells and that the amphetamine-mediated increase in DAT activity enhances the association of these proteins at the plasma membrane. Further examination of the interaction of DAT and α-synuclein revealed a transient interaction between these two proteins at the plasma membrane. Additionally, we found DAT-induced membrane depolarization enhances plasma membrane localization of α-synuclein, which in turn increases dopamine efflux and enhances DAT localization in cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Butler
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 and
| | - Kaustuv Saha
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 and
| | - Tanu Rana
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Jonas P Becker
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 and
| | - Danielle Sambo
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 and
| | - Paran Davari
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 and
| | - J Shawn Goodwin
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai Q, He J, Qiu J, Wang Y, Wang S, Xiu Y, Yu C. Rotenone induces KATP channel opening in PC12 cells in association with the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1376-84. [PMID: 22895566 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in PC12 cells play a pivotal role in protection against the neurotoxic effect of rotenone. However, it remains unclear why rotenone seems to preferentially affect activation of KATP channels and if this could affect its physiological activity. In this study, we sought to determine how the different energy states caused by various doses of rotenone affect the KATP opening state and whether the KATP opening state influences the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) which is related with DA synthesis. With patch clamp technology, results showed that treatment of PC12 cells with rotenone (0.2-1 µg/ml) for 15 min can cause KATP channel opening with significantly increased intracellular ROS production. Treatment with rotenone (2-16 ng/ml) for 24 h also caused the channels to open with gently increased ROS. In order to study if the rather long-term action on KATP channel opening states could affect the specified function of PC12 cells, the KATP channel opener pinacidil and the inhibitor glibenclamide were used to treat cells for 24 h, and the expression of TH was detected. Our results showed that treatment of PC12 cells with glibenclamide for 24 h can notably promote TH expression and can also enhance the expression of TH which were reduced by rotenone. These data indicate that the energy states in PC12 induced by various doses of rotenone could significantly influence the opening states of KATP channels. However long-term energy stress may raise the opening rate and opening sensitivity of this channel. In addition, our results demonstrate for the first time that activation of plasma membrane KATP channels induced by rotenone inhibits TH expression which influences DA synthesis in PC12 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qunhua Bai
- Institute of Life Science, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lang F, Busch GL, Ritter M, Völkl H, Waldegger S, Gulbins E, Häussinger D. Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Physiol Rev 1998; 78:247-306. [PMID: 9457175 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1269] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive, cells have to avoid excessive alterations of cell volume that jeopardize structural integrity and constancy of intracellular milieu. The function of cellular proteins seems specifically sensitive to dilution and concentration, determining the extent of macromolecular crowding. Even at constant extracellular osmolarity, volume constancy of any mammalian cell is permanently challenged by transport of osmotically active substances across the cell membrane and formation or disappearance of cellular osmolarity by metabolism. Thus cell volume constancy requires the continued operation of cell volume regulatory mechanisms, including ion transport across the cell membrane as well as accumulation or disposal of organic osmolytes and metabolites. The various cell volume regulatory mechanisms are triggered by a multitude of intracellular signaling events including alterations of cell membrane potential and of intracellular ion composition, various second messenger cascades, phosphorylation of diverse target proteins, and altered gene expression. Hormones and mediators have been shown to exploit the volume regulatory machinery to exert their effects. Thus cell volume may be considered a second message in the transmission of hormonal signals. Accordingly, alterations of cell volume and volume regulatory mechanisms participate in a wide variety of cellular functions including epithelial transport, metabolism, excitation, hormone release, migration, cell proliferation, and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Lang
- Institute of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Osaka H, Sabban EL. Requirement for cAMP/calcium response element but not AP-1 site in fibroblast growth factor-2-elicited activation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in PC12 cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1997; 49:222-8. [PMID: 9387881 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) mediates numerous important physiological processes, including differentiation and survival of dopaminergic neurons. FGF-2 was found to trigger elevation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression in PC12 cells that was sustained for 1-8 days. FGF-2 induced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter activity under control of the TH promoter, indicating that the induction is transcriptionally mediated. The transcriptional activation of TH by FGF-2 was examined using various deletions and point mutations of the 5' flanking region controlling CAT reporter activity. In contrast to the reported mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of TH expression by NGF and phorbol esters, the AP-1 site at -205/-199 was not required for the activation by FGF-2. A construct containing only 60 nucleotides of the promoter was still inducible by FGF-2. However, a construct with a point mutation in the CRE/CaRE was not responsive to induction by FGF-2. These findings indicate that the CRE/CaRE, but not the AP-1, element is required for induction by FGF-2 and point to differences between NGF and FGF-2 in the regulation of TH gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Osaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong JM, Lim L. Selective up-regulation of alpha 1-chimaerin mRNA in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells by K+/-induced depolarisation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 236:820-6. [PMID: 8665900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of alpha 1-chimaerin, which encodes a neuron-specific GTPase-activating protein for p21rac, is spatially and temporally regulated in vivo. In vitro, expression of the mRNA of both alpha 1-chimaerin and its alternative spliced form, alpha 2-chimaerin, was up-regulated when human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells underwent neuronal-type differentiation in a serum-free medium. KCl-induced membrane depolarisation also specifically up-regulated alpha 1-chimaerin mRNA expression in SK-N-SH cells at the transcriptional level. The up-regulation of alpha 1-chimaerin expression by membrane depolarisation is not an immediate early event, and occurs 3 h after KCl treatment. It does not require de novo protein synthesis. The increase in calcium influx via the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel as the result of depolarisation is a key event leading to the up-regulation of alpha 1-chimaerin mRNA. alpha 1-Chimaerin expression was also found to respond positively to the hypertonic osmolarity changes. These results suggest that in vivo expression of alpha 1-chimaerin, a potential signal transduction molecule, may be regulated by neuronal/synaptic activity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/physiology
