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Dopamine in the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension: Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and Catechol-O-methyl Transferase (COMT) as Possible Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3546294. [PMID: 31871546 PMCID: PMC6906847 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3546294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the Review Hypertension in pregnancy is the global health burden. Amongst the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia and gestational hypertension are the world's leading disorders that lead to both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Recent Findings Dopamine inactive metabolites, namely, monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), have been reported to be associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy such preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Summary This review discusses the involvement of MAO and COMT in the pathophysiology of both conditions in order to have a better understanding on the pathogenesis of both conditions, suggesting promising therapeutic interventions and subsequently reducing maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
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Bowe WP, Logan AC. Clinical implications of lipid peroxidation in acne vulgaris: old wine in new bottles. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:141. [PMID: 21143923 PMCID: PMC3012032 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological disorder, one that is frequently associated with depression, anxiety and other psychological sequelae. In recent years there has been an increasing focus on the extent to which oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of acne. Emerging studies have shown that patients with acne are under increased cutaneous and systemic oxidative stress. Indeed, there are indications that lipid peroxidation itself is a match that lights an inflammatory cascade in acne. The notion that lipid peroxidation is a 'starter gun' in acne is not a new one; here we review the nearly 50-year-old lipid peroxidation theory and provide a historical perspective to the contemporary investigations and clinical implications. In addition, we present a novel hypothesis in which lipid peroxidation may be priming an increased susceptibility to co-morbid depression and anxiety in those with acne. The emerging research on the systemic burden of oxidative stress in acne sheds further light on the brain-skin axis. The recent findings also suggest potential avenues of approach for the treatment of acne via specific nutrients, dietary modifications, oral and topical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney P Bowe
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA.
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Monoamine oxidase activity in placenta in relation to manganese, cadmium, lead, and mercury at delivery. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:256-61. [PMID: 19744554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental prenatal exposure to potentially neurotoxic metals poses a particular challenge with regard to the study of early toxic effects. Monoamine oxidase activity, shown to be influenced by metals in experimental studies, could be a useful biomarker in humans. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between blood metal concentrations at delivery and placenta MAO activity. METHODS The study was performed in 163 pregnancies. Maternal and cord blood samples were obtained for manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) determination. Mercury (Hg) was also analysed in maternal hair. Placental samples were stored immediately after expulsion and total MAO activity was measured. RESULTS MAO activity was significantly positively correlated with maternal and cord blood Mn concentrations in subjects with high MAO activity. In subjects with low MAO activity, maternal hair Hg was negatively correlated with MAO. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the use of placental MAO as a potential surrogate marker of Mn toxicity in the newborn and its correlation with psychomotor development should be further investigated.
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Need AC, Ahmadi KR, Spector TD, Goldstein DB. Obesity is Associated with Genetic Variants That Alter Dopamine Availability. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 70:293-303. [PMID: 16674552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human and animal studies have implicated dopamine in appetite regulation, and family studies have shown that BMI has a strong genetic component. Dopamine availability is controlled largely by three enzymes: COMT, MAOA and MAOB, and by the dopamine transporter SLC6A3, and each gene has a well-characterized functional variant. Here we look at these four functional polymorphisms together, to investigate how heritable variation in dopamine levels influences the risk of obesity in a cohort of 1150, including 240 defined as obese (BMI > or = 30). The COMT and SLC6A3 polymorphisms showed no association with either weight, BMI or obesity risk. We found, however, that both MAOA and MAOB show an excess of the low-activity genotypes in obese individuals (MAOA:chi2= 15.45, p = 0.004; MAOB:chi2= 8.05, p = 0.018). Additionally, the MAOA genotype was significantly associated with both weight (p = 0.0005) and BMI (p = 0.001). When considered together, the 'at risk genotype'--low activity genotypes at both the MAOA and MAOB loci--shows a relative risk for obesity of 5.01. These results have not been replicated and, given the experience of complex trait genetics, warrant caution in interpretation. In implicating both the MAOA and MOAB variants, however, this study provides the first indication that dopamine availability (as opposed to other effects of MAOA) is involved in human obesity. It is therefore a priority to assess the associations in replication datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Need
- Department of Biology, University College London, The Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT
