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Borschmann R, Kinner SA. Rates and causes of death after release from incarceration among 1 471 526 people in eight high-income and middle-income countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet 2024; 403:1779-1788. [PMID: 38614112 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formerly incarcerated people have exceptionally poor health profiles and are at increased risk of preventable mortality when compared with their general population peers. However, not enough is known about the epidemiology of mortality in this population-specifically the rates, causes, and timing of death in specific subgroups and regions-to inform the development of targeted, evidence-based responses. We aimed to document the incidence, timing, causes, and risk factors for mortality after release from incarceration. METHODS We analysed linked administrative data from the multi-national Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC) study. We examined mortality outcomes for 1 471 526 people released from incarceration in eight countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, and the USA) from 1980 to 2018, across 10 534 441 person-years of follow-up (range 0-24 years per person). We combined data from 18 cohort studies using two-step individual participant data meta-analyses to estimate pooled all-cause and cause-specific crude mortality rates (CMRs) per 100 000 person-years, for specific time periods (first, daily from days 1-14; second, weekly from weeks 3-12; third, weeks 13-52 combined; fourth, weeks 53 and over combined; and fifth, total follow-up) after release, overall and stratified by age, sex, and region. FINDINGS 75 427 deaths were recorded. The all-cause CMR during the first week following release (1612 [95% CI 1048-2287]) was higher than during all other time periods (incidence rate ratio [IRR] compared with week 2: 1·5 [95% CI 1·2-1·8], I2=26·0%, weeks 3-4: 2·0 [1·5-2·6], I2=53·0%, and weeks 9-12: 2·2 [1·6-3·0], I2=70·5%). The highest cause-specific mortality rates during the first week were due to alcohol and other drug poisoning (CMR 657 [95% CI 332-1076]), suicide (135 [36-277]), and cardiovascular disease (71 [16-153]). We observed considerable variation in cause-specific CMRs over time since release and across regions. Pooled all-cause CMRs were similar between males (731 [95% CI 630-839]) and females (660 [560-767]) and were higher in older age groups. INTERPRETATION The markedly elevated rate of death in the first week post-release underscores an urgent need for investment in evidence-based, coordinated transitional healthcare, including treatment for mental illness and substance use disorders to prevent post-release deaths due to suicide and overdose. Temporal variations in rates and causes of death highlight the need for routine monitoring of post-release mortality. FUNDING Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Mental Health and Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Mental Health and Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Lüchtenborg M, Huynh J, Armes J, Plugge E, Hunter RM, Visser R, Taylor RM, Davies EA. Cancer incidence, treatment, and survival in the prison population compared with the general population in England: a population-based, matched cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:553-562. [PMID: 38697154 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing and ageing prison population in England makes accurate cancer data of increasing importance for prison health policies. This study aimed to compare cancer incidence, treatment, and survival between patients diagnosed in prison and the general population. METHODS In this population-based, matched cohort study, we used cancer registration data from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service in England to identify primary invasive cancers and cervical cancers in situ diagnosed in adults (aged ≥18 years) in the prison and general populations between Jan 1, 1998, and Dec 31, 2017. Ministry of Justice and Office for National Statistics population data for England were used to calculate age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) per year and age-standardised incidence rate ratios (ASIRR) for the 20-year period. Patients diagnosed with primary invasive cancers (ie, excluding cervical cancers in situ) in prison between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2017 were matched to individuals from the general population and linked to hospital and treatment datasets. Matching was done in a 1:5 ratio according to 5-year age group, gender, diagnosis year, cancer site, and disease stage. Our primary objectives were to compare the incidence of cancer (1998-2017); the receipt of treatment with curative intent (2012-17 matched cohort), using logistic regression adjusted for matching variables (excluding cancer site) and route to diagnosis; and overall survival following cancer diagnosis (2012-17 matched cohort), using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for matching variables (excluding cancer site) and route to diagnosis, with stratification for the receipt of any treatment with curative intent. FINDINGS We identified 2015 incident cancers among 1964 adults (1556 [77·2%] men and 459 [22·8%] women) in English prisons in the 20-year period up to Dec 31, 2017. The ASIR for cancer for men in prison was initially lower than for men in the general population (in 1998, ASIR 119·33 per 100 000 person-years [95% CI 48·59-219·16] vs 746·97 per 100 000 person-years [742·31-751·66]), but increased to a similar level towards the end of the study period (in 2017, 856·85 per 100 000 person-years [675·12-1060·44] vs 788·59 per 100 000 person-years [784·62-792·57]). For women, the invasive cancer incidence rate was low and so ASIR was not reported for this group. Over the 20-year period, the incidence of invasive cancer for men in prison increased (incidence rate ratio per year, 1·05 [95% CI 1·04-1·06], during 1999-2017 compared with 1998). ASIRRs showed that over the 20-year period, overall cancer incidence was lower in men in prison than in men in the general population (ASIRR 0·76 [95% CI 0·73-0·80]). The difference was not statistically significant for women (ASIRR 0·83 [0·68-1·00]). Between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2017, patients diagnosed in prison were less likely to undergo curative treatment than matched patients in the general population (274 [32·3%] of 847 patients vs 1728 [41·5%] of 4165; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0·72 [95% CI 0·60-0·85]). Being diagnosed in prison was associated with a significantly increased risk of death on adjustment for matching variables (347 deaths during 2021·9 person-years in the prison cohort vs 1626 deaths during 10 944·2 person-years in the general population; adjusted HR 1·16 [95% CI 1·03-1·30]); this association was partly explained by stratification by curative treatment and further adjustment for diagnosis route (adjusted HR 1·05 [0·93-1·18]). INTERPRETATION Cancer incidence increased in people in prisons in England between 1998 and 2017, with patients in prison less likely to receive curative treatments and having lower overall survival than the general population. The association with survival was partly explained by accounting for differences in receipt of curative treatment and adjustment for diagnosis route. Improved routine cancer surveillance is needed to inform prison cancer policies and decrease inequalities for this under-researched population. FUNDING UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, King's College London, and Strategic Priorities Fund 2019/20 of Research England via the University of Surrey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Lüchtenborg
- Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Services Research, Centre for Cancer, Society & Public Health, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK; National Disease Registration Service, Data and Analytics, Transformation Directorate, NHS England, UK
| | - Jennie Huynh
- Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Services Research, Centre for Cancer, Society & Public Health, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK; National Disease Registration Service, Data and Analytics, Transformation Directorate, NHS England, UK
| | - Jo Armes
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Emma Plugge
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachael M Hunter
- Applied Health Research, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Renske Visser
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rachel M Taylor
- Centre for Nurse, Midwife and Allied Health Professional Research, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Davies
- Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Services Research, Centre for Cancer, Society & Public Health, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
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3
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Haber LA, Wurcel AG, Berk J. Measles in jails and prisons. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e280. [PMID: 38614107 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Berk
- Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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McNamara C, Cook S, Brown LM, Palta M, Look KA, Westergaard RP, Burns ME. Prompt access to outpatient care post-incarceration among adults with a history of substance use: Predisposing, enabling, and need-based factors. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2024; 160:209277. [PMID: 38142041 PMCID: PMC11060918 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As expanded Medicaid coverage reduces financial barriers to receiving health care among formerly incarcerated adults, more information is needed to understand the factors that predict prompt use of health care after release among insured adults with a history of substance use. This study's aim was to estimate the associations between characteristics suggested by the Andersen behavioral model of health service use and measures of health care use during the immediate reentry period and in the presence of Medicaid coverage. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we linked individual-level data from multiple Wisconsin agencies. The sample included individuals aged 18-64 released from a Wisconsin State Correctional Facility between April 2014 and June 2017 to a community in the state who enrolled in Medicaid within one month of release and had a history of substance use. We grouped predictors of outpatient care into variable domains within the Andersen model: predisposing- individual socio-demographic characteristics; enabling characteristics including area-level socio-economic resources, area-level health care supply, and characteristics of the incarceration and release; and need-based- pre-release health conditions. We used a model selection algorithm to select a subset of variable domains and estimated the association between the variables in these domains and two outcomes: any outpatient visit within 30 days of release from a state correctional facility, and receipt of medication for opioid use disorder within 30 days of release. RESULTS The size and sign of many of the estimated associations differed for our two outcomes. Race was associated with both outcomes, Black individuals being 12.1 p.p. (95 % CI, 8.7-15.4, P < .001) less likely than White individuals to have an outpatient visit within 30 days of release and 1.3 p.p. (95 % CI, 0.48-2.1, P = .002) less likely to receive MOUD within 30 days of release. Chronic pre-release health conditions were positively associated with the likelihood of post-release health care use. CONCLUSIONS Conditional on health insurance coverage, meaningful differences in post-incarceration outpatient care use still exist across adults leaving prison with a history of substance use. These findings can help guide the development of care transition interventions including the prioritization of subgroups that may warrant particular attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cici McNamara
- School of Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Steven Cook
- Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Lars M Brown
- Division of Medicaid Services, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Mari Palta
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Kevin A Look
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Ryan P Westergaard
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Marguerite E Burns
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Richman IB, Gross CP, Wang EA. Cancer and incarceration: a call for action. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25:530-531. [PMID: 38697151 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Richman
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Cary P Gross
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Emily A Wang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Yela E, Solé N, Puig L, López Gallegos D, Clua-García R. Barriers to access to hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals in people who inject drugs in the community setting. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:88. [PMID: 38678266 PMCID: PMC11055286 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-01009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Barriers to access to hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals in people who inject drugs in the community setting. Qualitative study with prison population. Hepatitis C (HCV) treatments with direct-acting antiviral therapy (DAA) are an easy and effective option among people who inject drugs (PWID). However, difficulties in accessing and monitoring treatment in community services and dropouts on release from prison are detected among PWID. For this reason, the aim of the study is to know the access barriers in the diagnosis and treatment of HCV in community health services. An exploratory qualitative study was carried out through semi-structured interviews with 33 PWID recruited in a pre-trial detention prison in Barcelona. The information obtained was analysed using grounded theory. Among PWID sub-population entering prison, personal barriers are related to intense drug use, lack of interest and ignorance of HCV infection and treatment, as well as being in a situation of social exclusion. In relation to health providers, they reported receiving little information, the existence of language barriers in migrants, not receiving screening and treatment proposals, and having poor interactions with some professionals. Systemic barriers were expressed related to the health system circuit being complicated, perceiving little comprehensive care and lack of community support. It is recommended to intensify prevention and treatment campaigns, promoting drug substitution programmes than current ones, improve health education, make the diagnosis and treatment process more flexible, and promote social policies and holistic care for greater coverage of the needs of PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yela
- Sant Esteve Sesrovires Prison Health Care Team (Brians 1 Prison Centre), South Metropolitan Health Care Department, Catalan Health Institute, Sant Esteve Sesrovires, Barcelona, Spain.