- Calcium Channels, L-Type
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- DNA/biosynthesis
- GTPase-Activating Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Neuroblastoma
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Osmolar Concentration
- Potassium/pharmacology
- Potassium Chloride/pharmacology
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Dong
- Glaxo-IMCB Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim KS, Huang HM, Zhang H, Wagner J, Joh T, Gibson GE. The role of signal transduction systems in mediating cell density dependent changes in tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 33:254-60. [PMID: 8750884 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00132-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell density has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal gene phenotype. This study tested the interaction of signal transduction pathways and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA with varying cell density. Increasing cell density in a parental, wild type PC12 cell line elevated steady state levels of TH mRNA. Three observations suggested that this induction is not related to the cyclic AMP dependent signalling pathway: (1) Forskolin stimulated the level of TH mRNA similarly at multiple densities. (2) PKA deficient mutant PC12 cell lines that have either one third (A123.7, AB11) or 3% (A126-1B2) of normal basal expression of TH mRNA still exhibit the same density induced elevation of TH mRNA levels as the wild type. (3) Different cell densities did not change cyclic AMP concentrations in the basal or in the receptor stimulated state. Increasing cell density did not change basal levels of inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels, which suggests that the phosphatidylinositol cascade (PI) is not responsible for density dependent changes in TH expression. Increasing confluence was highly correlated to [Ca2+]i in control (r = 0.70; P < 0.0001), A123.7 (r = 0.92; P < 0.001), AB11 (r = 0.72; P < 0.0001) and A126 (r = 0.42; P < 0.07). Taken together, the results show that neither cyclic AMP nor the PI cascade is involved in cell density induced changes in TH mRNA and suggest that altered [Ca2+]i may have a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Montine TJ, Underhill TM, Valentine WM, Graham DG. Dialkyldithiocarbamates inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase activity in PC12 cells and in fibroblasts that express tyrosine hydroxylase. NEURODEGENERATION : A JOURNAL FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS, NEUROPROTECTION, AND NEUROREGENERATION 1995; 4:283-90. [PMID: 8581560 DOI: 10.1016/1055-8330(95)90017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates and CS2 have been associated with neurobehavioural changes suggestive of central dopaminergic dysfunction. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC), dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDC), and methyldithiocarbamate (MDC) were examined for their ability to inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in PC12 cells and transfected CHO fibroblasts that expressed TH (CHO/TH) activity when tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) was added to medium. DEDC or DMDC did not significantly alter viability of PC12 cells or CHO/TH cells at < or = 100 microM for 18 h; the EC50 for each compound was approximately 5 mM in both cell lines. In contrast, the EC50 for MDC was 41 or 74 microM in PC12 or CHO/TH cultures, respectively. There was no change in immunodetectable levels of TH in PC12 or CHO/TH cells following exposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of dithiocarbamates. DEDC and DMDC (5 to 100 microM) produced concentration-dependent reductions in PC12 cell dopamine and dopac levels as well as in dopa levels in CHO/TH cultures. Reduction of PC12 catechols was not due to altered vesicular storage. In vitro PC12 TH activity was 80.2 +/- 3.4% or 82.4 +/- 2.9% of control following exposure to 100 microM DEDC or DMDC, respectively, and was not fully restored by incubation with Fe2+. These results show that DEDC and DMDC, but not MDC, are low potency cytotoxins that decrease TH activity in cultured cells through mechanisms other than inhibition of BH4 biosynthesis or iron chelation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Montine
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
DNA transfection in SK-N-BE(2)C human neuroblastoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03036865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
11
|
Das B, Sabban EL, Kilbourne EJ, Fricker LD. Regulation of carboxypeptidase E by membrane depolarization in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells: comparison with mRNAs encoding other peptide- and catecholamine-biosynthetic enzymes. J Neurochem 1992; 59:2263-70. [PMID: 1431906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PC12 cells, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line, have been found to express carboxypeptidase E (CPE) enzymatic activity and CPE, furin, and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) mRNAs. PC12 cells secrete CPE activity in response to depolarization induced by 50 mM KCl. Short-term (1- to 3-h) treatments of PC12 cells with KCl stimulates the secretion of CPE but does not appear to stimulate the synthesis of new CPE protein, based on the measurement of CPE activity and incorporation of [35S]-Met into CPE. Also, CPE mRNA is not altered by 2-h treatments with KCl. In contrast, prolonged treatment (24-48 h) of PC12 cells with 50 mM KCl continues to stimulate the secretion of CPE activity, without altering the cellular level of CPE. Levels of CPE mRNA are significantly elevated after long-term treatment of the cells with KCl, with increases of 35% after 5 h and 55-75% after 24 to 72 h of treatment. The level of PAM mRNA is also elevated approximately 70% after 24 h of stimulation with KCl. In contrast, the mRNA levels of furin and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) do not change on treatment of PC12 cells with KCl. These findings indicate that long-term depolarization, which leads to a prolonged stimulation of PC12 cells to secrete CPE, also stimulates the synthesis of CPE and PAM but not furin or DBH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Das
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Regulated expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by membrane depolarization. Identification of the responsive element and possible second messengers. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|