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Coccini T, Randine G, Castoldi AF, Balloni L, Baiardi P, Manzo L. Lymphocyte muscarinic receptors and platelet monoamine oxidase-B as biomarkers of CNS function: effects of age and gender in healthy humans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:715-720. [PMID: 21783547 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte cholinergic muscarinic receptors (MRs) and platelet monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity are considered surrogate markers of the same parameters in the central nervous system. Lymphocyte MR binding and platelet MAO-B activity were measured in a consistent number of healthy human adults and analysed according to gender and age. The mean value±S.D. of MR binding neither differed between males (12.2±10.0fmol/10(6)cells, range: 0.5-37.9, n=86) and females (10.7±9.7fmol/10(6)cells, range: 0.5-39.7, n=69) nor among age groups. MAO-B activity was significantly higher in women (geometric mean: 11.3nmol/mgprotein/h, with 65% of values from 7.3 to 17.6; n=43), than in men (7.7nmol/mgprotein/h, with 65% of values from 4.5 to 13; n=95). Males aged 56-66 years displayed a higher, though not statistically significant, basal enzyme activity than younger subjects. Altogether these data indicate gender-related differences in MAO activity, but not in MR binding, and inter-individual differences in the basal values of both peripheral blood markers in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Coccini
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Via Ferrata 8, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Skondras M, Markianos M, Botsis A, Bistolaki E, Christodoulou G. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and psychometric correlates in male violent offenders imprisoned for homicide or other violent acts. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 254:380-6. [PMID: 15538603 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-004-0518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Violent behavior has been associated with certain personality traits like poor impulse control, sensation seeking, and monotony avoidance, which predispose to increased risk for violent acts. Low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been found in subjects with such traits, as well as in imprisoned violent offenders. On the other hand, cigarette smoking is expected to inhibit MAO activity. We assessed impulse control, lifetime history of aggression, suicide risk, as well as platelet MAO activity in 82 male offenders (mean age 33.0+/-10.7 years) imprisoned for homicide or other violent acts, and in 54 control male subjects (mean age 35.1+/-6.6 years). General psychopathology was assessed by the Hopkins Symptom Check List (SCL-90) questionnaire. A high rate of smoking (89%),significantly higher than controls (63%), was observed in offenders, but there were no differences in MAO activities among nonsmokers, moderate, or heavy smokers in either group. Offenders showed significantly higher scores in Impulse Control, Past Feelings and Acts of Violence, Suicide Risk and SCL-90 scales. Offenders who had committed other violent acts than homicide had higher scores in the three psychometric scales and in the Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive, Hostility, and Anxiety subscales of the SCL-90, than offenders who had committed homicide. Platelet MAO activity was significantly lower (p=0.01) in the offenders' group (38.1+/-14.4) compared to controls (44.7+/-15.2). The difference could not be attributed to smoking, and seems to be related to personality traits and behaviors that characterize the offenders' group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Skondras
- Athens University Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Psychiatric Dept., Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU), the most frequent inborn error of metabolism (1/15,000 live births), is an autosomal recessive condition caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Despite early and strict dietary control, some PKU children still exhibit behavioral and cognitive difficulties suggestive of a partly prenatal brain injury. The reported variability between the cognitive and clinical phenotypes within the same family raises the question of modifying genes in PKU. We suggest here that monoamine oxidase type B, MAOB, an enzyme degrading phenylethylamine, a very toxic metabolite of phenylalanine, could act as a modifying gene since a variant enzymatic activity of MAOB in PKU patients with similar phenylalanine levels would result in different phenylethylamine levels and different clinical outcomes. Finally the report of low MAOB, and consequently expectedly high phenylethylamine levels in neonates is consistent with a phenylethylamine-mediated brain injury possibly causing irreversible damages in PKU newborns prior to onset of the low protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ghozlan
- Inserm U.393, Handicaps génétiques de l'enfant, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris 15, France.
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Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Lilli R, Mandelli L, Pirovano A, Smeraldi E. Pharmacogenetics of lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders: analysis of COMT, MAO-A, and Gbeta3 variants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:370-9. [PMID: 11992559 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the possible association between the prophylactic efficacy of lithium in mood disorders and the following gene variants: catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) G158A, monoamine oxydase A (MAO-A) 30-bp repeat, G-protein beta 3-subunit (Gbeta3) C825T. A total of 201 subjects affected by bipolar (n = 160) and major depressive (n = 41) disorder were followed prospectively for an average of 59.8 months and were typed for their gene variants using PCR techniques. COMT, MAO-A, and Gbeta3 variants were not associated with lithium outcome, even when possible stratification effects such as sex, polarity, age at onset, duration of lithium treatment, and previous episodes were included in the model. The pathways influenced by those variants are not therefore involved with long-term lithium outcome in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, Fondazione Centro San Raffaele del Monte Tabor, Milan, Italy.