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Neus Solé
- Sant Esteve Sesrovires Prison Health Care Team (Brians 1 Prison Centre), South Metropolitan Health Care Department, Catalan Health Institute, Sant Esteve Sesrovires, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Puig
- Sant Esteve Sesrovires Prison Health Care Team (Brians 1 Prison Centre), South Metropolitan Health Care Department, Catalan Health Institute, Sant Esteve Sesrovires, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Darío López Gallegos
- South Metropolitan Health Care Department, Catalan Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Clua-García
- Manresa Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Manresa, Spain
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Kerry J, Tan GKY, Panton KR, Mutch R, Freeman J, Passmore H, Pestell CF. Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents sentenced to detention in Western Australia with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. Crim Behav Ment Health 2024; 34:163-181. [PMID: 38268129 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Youth with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) are under-recognised in the justice system, warranting improved identification. This study aimed to compare neuropsychological profiles of adolescents, with and without PAE and identify neuropsychological tasks predictive of PAE-group membership. It was hypothesised that participants with PAE would score significantly lower on neuropsychological tests. METHODS Participants included 85 young people sentenced to detention (mean 15.7 years, 78 males), 46 with PAE. A one-way-multivariate analysis of variance tested differences in neuropsychological functioning between PAE/No-PAE groups, while logistic regression determined tests predictive of PAE. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in test scores emerged between groups, and regression was not indicative of any models predictive of PAE-group membership. Neuropsychological profiles were characterised by both strengths and weaknesses, with lower verbal and mathematical skills. CONCLUSION(S) While no statistically significant differences were found between the groups, the results provided a unique insight into the neurocognitive profile of Australian youth in detention. Routine screening assessments were recommended for young people sentenced to detention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed Kerry
- School of Psychological Science, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Grace Kuen Yee Tan
- School of Psychological Science, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kirsten R Panton
- School of Psychological Science, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Raewyn Mutch
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of General Paediatrics, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Invited Faculty, Harvard Program for Refugee Trauma, Harvard Medical School and School of Public Health and Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacinta Freeman
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hayley Passmore
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Law, University of WA, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carmela F Pestell
- School of Psychological Science, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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So M, Davis L, Barnes AJ, Freese R, Atella J, Shlafer RJ. Health and care utilization among youth with a history of parental incarceration and homelessness. Fam Syst Health 2024; 42:90-100. [PMID: 37498706 DOI: 10.1037/fsh0000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite widespread recognition of the health and social risks posed by parental incarceration (PI) and homelessness, these challenges are rarely considered in unison. We sought to (a) assess the experiences of homelessness among youth with and without a history of PI and (b) compare the health and healthcare utilization among youth with a combined history of PI and homelessness. METHOD Examining data from eighth-, ninth-, and 11th-grade public school participants in the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 110,904), we calculated univariate and multivariate analyses to characterize the health status and care utilization of youth who have experienced PI, past-year homelessness, or both. RESULTS We observed higher prevalence of homelessness among youth with a history of PI compared to those without. The group with dual PI-homelessness experience had a higher proportion of youth that were younger, male, and non-White; and living in poverty or urban areas compared to youth with PI history only. Even after accounting for demographic factors, the dual PI-homelessness group evidenced higher expected odds for several physical health conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes), and differences in care utilization indicators relative to individual PI and homelessness groups. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that PI may be overrepresented among recently homeless youth and that youth with such dual experience possess distinct, and often elevated, health service needs. Health, education, housing, and other systems may need intersectoral strategies to better identify and support this at-risk subset of youth through clinical and policy approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin So
- University of Minnesota Medical School
| | - Laurel Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School
| | - Andrew J Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School
| | - Rebecca Freese
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota
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Wildeman C, Sampson RJ, Baker G. Adult Children of the Prison Boom: Family Troubles and the Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact. Demography 2024; 61:141-164. [PMID: 38235802 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11153107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Intergenerational transmission processes have long been of interest to demographers, but prior research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact is relatively sparse and limited by its lack of attention to the correlated "family troubles" and familial incarceration that predate criminal justice contact. In this article, we provide a test of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact after adjusting extensively for these factors that predate such contact by linking longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods with official arrest histories from 1995 to 2020. The results provide support for three conclusions. First, parental criminal justice contact is associated with a shorter time to first arrest and a larger number of arrests even after rigorously accounting for selection. Second, robustness checks demonstrate that neither the magnitude nor the significance of the findings is sensitive to model choices. Third, associations are strongest among White individuals and inconsistently significant for African American and Hispanic individuals. Despite large recent crime declines, the results indicate that parental criminal justice contact elevates the criminal justice contact of the adult children of the prison boom, independent of the often-overlooked troubles that predate criminal justice contact, and that these associations are strongest among the White population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology and Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Garrett Baker
- Department of Sociology and Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Harris E. Disproportionate Death Rates Reported in US Prisons Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA 2024; 331:190. [PMID: 38150223 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.25770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
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Proctor J. Prison Health Care Issues in Kansas and Ohio: The Perspective of Incarcerated Women. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2024; 35:132-158. [PMID: 38661864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This article about women's prison-based health care reports quantitative findings from surveying 206 female prisoners and qualitative findings from 45 female prisoners interviewed in one prison in Kansas and three prisons in Ohio. Respondents expressed concerns about the availability of quality prison health care and the timeliness of attention to requests for assistance. Additionally, respondents identified administrative barriers to receiving quality health care within each state. The detrimental consequences of receiving inadequate care are poignantly described by some women. Suggestions are offered for improving the overall quality of prison health care for women and modifying procedures for obtaining such care.
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Olagunju AT, Akanni OO, Oluwaniyi SO, Lawani AO, Olutoki MO, Wang J, Adelugba O, Alqahtani AH, Bradford JW, Chaimowitz GA. Using Linkage-enhancement Strategies to Bridge Treatment Gap among Inmates and Former Inmates in Correctional Settings with Inadequate Mental Health Care. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2024; 35:116-131. [PMID: 38661863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Service linkage and skill enhancement strategies were devised in Nigerian prisons with inadequate mental health resources to support the provision of psycho-legal services, including the assessments, identification, and care of inmates and former inmates with mental illness. Over the study period, 74 individuals, consisting of 64 (86.5%) males with a mean age of 33.25 (SD=11.2) years received care or psycho-legal services through these strategies. Clinically, 49% of the participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis code: F20.0-9), 66.7% had first formal clinical diagnosis of mental illness, and as many as 56.1% of the participants endorsed using psychoactive substances. Most participants (73.0%) were assessed and treated within the prison's general medical services with support from a multidisciplinary team from a regional psychiatric hospital. Of the 50 psycho-legal assessments conducted, eight (10.8%) and 12 (16.2%) participants were not criminally responsible and unfit to stand trial, respectively. We included an action-plan to support the implementation of collaborative care, skill-enhancement, and linkage of services as viable strategies in correctional settings with inadequate mental health care.
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Stearns DR, Moore A, Myers QWO, Carmichael H, Velopulos CG. Sex Differences in Violent Death During Incarceration and Legal Intervention. J Surg Res 2023; 289:90-96. [PMID: 37086601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study clarifies the differences in death during incarceration and legal intervention between males and females, delineating the differences in demographic features and the circumstances of the violent death including location, injury pattern, and perpetrator. METHODS The data used are from the National Violent Death Reporting System database from 2003 to 2019. All victims were either in custody, in the process of custody, or in prison. Sex was coded as female or male and as assigned at birth. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 software using chi-square tests, with an alpha of 0.05 to test significant differences in the circumstances of mortality and demographic characteristics for each group. RESULTS Our findings show that suicide was the most common cause of death during incarceration for both females and males (89.8% versus 77.4%; P < 0.001). Homicide was less common in females (1.6% versus 14.8%; P < 0.001) and legal intervention only occurred in males (2.2%; P < 0.001). Male victims were more likely to be of non-White race/ethnicity compared to females, while females were more likely to be experiencing homelessness, have documented mental illness, and comorbid substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS Victim sex is significantly associated with circumstances of violent death among the incarcerated and highlights the need for appropriate mental health and substance abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy R Stearns
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Allison Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Quintin W O Myers
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Heather Carmichael
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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El-Sabawi T, Weizman SR, Brown SM, LaBelle RM. Dying Inside: Litigation Patterns for Deaths in Jail Custody. J Correct Health Care 2023; 29:275-281. [PMID: 37267214 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.22.04.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Millions of dollars are spent annually in private litigation against jails. This article analyzes a novel dataset developed from dockets and reports of cases filed against jails by the estates of individuals who died in jail custody. The total amount of plaintiffs' awards represented in the sample was over $292,234,224. Cases attributing the cause of death to officer use of force had the highest average award ($2,243,079). Our findings suggest that suicide is still the most common cause of death for people in jail custody. Yet complications from a physical illness were not far behind, and nearly 20% of all cases in the sample were drug or alcohol related. In the first 24 hours of custody, people in jail were most at risk of drug-related deaths and suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taleed El-Sabawi
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Elon University School of Law, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelly R Weizman
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Somer M Brown
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Regina M LaBelle
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown Law Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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15
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Robey JP, Massoglia M, Light MT. A Generational Shift: Race and the Declining Lifetime Risk of Imprisonment. Demography 2023; 60:977-1003. [PMID: 37435965 PMCID: PMC10662370 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10863378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass incarceration fundamentally altered the life course for a generation of American men, but sustained declines in imprisonment in recent years raise questions about how incarceration is shaping current generations. This study makes three primary contributions to a fuller understanding of the contemporary landscape of incarceration in the United States. First, we assess the scope of decarceration. Between 1999 and 2019, the Black male incarceration rate dropped by 44%, and notable declines in Black male imprisonment were evident in all 50 states. Second, our life table analysis demonstrates marked declines in the lifetime risks of incarceration. For Black men, the lifetime risk of incarceration declined by nearly half from 1999 to 2019. We estimate that less than 1 in 5 Black men born in 2001 will be imprisoned, compared with 1 in 3 for the 1981 birth cohort. Third, decarceration has shifted the institutional experiences of young adulthood. In 2009, young Black men were much more likely to experience imprisonment than college graduation. Ten years later, this trend had reversed, with Black men more likely to graduate college than go to prison. Our results suggest that prison has played a smaller role in the institutional landscape for the most recent generation compared with the generation exposed to the peak of mass incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Robey
- School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany (SUNY),
Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michael Massoglia
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael T. Light
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Ogunbajo A, Siconolfi D, Storholm E, Vincent W, Pollack L, Rebchook G, Tan J, Huebner D, Kegeles S. History of Incarceration is Associated with Unmet Socioeconomic Needs and Structural Discrimination among Young Black Sexual Minority Men (SMM) in the United States. J Urban Health 2023; 100:447-458. [PMID: 37204646 PMCID: PMC10323066 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of research on incarceration among young Black sexual minority men (SMM). The current study aimed to assess the prevalence and association between unmet socioeconomic and structural needs and history of incarceration among young Black SMM. Between 2009 and 2015, young Black SMM (N = 1,774) in Dallas and Houston Texas were recruited to participate in an annual, venue-based, cross-sectional survey. We found that 26% of the sample reported any lifetime history of incarceration. Additionally, participants with unmet socioeconomic and structural needs (unemployment, homelessness, financial insecurity and limited educational attainment) were more likely to have a history of incarceration. It is imperative that interventions are developed to address the basic, social, and economic needs of young Black SMM with a history of incarceration or who are at risk for incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Storholm
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Vincent
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lance Pollack
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Greg Rebchook
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judy Tan
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Huebner
- George Washington University, Milken School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan Kegeles
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Klein B, Ogbunugafor CB, Schafer BJ, Bhadricha Z, Kori P, Sheldon J, Kaza N, Sharma A, Wang EA, Eliassi-Rad T, Scarpino SV, Hinton E. COVID-19 amplified racial disparities in the US criminal legal system. Nature 2023; 617:344-350. [PMID: 37076624 PMCID: PMC10172107 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The criminal legal system in the USA drives an incarceration rate that is the highest on the planet, with disparities by class and race among its signature features1-3. During the first year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the number of incarcerated people in the USA decreased by at least 17%-the largest, fastest reduction in prison population in American history4. Here we ask how this reduction influenced the racial composition of US prisons and consider possible mechanisms for these dynamics. Using an original dataset curated from public sources on prison demographics across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, we show that incarcerated white people benefited disproportionately from the decrease in the US prison population and that the fraction of incarcerated Black and Latino people sharply increased. This pattern of increased racial disparity exists across prison systems in nearly every state and reverses a decade-long trend before 2020 and the onset of COVID-19, when the proportion of incarcerated white people was increasing amid declining numbers of incarcerated Black people5. Although a variety of factors underlie these trends, we find that racial inequities in average sentence length are a major contributor. Ultimately, this study reveals how disruptions caused by COVID-19 exacerbated racial inequalities in the criminal legal system, and highlights key forces that sustain mass incarceration. To advance opportunities for data-driven social science, we publicly released the data associated with this study at Zenodo6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Institute on Policing, Incarceration & Public Safety, The Hutchins Center for African & African American Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - C Brandon Ogbunugafor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Zarana Bhadricha
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Preeti Kori
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jim Sheldon
- Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nitish Kaza
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arush Sharma
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Wang
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Justice Collaboratory, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tina Eliassi-Rad
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- The Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
- Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Hinton
- Institute on Policing, Incarceration & Public Safety, The Hutchins Center for African & African American Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Justice Collaboratory, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of African American Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Vidal Valero M. Racial inequalities deepened in US prisons during COVID. Nature 2023; 616:640. [PMID: 37076714 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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19
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Almeida TC, Fernandes RM, Cunha O. The role of positive childhood experiences in the link between childhood maltreatment and affective lability in a sample of incarcerated men and women. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 135:105969. [PMID: 36436298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with a history of child maltreatment (CM) tend to show high affective lability (AL) and criminal behavior. However, positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may act as a protective factor even in the presence of child maltreatment. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between CM, PCEs, and AL in adulthood, identify the predictors of AL and analyze the moderating role of PCEs in the relationship between CM and AL in a sample of 424 incarcerated men (n = 343) and women (n = 81), aged between 18 and 73 years (M = 37.88). METHODS Participants responded to an online protocol consisting of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale (BCEs), and the Affective Lability Scale - Short Version (ALS-18). RESULTS CM was positively associated with AL and negatively associated with PCEs, and PCEs are negatively associated with AL. Regression analyses, after controlling for age, sex, and education, confirmed the role of PCEs on AL, above and beyond CM. However, moderation analysis showed that PCEs did not moderate the relationship between CM and AL for either men or women. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the complexity of human development and behavior from early childhood into adulthood. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of PCEs in the relationship between ACEs and AL among inmates in order to develop more appropriate prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Catarina Almeida
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica, Portugal; CiiEM - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, IUEM, Portugal; LabPSI - Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, IUEM, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Margarida Fernandes
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica, Portugal; LabPSI - Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, IUEM, Portugal
| | - Olga Cunha
- Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Portugal; Hei-Lab, Portugal
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20
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Reilly JM, Spektor P, De La Torre M, Paranandi S, Bogner J. Tattoo Removal in People of Color Who Were Formerly Incarcerated or Were Gang Members: Complications and Best Practices. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2023; 34:1414-1426. [PMID: 38661764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
There are limited data about the tattoo removal process in formerly gang-involved and incarcerated people of color. This single center retrospective study was conducted on patients treated at Homeboy Industries' Ya'Stuvo Tattoo Removal Clinic between January 2016-December 2018. It reviewed data on 2,118 tattoos, and a representative sample of 502 patients was used to conduct our analysis. Treatment on 118 of the tattoos (5.57%) resulted in at least one complication (hypo-or hyper-pigmentation, keloids, or scarring). Patients who experienced tattoo removal complications (7.3%) were less likely to return to complete the removal process. More complications were experienced with higher fluences of energy, on tattoos placed by professional artists, on colored tattoos, and tattoos on clients who had a greater number of treatments. The study highlights complications and best practices in tattoo removal in people of color, a process critical to the reintegration and gang disengagement of this vulnerable population.