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Cusin C, Serretti A, Lattuada E, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Smeraldi E. Association study of MAO-A, COMT, 5-HT2A, DRD2, and DRD4 polymorphisms with illness time course in mood disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:380-90. [PMID: 11992560 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate a possible influence of monoamine oxydase A (MAO-A), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A), dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene variants on timing of recurrence in mood disorders. Gene variants were determined using PCR-based techniques in 550 inpatients affected by recurrent mood disorders (major depressives: n = 212; bipolars: n = 338), rapid cycling mood disorder (n = 81), and 663 controls. We investigated possible genetic influences by comparing illness time course of subjects subdivided according to genotype using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). We could not observe a significantly different time course. No demographic and clinical variables such as sex, age or polarity of onset, presence of psychotic features, genetic loading, or education level influenced the observed results. Our results suggest that MAO-A, COMT, 5-HT2A, DRD2, and DRD4 gene variants are not involved in susceptibility toward different time courses in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cusin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, Fondazione Centro San Raffaele del Monte Tabor, Milan, Italy
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Griffiths J, Ravindran AV, Merali Z, Anisman H. Dysthymia: a review of pharmacological and behavioral factors. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5:242-61. [PMID: 10889527 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although dysthymia, a chronic, low-grade form of depression, has a morbidity rate as high as that of major depression, and increases the risk for major depressive disorder, limited information is available concerning the etiology of this illness. In the present report we review literature concerning the biological and characterological features of dysthymia, the effectiveness of antidepressant treatments, the influence of stressors in the precipitation and maintenance of the disorder, and both quality of life and psychosocial correlates of the illness. We also provisionally suggest that dysthymia may stem from disturbances of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter functioning (eg, corticotropin releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin within the hypothalamus, or alternatively monoamine variations within several extrahypothalamic sites), and may also involve cytokine activation. The central disturbances may reflect phenotypic variations of neuroendocrine processes or sensitization of such mechanisms. It is suggested that chronic stressor experiences or stressors encountered early in life lead to the phenotypic neurochemical alterations, which then favor the development of the dysthymic state. Owing to the persistence of the neurochemical disturbances, vulnerability to double depression is increased, and in this instance treatment with antidepressants may attenuate the symptoms of major depression but not those of the basal dysthymic state. Moreover, the residual features of depression following treatment may be indicative of underlying neurochemical disturbances, and may also serve to increase the probability of illness recurrence or relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Carrasco JL, Díaz-Marsá M, Hollander E, César J, Saiz-Ruiz J. Decreased platelet monoamine oxidase activity in female bulimia nervosa. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 10:113-7. [PMID: 10706992 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(99)00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The involvement of brain serotonin systems in the pathophysiology of eating disorders has been repeatedly demonstrated in recent studies. Platelet MAO activity is an index of brain serotonin activity and lowered platelet MAO levels have been found in association with impulsive behaviors. In addition, some preliminary reports indicate that platelet MAO could be lowered in eating disorder patients. METHODS 47 patients with DSM-IV eating disorders were studied, including 30 with bulimia nervosa and 17 with anorexia nervosa binge eating-purging type. Platelet MAO activity was measured by isotopic methods using C-14 benzylamine and compared with a control group of 30 healthy subjects. Impulsive personality features were studied with specific rating scales. RESULTS Platelet MAO activity was significantly lower (4.4+/-2.4 nmol/h/10(8) platelets) in the bulimic patients than in the control group (6.9+/-2.5) (p<0.001). No significant differences were found between pure bulimics and binge eating-purging anorectics. Platelet MAO was inversely and significantly correlated with scores on impulsivity scales and with borderline personality disorder characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Platelet MAO activity is lowered in patients with bulimia, which may reflect dysfunction in impulse control mechanisms. Since platelet MAO has a predominant genetic component, there is need for studies on the association of low platelet MAO and higher risk for developing eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Carrasco
- Department of Psychiatry, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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Tripodianakis J, Markianos M, Sarantidis D, Spyropoulou G, Taktikou V, Bistolaki E. Platelet MAO activity in patients with dysthymic disorder. Psychiatry Res 1998; 78:173-8. [PMID: 9657421 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine possible associations between platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and primary dysthymic disorder. For that purpose we estimated the enzyme activity in 58 patients (15 males and 43 females) selected according to DSM-III-R criteria and in 61 healthy controls (30 males and 31 females). Platelet MAO activities were found significantly lower in the female patients compared to female controls. Moreover, the enzyme activities were found to be even lower in the female patients who had attempted suicide. These differences did not exist in the male population. We could not find any associations of MAO activity to the age of the patients, the age of onset, the duration of dysthymia, or HAM-D and SCL-90R scores. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that platelet MAO activity is a trait-dependent indicator of vulnerability to dysthymic disorder and suicidality in our female population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tripodianakis
- Evangelismos General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Athens, Greece
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Baumann B, Bornschlegl C, Krell D, Bogerts B. Changes in CSF spaces differ in endogenous and neurotic depression. A planimetric CT scan study. J Affect Disord 1997; 45:179-88. [PMID: 9298431 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Regional planimetric measurements of internal and external CSF spaces were performed in CT scans of 23 patients with endogenous depression (ICD 9, 296.1) and 28 patients with neurotic depression (ICD 9, 300.4) as compared to 56 control individuals without neuropsychiatric disorder. In female patients with endogenous depression, but not in men, the bilateral upper cortical sulci were widened, especially in the frontal regions, and the third ventricle was enlarged. In contrast, the female neurotic depressed group showed no enlargement of CSF spaces, but a narrowing of the Sylvian fissure and of the basal frontal lobe reaching level of significance in the right fronto-temporal region (P = 0.005). No narrowing of CSF spaces was observed in women with endogenous depression. A discriminant analysis of significantly changed CSF regions resulted in a correct classification in 82.4% of depressed women in either the endogenous or the neurotic group. Determination of divergent types of brain pathology might prove as a useful tool in validating the differential classification of these two main subtypes of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany
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