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21
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Chin ET, Leidner D, Lamson L, Lucas K, Studdert DM, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Andrews JR, Salomon JA. Protection against Omicron from Vaccination and Previous Infection in a Prison System. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1770-1782. [PMID: 36286260 PMCID: PMC9634863 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2207082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information regarding the protection conferred by vaccination and previous infection against infection with the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is limited. METHODS We evaluated the protection conferred by mRNA vaccines and previous infection against infection with the omicron variant in two high-risk populations: residents and staff in the California state prison system. We used a retrospective cohort design to analyze the risk of infection during the omicron wave using data collected from December 24, 2021, through April 14, 2022. Weighted Cox models were used to compare the effectiveness (measured as 1 minus the hazard ratio) of vaccination and previous infection across combinations of vaccination history (stratified according to the number of mRNA doses received) and infection history (none or infection before or during the period of B.1.617.2 [delta]-variant predominance). A secondary analysis used a rolling matched-cohort design to evaluate the effectiveness of three vaccine doses as compared with two doses. RESULTS Among 59,794 residents and 16,572 staff, the estimated effectiveness of previous infection against omicron infection among unvaccinated persons who had been infected before or during the period of delta predominance ranged from 16.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1 to 23.7) to 48.9% (95% CI, 41.6 to 55.3). Depending on previous infection status, the estimated effectiveness of vaccination (relative to being unvaccinated and without previous documented infection) ranged from 18.6% (95% CI, 7.7 to 28.1) to 83.2% (95% CI, 77.7 to 87.4) with two vaccine doses and from 40.9% (95% CI, 31.9 to 48.7) to 87.9% (95% CI, 76.0 to 93.9) with three vaccine doses. Incremental effectiveness estimates of a third (booster) dose (relative to two doses) ranged from 25.0% (95% CI, 16.6 to 32.5) to 57.9% (95% CI, 48.4 to 65.7) among persons who either had not had previous documented infection or had been infected before the period of delta predominance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in two high-risk populations suggest that mRNA vaccination and previous infection were effective against omicron infection, with lower estimates among those infected before the period of delta predominance. Three vaccine doses offered significantly more protection than two doses, including among previously infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Chin
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - David Leidner
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Lauren Lamson
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Kimberley Lucas
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - David M Studdert
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Jason R Andrews
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- From the Departments of Biomedical Data Science (E.T.C.) and Health Policy (L.L., D.M.S., J.D.G.-F., J.A.S.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine (J.R.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento (D.L.), and California Correctional Health Care Services, Elk Grove (K.L.) - all in California
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22
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Gottlieb A, Mahabir M. Women and Incarceration: Introducing a Gendered Lens into Smart Decarceration. Soc Work 2022; 67:155-164. [PMID: 35134244 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Given the scope of mass incarceration, it is quite appropriate that promote smart decarceration (PSD) has been identified as one of the 13 Grand Challenges for Social Work. The aims of PSD are both ambitious and critical but do not address women explicitly. The authors argue that PSD should incorporate a gendered lens because a gender-responsive framework is critical for these three reasons: (1) women's pathways to incarceration are different than men's and are shaped by their social status and multiple forms of marginalization based on race, socioeconomic status, gender, and other factors; (2) women face gender-specific needs behind bars (especially those related to reproductive health) and have higher rates of behavioral health needs (e.g., mental health disorders, substance use issues) than men; and (3) although men and women face similar reentry challenges (e.g., housing, parenting, economic hardship, behavioral health), women experience many of these risk factors at higher rates, and their social status shapes how these needs impact their reentry. Until social workers and other advocates consider all the various and intersecting identities of all those impacted by the criminal legal system, they will be never be successful in ending mass incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gottlieb
- is assistant professor, Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1040 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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23
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Ranapurwala SI, Figgatt MC, Remch M, Brown C, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Rosen DL, Cox ME, Proescholdbell SK. Opioid Overdose Deaths Among Formerly Incarcerated Persons and the General Population: North Carolina, 2000‒2018. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:300-303. [PMID: 35080937 PMCID: PMC8802580 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To compare opioid overdose death (OOD) rates among formerly incarcerated persons (FIPs) from 2016 to 2018 with the North Carolina population and with OOD rates from 2000 to 2015. Methods. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 259 861 North Carolina FIPs from 2000 to 2018 linked with North Carolina death records. We used indirectly standardized OOD mortality rates and ratios and present 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. From 2017 to 2018, the OOD rates in the North Carolina general population decreased by 10.1% but increased by 32% among FIPs. During 2016 to 2018, the highest substance-specific OOD rate among FIPs was attributable to synthetic narcotics (mainly fentanyl and its analogs), while OOD rates for other opioids were half or less than that from synthetic narcotics. During 2016 to 2018, the OOD risk for FIPs from synthetic narcotics was 50.3 (95% CI = 30.9, 69.6), 20.2 (95% CI = 17.3, 23.2), and 18.2 (95% CI = 15.9, 20.5) times as high as that for the North Carolina population at 2-week, 1-year, and complete follow-up after release, respectively. Conclusions. While nationwide OOD rates declined from 2017 to 2018, OOD rates among North Carolina FIPs increased by about a third, largely from fentanyl and its analogs. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(2):300-303. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306621).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Mary C. Figgatt, and Molly Remch are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carrie Brown is with the North Carolina Department of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, Raleigh. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. David L. Rosen is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary E. Cox and Scott K. Proescholdbell are with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh
| | - Mary C Figgatt
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Mary C. Figgatt, and Molly Remch are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carrie Brown is with the North Carolina Department of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, Raleigh. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. David L. Rosen is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary E. Cox and Scott K. Proescholdbell are with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh
| | - Molly Remch
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Mary C. Figgatt, and Molly Remch are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carrie Brown is with the North Carolina Department of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, Raleigh. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. David L. Rosen is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary E. Cox and Scott K. Proescholdbell are with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh
| | - Carrie Brown
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Mary C. Figgatt, and Molly Remch are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carrie Brown is with the North Carolina Department of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, Raleigh. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. David L. Rosen is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary E. Cox and Scott K. Proescholdbell are with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Mary C. Figgatt, and Molly Remch are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carrie Brown is with the North Carolina Department of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, Raleigh. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. David L. Rosen is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary E. Cox and Scott K. Proescholdbell are with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh
| | - David L Rosen
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Mary C. Figgatt, and Molly Remch are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carrie Brown is with the North Carolina Department of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, Raleigh. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. David L. Rosen is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary E. Cox and Scott K. Proescholdbell are with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh
| | - Mary E Cox
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Mary C. Figgatt, and Molly Remch are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carrie Brown is with the North Carolina Department of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, Raleigh. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. David L. Rosen is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary E. Cox and Scott K. Proescholdbell are with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh
| | - Scott K Proescholdbell
- Shabbar I. Ranapurwala, Mary C. Figgatt, and Molly Remch are with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carrie Brown is with the North Carolina Department of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, Raleigh. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. David L. Rosen is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary E. Cox and Scott K. Proescholdbell are with the Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh
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Miller E, Martin BD, Topaz CM. New York City jails: COVID discharge policy, data transparency, and reform. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262255. [PMID: 35045118 PMCID: PMC8769341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Mayor Bill de Blasio ordered the release of individuals incarcerated in New York City jails who were at high risk of contracting the disease and at low risk of committing criminal reoffense. Using public information, we construct and analyze a database of nearly 350,000 incarceration episodes in the city jail system from 2014—2020, paying special attention to what happened during the week of March 23—29, 2020, immediately following the mayor’s order. In concordance with de Blasio’s stated policy, we find that being discharged during this focus week is associated with a lower probability of readmission as compared to being discharged during the same calendar week in previous years. Furthermore, comparing the individuals discharged during the focus week of 2020 to those discharged during the same calendar week in previous years, we find that the former group was, on average, slightly older than the latter group, although the difference is not large. Additionally, the individuals in the former group had spent substantially longer in jail than those in the latter group. With the release of long-serving individuals demonstrated to be feasible, we also examine how the jail population would have looked over the past six years had caps in incarceration been in place. With a cap of one year, the system would experience a 15% decrease in incarceration. With a cap of 100 days, the reduction would be over 50%. Because our results are only as accurate as New York City’s public-facing jail data, we discuss numerous challenges with this data and suggest improvements related to the incarcerated individual’s age, gender, race, and more. Finally, we discuss the policy implications of our work, highlight some opportunities and challenges posed by incarceration caps, and suggest key areas for reform. One such reform might involve identifying and discharging low-risk individuals sooner in general, which might be feasible given the de Blasio administration’s actions during the early stages of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Miller
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
| | - Bryan D. Martin
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chad M. Topaz
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
- Institute for the Quantitative Study of Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sufrin C, Kramer CT, Terplan M, Fiscella K, Olson S, Voegtline K, Latkin C. Availability of Medications for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder Among Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals in US Jails. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2144369. [PMID: 35050354 PMCID: PMC8777564 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Thousands of pregnant people with opioid use disorder (OUD) enter US jails annually, yet their access to medications for OUD (MOUD) that meet the standard of care (methadone and/or buprenorphine) is unknown. Objective To assess the availability of MOUD for the treatment of pregnant individuals with OUD in US jails. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study, electronic and paper surveys were sent to all 2885 identifiable US jails verified in the National Jails Compendium between August 19 and November 7, 2019. Respondents were medical and custody leaders within the jails. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the availability of MOUD (methadone and/or buprenorphine) for the treatment of pregnant people with OUD in US jails. Availability of MOUD was assessed based on (1) continuation of MOUD for pregnant incarcerated individuals (if the individual was receiving MOUD before incarceration), with or without initiation of MOUD; (2) both initiation and continuation of MOUD for pregnant individuals; (3) only continuation of MOUD for pregnant individuals; and (4) management of opioid withdrawal for pregnant individuals. Secondary outcomes included MOUD availability during the postpartum period and logistical factors associated with the provision of MOUD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with MOUD availability during pregnancy. Results Among 2885 total surveys sent, 1139 (39.5%) were returned; of those, 836 surveys (73.4%; 29.0% of all surveys sent) could be analyzed, with similar proportions from metropolitan (399 jails [47.7%]) and rural (381 jails [45.6%]) settings. Overall, 504 jails (60.3%) reported that MOUD was available for medication continuation, with or without medication initiation, during pregnancy. Of those, 267 jails (53.0%; 31.9% of surveys included in the analysis) both initiated and continued MOUD, and 237 jails (47.0%; 28.3% of surveys included in the analysis) only continued MOUD; 190 of 577 jails (32.9%; 22.7% of surveys included in the analysis) reported opioid withdrawal as the only management for pregnant people with OUD. Among the 504 medication-providing jails, only 120 (23.8%) continued to provide MOUD during the postpartum period. Methadone was more commonly available at jails that only continued MOUD (84 of 123 jails [68.3%]), whereas buprenorphine was more commonly available at jails that both initiated and continued MOUD (73 of 119 jails [61.3%]). In an adjusted model, jails with higher odds of MOUD availability were located in the Northeast (odds ratio [OR], 10.72; 95% CI, 2.43-47.36) or metropolitan areas (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.31-2.83), had private health care contracts (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.03-2.14) and a higher number of women (≥70) reported in the female census (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.02-2.80), and provided pregnancy testing within 2 weeks of arrival at the jail (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.69-4.17). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, a substantial proportion of US jails did not provide access to MOUD to pregnant people with OUD. Although most jails reported continuing to provide MOUD to individuals who were receiving medication before incarceration, few jails initiated MOUD, and most medication-providing jails discontinued MOUD during the postpartum period. These results suggest that many pregnant and postpartum people with OUD in US jails do not receive medication that is the standard of care and are required to endure opioid withdrawal, signaling an opportunity for intervention to improve care for pregnant people who are incarcerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Sufrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Camille T. Kramer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kevin Fiscella
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
- Center for Community Health and Prevention, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Sarah Olson
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Data Management Core, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristin Voegtline
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carl Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Burns ME, Cook S, Brown LM, Dague L, Tyska S, Hernandez Romero K, McNamara C, Westergaard RP. Association Between Assistance With Medicaid Enrollment and Use of Health Care After Incarceration Among Adults With a History of Substance Use. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2142688. [PMID: 34994791 PMCID: PMC8742194 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The transition from prison to community is characterized by elevated morbidity and mortality, particularly owing to drug overdose. However, most formerly incarcerated adults with substance use disorders do not use any health care, including treatment for substance use disorders, during the initial months after incarceration. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance program is associated with increased health care use within 30 days after release from prison. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study included 16 307 adults aged 19 to 64 years with a history of substance use who were released from state prison between April 1, 2014, and December 31, 2016. The Wisconsin Department of Corrections implemented prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance in January 2015. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1 to August 31, 2021. EXPOSURE A statewide Medicaid prerelease enrollment assistance program. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was Medicaid-reimbursed health care, associated with substance use disorders and for any cause, within 30 days of prison release, including outpatient, emergency department, and inpatient care. Mean outcomes were compared for those released before and after implementation of prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance using an intention-to-treat analysis and person-level data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections and Medicaid. RESULTS The sample included 16 307 individuals with 18 265 eligible releases (men accounted for 16 320 of 18 265 total releases, and 6213 of 18 265 releases were among Black individuals; mean [SD] age at release, 35.5 [10.7] years). The likelihood of outpatient care use within 30 days of release increased after implementation of enrollment assistance relative to baseline by 7.7 percentage points for any visit (95% CI, 6.4-8.9 percentage points; P < .001), by 0.7 percentage points for an opioid use disorder visit (95% CI, 0.4-1.0 percentage points; P < .001), by 1.0 percentage point for any substance use disorder visit (95% CI, 0.5-1.6 percentage points; P < .001), and by 0.4 percentage points for receipt of medication for opioid use disorder (95% CI, 0.2-0.6 percentage points; P < .001). There was no significant change in use of the emergency department (0.7 percentage points [95% CI, -0.15 to 1.4 percentage points]). The probability of an inpatient stay increased by 0.4 percentage points (95% CI, 0.03-0.7 percentage points; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this cohort study suggest that prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance was associated with increased use of outpatient health care after incarceration and highlights the value of making this assistance universally available within correctional settings. More tailored interventions may be needed to increase the receipt of treatment for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite E. Burns
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Steven Cook
- Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison
| | | | - Laura Dague
- The Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Steve Tyska
- Division of Medicaid Services, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison
| | | | - Cici McNamara
- Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison
| | - Ryan P. Westergaard
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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Montgomery MP, Hong K, Clarke KEN, Williams S, Fukunaga R, Fields VL, Park J, Schieber LZ, Kompaniyets L, Ray CM, Lambert LA, D’Inverno AS, Ray TK, Jeffers A, Mosites E. Hospitalizations for COVID-19 Among US People Experiencing Incarceration or Homelessness. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2143407. [PMID: 35024835 PMCID: PMC8759002 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE People experiencing incarceration (PEI) and people experiencing homelessness (PEH) have an increased risk of COVID-19 exposure from congregate living, but data on their hospitalization course compared with that of the general population are limited. OBJECTIVE To compare COVID-19 hospitalizations for PEI and PEH with hospitalizations among the general population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional analysis used data from the Premier Healthcare Database on 3415 PEI and 9434 PEH who were evaluated in the emergency department or were hospitalized in more than 800 US hospitals for COVID-19 from April 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021. EXPOSURES Incarceration or homelessness. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hospitalization proportions were calculated. and outcomes (intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV], mortality, length of stay, and readmissions) among PEI and PEH were compared with outcomes for all patients with COVID-19 (not PEI or PEH). Multivariable regression was used to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS In total, 3415 PEI (2952 men [86.4%]; mean [SD] age, 50.8 [15.7] years) and 9434 PEH (6776 men [71.8%]; mean [SD] age, 50.1 [14.5] years) were evaluated in the emergency department for COVID-19 and were hospitalized more often (2170 of 3415 [63.5%] PEI; 6088 of 9434 [64.5%] PEH) than the general population (624 470 of 1 257 250 [49.7%]) (P < .001). Both PEI and PEH hospitalized for COVID-19 were more likely to be younger, male, and non-Hispanic Black than the general population. Hospitalized PEI had a higher frequency of IMV (410 [18.9%]; adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.30) and mortality (308 [14.2%]; aRR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11-1.47) than the general population (IMV, 88 897 [14.2%]; mortality, 84 725 [13.6%]). Hospitalized PEH had a lower frequency of IMV (606 [10.0%]; aRR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.58-0.70) and mortality (330 [5.4%]; aRR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.47-0.59) than the general population. Both PEI and PEH had longer mean (SD) lengths of stay (PEI, 9 [10] days; PEH, 11 [26] days) and a higher frequency of readmission (PEI, 128 [5.9%]; PEH, 519 [8.5%]) than the general population (mean [SD] length of stay, 8 [10] days; readmission, 28 493 [4.6%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study, a higher frequency of COVID-19 hospitalizations for PEI and PEH underscored the importance of adhering to recommended prevention measures. Expanding medical respite may reduce hospitalizations in these disproportionately affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha P. Montgomery
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kai Hong
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kristie E. N. Clarke
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Samantha Williams
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rena Fukunaga
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Victoria L. Fields
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joohyun Park
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lyna Z. Schieber
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lyudmyla Kompaniyets
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Colleen M. Ray
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren A. Lambert
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashley S. D’Inverno
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tapas K. Ray
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alexiss Jeffers
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily Mosites
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The incarcerated population may have variable access to specialty care that may affect the detection and diagnosis of skin cancer. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to characterize skin cancers in the incarcerated population and determine time to treatment initiation (TTI) after biopsy. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed using data from a single-center referral hospital of incarcerated patients with biopsy-proven basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or melanoma between January 2009 and December 2019. The main outcome measured was TTI after biopsy. RESULTS One hundred thirteen patients, majority men (96.5%) and of Caucasian race (89.4%), were diagnosed and/or treated for 191 skin cancers. Of these 191 skin cancers, 118 were BCC (61.8%), 58 were SCC (30.4%), and 15 were melanomas (7.9%). The average TTI after biopsy for melanoma was 57 days (range: 21-136, median: 51, 95% confidence interval: 39.89-74.10) with an average Breslow depth of 1.57 mm. CONCLUSION The average TTI of melanoma in the incarcerated population in this study was greater than 30 days, which may have increased mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Swigert
- All authors are affiliated with the Tulane University School of Medicine Department of Dermatology, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE The association between incarceration and long-term mortality risk is unknown and may contribute to racial disparities in overall life expectancy. OBJECTIVE To determine whether incarceration in the US is associated with an increase in mortality risk and whether this association is different for Black compared with non-Black populations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This generational retrospective cohort study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative cohort of noninstitutionalized youths aged 15 to 22 years, from January 1 to December 31, 1979, with follow-up through December 31, 2018. A total of 7974 non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic non-Black participants were included. Statistical analysis was performed from October 26, 2019, to August 31, 2021. EXPOSURES Time-varying exposure of having experienced incarceration during follow-up. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was time to death. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs, adjusted for baseline sociodemographic, economic, and behavioral risk factors. Models were evaluated for the full cohort and stratified by race. RESULTS Of the 7974 individuals included in our sample, 4023 (50.5%) were male, and 2992 (37.5%) identified as Black (median age, 18 [IQR, 17-20] years). During a median follow-up of 35 years (IQR, 33-37 years), 478 participants were incarcerated and 818 died. Unadjusted exposure to at least 1 incarceration between 22 and 50 years of age was 11.5% (95% CI, 10.4%-12.7%) for Black participants compared with 2.5% (95% CI, 2.1%-2.9%) for non-Black participants. In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model with the full cohort, time-varying exposure to incarceration was associated with an increased mortality rate (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.35; 95% CI, 0.97-1.88), a result that was not statistically significant. In the models stratified by race, incarceration was significantly associated with increased mortality among Black participants (aHR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.18-2.31) but not among non-Black participants (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.68-2.03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study with 4 decades of follow-up, incarceration was associated with a higher mortality rate among Black participants but not among non-Black participants. These findings suggest that incarceration, which was prevalent and unevenly distributed, may have contributed to the lower life expectancy of the non-Hispanic Black population in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bovell-Ammon
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- The Miriam Hospital, Lifespan, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ziming Xuan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael K. Paasche-Orlow
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc R. LaRochelle
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Marquez N, Ward JA, Parish K, Saloner B, Dolovich S. COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in Federal and State Prisons Compared With the US Population, April 5, 2020, to April 3, 2021. JAMA 2021; 326:1865-1867. [PMID: 34613335 PMCID: PMC8495600 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.17575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal Marquez
- University of Washington Department of Sociology, Seattle
| | - Julie A. Ward
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Brendan Saloner
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sharon Dolovich
- University of California Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles
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MacKenzie O, Goldman J, Chin M, Duffy B, Martino S, Ramsey S, Jiménez MC, Vanjani R. Association of Individual and Familial History of Correctional Control With Health Outcomes of Patients in a Primary Care Center. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2133384. [PMID: 34748006 PMCID: PMC8576582 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Research has shown that experiences of incarceration, probation, and parole are associated with worse health outcomes for incarcerated individuals and their families. OBJECTIVES To quantify the proportion of patients in an urban primary care clinic with an individual or family history of incarceration, probation, and/or parole and to evaluate how correctional control is associated with subjective and objective health outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional, mixed-methods study used patient surveys and retrospective medical record review to assess the experience of correctional control among 200 English-speaking adult patients presenting for care at the Rhode Island Hospital Center for Primary Care between July 9, 2019, and January 10, 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Patient surveys included closed and open-ended questions pertaining to personal or familial experiences of incarceration, probation, and parole, as well as health outcomes associated with these experiences. Medical record review abstracted key health indicators and health care use data. RESULTS In this cross-sectional study of 200 adult patients (1 participant was removed from the full analytic sample owing to missing ethnicity data; 113 of 199 men [56.8%]; mean [SD] age, 51.2 [14.0] years) presenting for primary care, 78 of 199 (39.2%) had a history of incarceration, 32 of 199 (16.1%) were on probation or parole at the time of the study, and 92 of 199 (46.2%) reported having a family member with a history of incarceration. Of the 199 patients, 62 (31.2%) identified as non-Hispanic Black, 93 (46.7%) identified as non-Hispanic White, and 44 (22.1%) identified as belonging to another race (American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, or other nonspecified). Compared with participants without a history of correctional control, those with a personal history of incarceration were at greater odds of having an emergency department visit that did not result in hospitalization in models adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity (odds ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.47-5.75). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cross-sectional study suggests that primary care clinicians should screen for correctional control as a prevalent social determinant of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onagh MacKenzie
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jacqueline Goldman
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Madeline Chin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Bridget Duffy
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sarah Martino
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Susan Ramsey
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Monik C. Jiménez
- Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rahul Vanjani
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
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Manz CR, Odayar VS, Schrag D. Disparities in cancer prevalence, incidence, and mortality for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients: A scoping review. Cancer Med 2021; 10:7277-7288. [PMID: 34477309 PMCID: PMC8525139 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic minority status, structural racism, low educational attainment, and poverty are consistently associated with cancer disparities and with higher rates of incarceration. The objective of this scoping review is to conduct a qualitative synthesis of the literature on cancer prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disparities in these outcomes for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients, as this literature is fragmented and heterogenous. METHODS This scoping review included Bureau of Justice Statistics reports and searched PubMed in May 2021 for all English language studies published between 1990 and 30 April 2021, that reported on cancer prevalence, incidence, or mortality for incarcerated or formerly incarcerated individuals in the United States. RESULTS Twenty studies were selected. Data on cancer prevalence and incidence were scarce but suggested that incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients have a similar overall risk of cancer diagnosis as the general population, but elevated risk of certain cancers such as cervical, lung, colorectal, and hepatocellular carcinoma for which effective prevention and screening interventions exist. Cancer mortality data in state and local jails as well as prisons were robust and suggests that both incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients have higher cancer mortality than the general population. CONCLUSIONS Incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients likely have a higher risk of dying from cancer than the general population, but important gaps in our knowledge about the extent and drivers of disparities for this population remain. Additional research is needed to guide interventions to reduce cancer disparities for patients experiencing incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Manz
- Division of Population SciencesDepartment of Medical OncologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Deborah Schrag
- Division of Population SciencesDepartment of Medical OncologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eisenkraft Klein
- Daniel Eisenkraft Klein is a PhD student at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Joana Madureira Lima is with the World Health Organization, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Joana Madureira Lima
- Daniel Eisenkraft Klein is a PhD student at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Joana Madureira Lima is with the World Health Organization, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Lichtsinn
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Angela C Weyand
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeke J McKinney
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Occupational and Environmental Medicine Residency, HealthPartners Institute for Medical Education, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Allecia M Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hagan LM, McCormick DW, Lee C, Sleweon S, Nicolae L, Dixon T, Banta R, Ogle I, Young C, Dusseau C, Salmonson S, Ogden C, Godwin E, Ballom T, Ross T, Browne H, Harcourt JL, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Kirking HL, Salvatore PP, Tate JE. Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Infections Among Incarcerated Persons in a Federal Prison - Texas, July-August 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1349-1354. [PMID: 34555009 PMCID: PMC8459894 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7038e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Peterson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Justin Berk
- Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mass incarceration is known to foster infectious disease outbreaks, amplification of infectious diseases in surrounding communities, and exacerbation of health disparities in disproportionately policed communities. To date, however, policy interventions intended to achieve epidemic mitigation in US communities have neglected to account for decarceration as a possible means of protecting public health and safety. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of jail decarceration and government anticontagion policies with reductions in the spread of SARS-CoV-2. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used county-level data from January to November 2020 to analyze COVID-19 cases, jail populations, and anticontagion policies in a panel regression model to estimate the association of jail decarceration and anticontagion policies with COVID-19 growth rates. A total of 1605 counties with data available on both jail population and COVID-19 cases were included in the analysis. This sample represents approximately 51% of US counties, 72% of the US population, and 60% of the US jail population. EXPOSURES Changes to jail populations and implementation of 10 anticontagion policies: nursing home visitation bans, school closures, mask mandates, prison visitation bans, stay-at-home orders, and closure of nonessential businesses, gyms, bars, movie theaters, and restaurants. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Daily COVID-19 case growth rates. RESULTS In the 1605 counties included in this study, the mean (SD) prison population was 283.38 (657.78) individuals, and the mean (SD) population was 315.24 (2151.01) persons per square mile. An estimated 80% reduction in US jail populations, achievable through noncarceral management of nonviolent alleged offenses and in line with average international incarceration rates, would have been associated with a 2.0% (95% CI, 0.8%-3.1%) reduction in daily COVID-19 case growth rates. Jail decarceration was associated with 8 times larger reductions in COVID-19 growth rates in counties with above-median population density (4.6%; 95% CI, 2.2%- 7.1%) relative to those below this median (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.1%-0.9%). Nursing home visitation bans were associated with a 7.3% (95% CI, 5.8%-8.9%) reduction in COVID-19 case growth rates, followed by school closures (4.3%; 95% CI, 2.0%-6.6%), mask mandates (2.5%; 95% CI, 1.7%-3.3%), prison visitation bans (1.2%; 95% CI, 0.2%-2.2%), and stay-at-home orders (0.8%; 95% CI, 0.1%-1.6%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although many studies have documented that high incarceration rates are associated with communitywide health harms, this study is, to date, the first to show that decarceration is associated with population-level public health benefits. Its findings suggest that, among other anticontagion interventions, large-scale decarceration and changes to pretrial detention policies are likely to be important for improving US public health, biosecurity, and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reinhart
- Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, The World Bank, Washington, DC
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel L. Chen
- Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, The World Bank, Washington, DC
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse, France
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Geana MV, Anderson S, Ramaswamy M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among women leaving jails: A qualitative study. Public Health Nurs 2021; 38:892-896. [PMID: 33973268 PMCID: PMC8242643 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In many correctional facilities across the United States, COVID-19 vaccine refusal rates are as high as 50%. Most women leaving jails have low SES, health literacy, and mistrust of governmental institutions, thus exacerbating existing health disparities and making women leaving jail vulnerable. Data from 25 interviews with recently released women suggest that interventions to promote vaccines to this population will have to address health education and mitigate mistrust, misinformation, and conspiracy theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugur V. Geana
- Center for Excellence in Health Communication to Underserved PopulationsSchool of Journalism and Mass CommunicationsUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - Sherri Anderson
- Department of Population HealthUniversity of Kansas School of MedicineKansas CityKSUSA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Population HealthUniversity of Kansas School of MedicineKansas CityKSUSA
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Gowda GS, Shadakshari D, Vajawat B, Reddi VSK, Math SB, Murthy P. Suicide in Indian prisons. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:e19. [PMID: 34303410 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guru S Gowda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India.
| | - Darshan Shadakshari
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Bhavika Vajawat
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | | | - Suresh Bada Math
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
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Diagne I, Petit V, Seck K, Makhtar Ba EH, Ndiaye-Ndongo ND, Sylla A, Thiam MH. [Features of the incarcerated population followed on an outpatient basis in the Department of Psychiatry of the National University Hospital of Fann in Senegal]. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:221. [PMID: 34630833 PMCID: PMC8486928 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.221.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION psychiatric disorders affect the highest number of incarcerated individuals. Indeed, detention conditions in Senegal have been criticized for several years by referring, in particular, to overcrowding. These conditions probably play a determining role in the occurrence of mental disorders in this population. This work describes the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of these inmates followed on an outpatient basis in the Department of Psychiatry of the National University Hospital Center in Fann. METHOD we conducted a retrospective and descriptive study. Data were collected from all the inmates presenting to the External Consultation Unit of the Department of Psychiatry of the National University Hospital Center of Fann between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010. RESULTS our study population consisted of 62 inmates, 92% men and 8% women. The average age of patients was 32 years, nearly three-quarters (72.6%) of individuals were single. In the majority of cases they were in a precarious employment situation and 69.3% of them had not completed secondary education. Insomnia was the leading reason for consultation (29%) followed by auditory verbal hallucinations (22.6%). Physical aggression and/or threats to fellow inmates were observed in 17.7% of cases. The main diagnostic categories found were schizophrenic disorders (32.3%) and depressive disorders (27.4%). Between 2005 and 2010, the number of consultations increased threefold/year, from 7 to 19. CONCLUSION this study showed that the incarcerated population, followed on an outpatient basis in the Department of Psychiatry, were young, mostly male and single, with low level of education and disadvantaged professional status. Similar cases have been reported in the international literature. Considering Senegal's socio-economic situation and health systems development, we note that, although the number of consultations has increased over the years, only inmates with severe mental disorders are followed in specialized health services. Given the number of incarcerated subjects, the biography background of these subjects, the conditions of detention and the absence of some diseases, a survey should be conducted in prisons in order to assess mental healthcare needs of incarcerated subjects and the specific issues that could affect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibra Diagne
- Service de Psychiatrie, Etablissement Public de Santé Mbour, Thiès, Sénégal
| | | | - Khadim Seck
- Centre National de Réinsertion Sociale Imam Assane Cissé, Kaolack, Sénégal
| | - El Hadji Makhtar Ba
- Service de psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Aida Sylla
- Service de psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mamadou Habib Thiam
- Service de psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
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Chin ET, Leidner D, Ryckman T, Liu YE, Prince L, Alarid-Escudero F, Andrews JR, Salomon JA, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Studdert DM. Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance in California State Prisons. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:374-376. [PMID: 33979505 PMCID: PMC8133697 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yiran E Liu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Lea Prince
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Feldman
- Justin M. Feldman and Mary T. Bassett are with the Harvard FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mary T Bassett
- Justin M. Feldman and Mary T. Bassett are with the Harvard FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND People recently released from prison are at increased risk of preventable death; however, the impact of the current overdose epidemic on this population is unknown. We aimed to document the incidence and identify risk factors for fatal overdose after release from provincial prisons in British Columbia. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, population-based, open cohort study of adults released from prisons in BC, using linked administrative data. Within a random 20% sample of the BC population, we linked provincial health and correctional records from 2010 to 2017 for people aged 23 years or older as of Jan. 1, 2015, who were released from provincial prisons at least once from 2015 to 2017. We identified exposures that occurred from 2010 to 2017 and deaths from 2015 to 2017. We calculated the piecewise incidence of overdose-related and all-cause deaths after release from prison. We used multivariable, mixed-effects Cox regression to identify predictors of all-cause death and death from overdose. RESULTS Among 6106 adults released from prison from 2015 to 2017 and followed in the community for a median of 1.6 (interquartile range 0.9-2.3) years, 154 (2.5%) died, 108 (1.8%) from overdose. The incidence of all-cause death was 16.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.7-18.8) per 1000 person-years. The incidence of overdose deaths was 11.2 (95% CI 9.2-13.5) per 1000 person-years, but 38.8 (95% CI 3.2-22.6) in the first 2 weeks after release from prison. After adjustment for covariates, the hazard of overdose death was 4 times higher among those who had been dispensed opioids for pain. INTERPRETATION People released from prisons in BC are at markedly increased risk of overdose death. Overdose prevention must go beyond provision of opioid agonist treatment and naloxone on release to address systemic social and health inequities that increase the risk of premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health (Kinner), Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Kinner), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Gan, Slaunwhite); School of Population and Public Health (Slaunwhite), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Wenqi Gan
- Centre for Adolescent Health (Kinner), Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Kinner), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Gan, Slaunwhite); School of Population and Public Health (Slaunwhite), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Amanda Slaunwhite
- Centre for Adolescent Health (Kinner), Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Kinner), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Gan, Slaunwhite); School of Population and Public Health (Slaunwhite), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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Winkelman TNA, Ford BR, Dunsiger S, Chrastek M, Cameron S, Strother E, Bock BC, Busch AM. Feasibility and Acceptability of a Smoking Cessation Program for Individuals Released From an Urban, Pretrial Jail: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2115687. [PMID: 34228127 PMCID: PMC8261607 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Tobacco use prevalence among individuals involved in the criminal-legal system is 125% higher than that of the general population and leads to high levels of smoking-related morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE To examine the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary clinical outcomes of a smoking cessation intervention for individuals who are incarcerated. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted from January 2019 to May 2020. Participants were recruited in a pretrial county jail in a large Midwestern US city and were followed up after release. Participants were incarcerated, smoked daily before incarceration, desired to stay quit or reduce cigarette smoking upon release, and expected to be released to the community within 90 days of enrollment. Data analysis was performed from June to October 2020. INTERVENTIONS Participants randomized to the counseling plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) group received 1 hour of smoking cessation counseling in jail, a supply of nicotine lozenges upon release, and up to 4 telephone counseling sessions after release. Those randomized to brief health education (BHE) received 30 minutes of general health education in jail. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary clinical outcome was biologically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA) at 3 weeks after release. Secondary clinical outcomes included 7-day PPA at 12 weeks, changes in number of cigarettes per day, and time to smoking lapse and relapse. RESULTS A total of 46 participants (42 men [91%]; mean [SD] age, 38.2 [9.1] years) were enrolled and remained eligible at release; 23 were randomized to the counseling plus NRT group and 23 were randomized to the BHE group. Recruitment, enrollment, and retention of participants was feasible and acceptable. There were no significant differences in smoking abstinence between groups as determined by 7-day PPA at 3 weeks (adjusted 7-day PPA, 11.9% for counseling plus NRT vs 10.6% for BHE; odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.14-9.07) and at 12 weeks (adjusted 7-day PPA, 11.1% for counseling plus NRT vs 14.3% for BHE; odds ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.09-6.11). Cigarettes per day for the counseling plus NRT group decreased more compared with the BHE group at both 3 weeks (difference [SE], -4.58 [1.58] cigarettes per day; 95% CI, -7.67 to -1.48 cigarettes per day; P = .007) and 12 weeks (difference [SE], -3.26 [1.58] cigarettes per day; 95% CI, -5.20 to -0.20 cigarettes per day; P = .04) after release. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Initiation of counseling plus NRT during incarceration and continuing after release is feasible and acceptable to participants and may be associated with reduced cigarette use after release. However, additional supports are needed to increase engagement in telephone counseling after release. A larger clinical trial is warranted to determine the effectiveness of counseling plus NRT. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03799315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N. A. Winkelman
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Becky R. Ford
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shira Dunsiger
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michelle Chrastek
- Behavioral Health Equity Research Group, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sarah Cameron
- Behavioral Health Equity Research Group, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ella Strother
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Beth C. Bock
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Andrew M. Busch
- Behavioral Health Equity Research Group, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Strodel R, Dayton L, Garrison-Desany HM, Eber G, Beyrer C, Arscott J, Rubenstein L, Sufrin C. COVID-19 vaccine prioritization of incarcerated people relative to other vulnerable groups: An analysis of state plans. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253208. [PMID: 34129620 PMCID: PMC8205184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carceral facilities are epicenters of the COVID-19 pandemic, placing incarcerated people at an elevated risk of COVID-19 infection. Due to the initial limited availability of COVID-19 vaccines in the United States, all states have developed allocation plans that outline a phased distribution. This study uses document analysis to compare the relative prioritization of incarcerated people, correctional staff, and other groups at increased risk of COVID-19 infection and morbidity. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a document analysis of the vaccine dissemination plans of all 50 US states and the District of Columbia using a triple-coding method. Documents included state COVID-19 vaccination plans and supplemental materials on vaccine prioritization from state health department websites as of December 31, 2020. We found that 22% of states prioritized incarcerated people in Phase 1, 29% of states in Phase 2, and 2% in Phase 3, while 47% of states did not explicitly specify in which phase people who are incarcerated will be eligible for vaccination. Incarcerated people were consistently not prioritized in Phase 1, while other vulnerable groups who shared similar environmental risk received this early prioritization. States' plans prioritized in Phase 1: prison and jail workers (49%), law enforcement (63%), seniors (65+ years, 59%), and long-term care facility residents (100%). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that states' COVID-19 vaccine allocation plans do not prioritize incarcerated people and provide little to no guidance on vaccination protocols if they fall under other high-risk categories that receive earlier priority. Deprioritizing incarcerated people for vaccination misses a crucial opportunity for COVID-19 mitigation. It also raises ethical and equity concerns. As states move forward with their vaccine distribution, further work must be done to prioritize ethical allocation and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines to incarcerated people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Strodel
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Lauren Dayton
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Henri M. Garrison-Desany
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Eber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Joyell Arscott
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Leonard Rubenstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Sufrin
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Wynn A, Tweeten S, McDonald E, Wooten W, Lucas K, Cyr CL, Hernandez M, Ramirez F, VanWormer C, Suckow S, Ramers CB, Martin NK. The estimated hepatitis C seroprevalence and key population sizes in San Diego in 2018. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251635. [PMID: 34106932 PMCID: PMC8189442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Eliminate Hepatitis C San Diego County Initiative was established to provide a roadmap to reduce new HCV infections by 80% and HCV-related deaths by 65% by 2030. An estimate of the burden of HCV infections in San Diego County is necessary to inform planning and evaluation efforts. Our analysis was designed to estimate the HCV burden in San Diego County in 2018. METHODS We synthesized data from the American Community Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, California Department of Public Health, Public Health Branch of California Correctional Health Care Services, San Diego Blood Bank, and published literature. Burden estimates were stratified by subgroup (people who inject drugs in the community [PWID], men who have sex with men in the community [MSM], general population in the community [stratified by age and sex], and incarcerated individuals). To account for parameter uncertainty, 100,000 parameter sets were sampled from each parameter's uncertainty distribution, and used to calculate the mean and 95% confidence interval estimates of the number of HCV seropositive adults in San Diego in 2018. FINDINGS We found there were 55,354 (95% CI: 25,411-93,329) adults with a history of HCV infection in San Diego County in 2018, corresponding to an HCV seroprevalence of 2.1% (95% CI: 1.1-3.4%). Over 40% of HCV infections were among the general population aged 55-74 and one-third were among PWID. CONCLUSION Our study found that the largest share of infections was among adults aged 55-74, indicating the importance of surveillance, prevention, testing, and linkages to care in this group to reduce mortality. Further, programs prioritizing PWID for increased HCV testing and linkage to care are important for reducing new HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Wynn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Samantha Tweeten
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric McDonald
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Wilma Wooten
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kimberley Lucas
- California Correctional Health Care Services, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Cassandra L. Cyr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Maricris Hernandez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Franchesca Ramirez
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Corey VanWormer
- San Diego Blood Bank, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott Suckow
- American Liver Foundation Pacific Coast Division
| | - Christian B. Ramers
- Laura Rodriguez Research Institute, Family Health Centers of San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Natasha K. Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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Ramsey SE, Ames EG, Uber J, Habib S, Hunt L, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Teitelman AM, Clarke J, Kaplan C, Phillips NJ, Murphy M. Linking Women Experiencing Incarceration to Community-Based HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care: A Qualitative Study. AIDS Educ Prev 2021; 33:216-233. [PMID: 34014108 PMCID: PMC8189628 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2021.33.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Women experiencing incarceration (WEI) in the United States are disproportionately impacted by HIV, yet HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is underutilized by women in the United States. In order to inform an intervention to promote PrEP initiation during incarceration and facilitate linkage to PrEP care following release from incarceration, we conducted individual, semistructured qualitative interviews with WEI (N = 21) and key stakeholders (N = 14). While WEI had little or no previous knowledge about PrEP, they viewed it as something that would benefit women involved in the criminal justice system. Participants stated that HIV-related stigma and underestimation of HIV risk might serve as barriers to PrEP initiation during incarceration. Participants reported that competing priorities, difficulty scheduling an appointment, and lack of motivation could interfere with linkage to PrEP care in the community. Further, cost, substance use, and difficulty remembering to take the medication were cited most commonly as likely barriers to adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Ramsey
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Evan G Ames
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Julia Uber
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Samia Habib
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Laura Hunt
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Anne M Teitelman
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennnsylvania
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston, Rhode Island
| | - Clair Kaplan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennnsylvania
| | - Nicole J Phillips
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennnsylvania
| | - Matthew Murphy
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
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Wurcel AG, Reyes J, Zubiago J, Koutoujian PJ, Burke D, Knox TA, Concannon T, Lemon SC, Wong JB, Freund KM, Beckwith CG, LeClair AM. "I'm not gonna be able to do anything about it, then what's the point?": A broad group of stakeholders identify barriers and facilitators to HCV testing in a Massachusetts jail. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250901. [PMID: 34038430 PMCID: PMC8153419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite national guidelines promoting hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing in prisons, there is substantial heterogeneity on the implementation of HCV testing in jails. We sought to better understand barriers and opportunities for HCV testing by interviewing a broad group of stakeholders involved in HCV testing and treatment policies and procedures in Massachusetts jails. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with people incarcerated in Middlesex County Jail (North Billerica, MA), clinicians working in jail and community settings, corrections administrators, and representatives from public health, government, and industry between November 2018-April 2019. RESULTS 51/120 (42%) of people agreed to be interviewed including 21 incarcerated men (mean age 32 [IQR 25, 39], 60% non-White). Themes that emerged from these interviews included gaps in knowledge about HCV testing and treatment opportunities in jail, the impact of captivity and transience, and interest in improving linkage to HCV care after release. Many stakeholders discussed stigma around HCV infection as a factor in reluctance to provide HCV testing or treatment in the jail setting. Some stakeholders expressed that stigma often led decisionmakers to estimate a lower "worth" of incarcerated individuals living with HCV and therefore to decide against paying for HCV testing.". CONCLUSION All stakeholders agreed that HCV in the jail setting is a public health issue that needs to be addressed. Exploring stakeholders' many ideas about how HCV testing and treatment can be approached is the first step in developing feasible and acceptable strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysse G. Wurcel
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Reyes
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Julia Zubiago
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Deirdre Burke
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tamsin A. Knox
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Concannon
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Stephenie C. Lemon
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - John B. Wong
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Freund
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Curt G. Beckwith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Amy M. LeClair
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Abstract
Black and Hispanic communities are disproportionately affected by both incarceration and COVID-19. The epidemiological relationship between carceral facilities and community health during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, remains largely unexamined. Using data from Cook County Jail, we examine temporal patterns in the relationship between jail cycling (i.e., arrest and processing of individuals through jails before release) and community cases of COVID-19 in Chicago ZIP codes. We use multivariate regression analyses and a machine-learning tool, elastic regression, with 1,706 demographic control variables. We find that for each arrested individual cycled through Cook County Jail in March 2020, five additional cases of COVID-19 in their ZIP code of residence are independently attributable to the jail as of August. A total 86% of this additional disease burden is borne by majority-Black and/or -Hispanic ZIPs, accounting for 17% of cumulative COVID-19 cases in these ZIPs, 6% in majority-White ZIPs, and 13% across all ZIPs. Jail cycling in March alone can independently account for 21% of racial COVID-19 disparities in Chicago as of August 2020. Relative to all demographic variables in our analysis, jail cycling is the strongest predictor of COVID-19 rates, considerably exceeding poverty, race, and population density, for example. Arrest and incarceration policies appear to be increasing COVID-19 incidence in communities. Our data suggest that jails function as infectious disease multipliers and epidemiological pumps that are especially affecting marginalized communities. Given disproportionate policing and incarceration of racialized residents nationally, the criminal punishment system may explain a large proportion of racial COVID-19 disparities noted across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reinhart
- Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, World Bank, Washington, DC 20433;
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Chicago Center for Psychoanalysis, Evanston, IL 60204
| | - Daniel L Chen
- Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, World Bank, Washington, DC 20433
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Île-de-France, 75116 France
- Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, 31000 France
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, 31000 France
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50
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Abstract
Black and Hispanic communities are disproportionately affected by both incarceration and COVID-19. The epidemiological relationship between carceral facilities and community health during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, remains largely unexamined. Using data from Cook County Jail, we examine temporal patterns in the relationship between jail cycling (i.e., arrest and processing of individuals through jails before release) and community cases of COVID-19 in Chicago ZIP codes. We use multivariate regression analyses and a machine-learning tool, elastic regression, with 1,706 demographic control variables. We find that for each arrested individual cycled through Cook County Jail in March 2020, five additional cases of COVID-19 in their ZIP code of residence are independently attributable to the jail as of August. A total 86% of this additional disease burden is borne by majority-Black and/or -Hispanic ZIPs, accounting for 17% of cumulative COVID-19 cases in these ZIPs, 6% in majority-White ZIPs, and 13% across all ZIPs. Jail cycling in March alone can independently account for 21% of racial COVID-19 disparities in Chicago as of August 2020. Relative to all demographic variables in our analysis, jail cycling is the strongest predictor of COVID-19 rates, considerably exceeding poverty, race, and population density, for example. Arrest and incarceration policies appear to be increasing COVID-19 incidence in communities. Our data suggest that jails function as infectious disease multipliers and epidemiological pumps that are especially affecting marginalized communities. Given disproportionate policing and incarceration of racialized residents nationally, the criminal punishment system may explain a large proportion of racial COVID-19 disparities noted across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reinhart
- Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, World Bank, Washington, DC 20433;
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Chicago Center for Psychoanalysis, Evanston, IL 60204
| | - Daniel L Chen
- Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, World Bank, Washington, DC 20433
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Île-de-France, 75116 France
- Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, 31000 France
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, 31000 France
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